Electronics and system components PDF

Electronics and system components Chapter 3. Electronics components of computer Dr. ABDERREZAK Mohamed Zaki Objective of this Chapter 1 Define electronics, and his components Understand the role of all computer 2 components. Know the main elements conne...

Electronics and system components Chapter 3. Electronics components of computer Dr. ABDERREZAK Mohamed Zaki Objective of this Chapter 1 Define electronics, and his components Understand the role of all computer 2 components. Know the main elements connected to the 3 computer motherboard  Presentation plan 1. Electronics definition. 2. Electronics components. 3. The main components of a computer and their role 4. The main elements connected to the computer motherboard.  I. Electronics definition and component Electronics is the branch of science that deals with the study, design, and application of devices, circuits, and systems that control the flow of electrons or other electrically charged particles. An electronic components is a basic element used in electrical circuits to control, manipulate, or generate electrical energy or signals. These components can either be passive or active.  I. Electronics definition and component I.1. Passive components. A passive element is an electrical component that does not generate power, but instead dissipates, stores, and/or releases it.  I. Electronics definition and component I.1. Passive components. I.1.1. Resistor: The main purpose of resistor is to reduce the current flow and in any Role particular portion of the circuit. Unit The SI unit of resistor is Ohm (). Sym The symbole of resistors are  I. Electronics definition and component I.1. Passive components. I.1.1. Resistor Linear Resistors The value of resistance changes based on the applied temperature. These Linear Resistors are again classified into Fixed and Variable Resistors. Fixed resistors Variable resistors Non - Linear Resistors Resistors The value of resistance changes significantly with changes in voltage or current in an types electrical circuit.  I. Electronics definition and component I.1. Passive components. I.1.1. Resistor Resistors in Series Resistors in Parallel 𝑛 𝑛 1 1 1 1 1 𝑅𝑒𝑞 = ෍ 𝑅𝑛 = 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 + ⋯.. +𝑅𝑛 =෍ = + +⋯ 𝑅𝑒𝑞 𝑅𝑛 𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅𝑛 𝑖=1 𝑖=1 Resistors combination  I. Electronics definition and component I.1. Passive components. I.1.1. Resistor Example. Give the equivalence of resistor in this circuit. Series 𝑅23 = 𝑅2 + 𝑅3 Resistors combination  I. Electronics definition and component I.1. Passive components. I.1.1. Resistor Example. Give the equivalence of resistor in this circuit. 1 1 1 parallel = + 𝑅𝑒𝑞 𝑅1 𝑅23 Resistors combination 𝑅1 ∗ 𝑅23 𝑅𝑒𝑞 = 𝑅1 + 𝑅23  I. Electronics definition and component I.1. Passive components. I.1.1. Resistor The colored bands on a resistor can tell you everything you need to know about its value and tolerance Resistors Value  I. Electronics definition and component I.1. Passive components. I.1.1. Resistor 4 bands: Two digits, a multiplier, and a 5 bands: Three digits, a multiplier, and a tolerance band. tolerance band. Resistors Value  I. Electronics definition and component I.1. Passive components. I.1.1. Resistor 4 bands: Two digits, a multiplier, and a 5 bands: Three digits, a multiplier, and a tolerance band. tolerance band. ± 0.05% ± 10% 0 1 6 1 x100 2 1k Resistors Value R = 100  ± 0.05% R = 162 k  ± 10%  I. Electronics definition and component I.1. Passive components. I.1.2. Capacitor: The primary use of a capacitor is to store electrostatic energy in an electric Role field and hence supply this energy whenever possible to the circuit. Unit The SI unit of capasitor is Farad (F). Sym The symbole of capasitors are  I. Electronics definition and component I.1. Passive components. I.1.2. Capacitor Capacitor in Series Capacitor in Parallel Capacitor 1 1 1 1 = + + ⋯.+ 𝐶𝑒𝑞 = 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 + ⋯ + 𝐶𝑁 𝐶𝑒𝑞 𝐶1 𝐶2 𝐶𝑁  I. Electronics definition and component I.1. Passive components. I.1.3. Inductor : Stores energy in the form of a magnetic field when electrical current flows Role through it Unit It is measured in henries (H) Sym The symbole of inductor are  I. Electronics definition and component I.1. Passive components. I.1.3. Inductor : Application of inductor Energy Storage: Inductors temporarily store energy in their magnetic 1 fields, especially in power supplies and converters. Filtering: Inductors are used in filters to block certain frequencies while 2 allowing others to pass (e.g., in radio tuning circuits or signal processing). Transformers: Inductors with two or more coils can transfer energy from 3 one circuit to another, often used in transformers.  I. Electronics definition and component I.1. Passive components. I.1.4. Diode : Allows current to flow in only one direction. It has two terminals: anode Role (positive side) and cathode (negative side). Diodes are commonly used for rectification (converting AC to DC), protection, and signal modulation Sym The symbole of diode are  I. Electronics definition and component I.1. Passive components. I.1.4. Diode : Applications of Diodes: 1 Rectification: Converts AC to DC in power supplies. Protection: Diodes can protect circuits from voltage spikes by allowing reverse 2 current flow under certain conditions 3 Signal Processing: Used in radio receivers for signal demodulation. 4 LED Lighting: LEDs are used in displays, lighting, and indicators  Les composants électronique Composants électroniques passifs Résistance Condensateur Inductance Diode Symbole et L D Notation R C Le rôle dans un limite le courant Accumulateur de Accumulateur de Permet le passage du circuite électrique charge courant courant électrique électrique dans une seule direction Ohm (Ω) Farad (F) Henry (H) /  I. Electronics definition and component I.2. Active components. Active components are electronic components that require an external power source to operate and can control or amplify electrical signals. These components are essential in circuits because they can introduce gain, regulate voltage, or switch electrical currents  I. Electronics definition and component I.2. Active components. I.2.1. Transistor. ❑ Transistor is an electronic device made of three layers of semiconductor material. What is the semiconductor ?  I. Electronics definition and component I.2. Active components. I.2.1. Transistor. ❑ Transistor is an electronic device made of three layers of semiconductor material. A semiconductor is a material with electrical conductivity between that of a conductor (like copper) and an insulator (like glass). Its ability to either conduct or insulate electricity, depending on conditions such as temperature or the presence of impurities, makes it essential in modern electronic devices. Semiconductors are used in everything from computers and smartphones to solar cells and LEDs, enabling the function of transistors, diodes, and integrated circuits. Silicon is the most widely used semiconductor material.  I. Electronics definition and component I.2. Active components. I.2.1. Transistor. ❑ Transistor is an electronic device made of three layers of semiconductor material. ❑ A transistor is used to amplify or switch electronic signals and electrical power.  I. Electronics definition and component I.2. Active components. I.2.1. Transistor. Types of transistor Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT) Field Effect Transistor (FET) ▪ 3 regions: the Base, the Collector, and ▪ 3 regions: a Gate, a Source, and a Drain. the Emitter. ▪ Current-controlled devices. A small current ▪ Voltage-controlled devices. A voltage placed entering the base region of the transistor causes a at the gate controls current flow from the much larger current flow from the emitter to the source to the drain of the transistor. collector region. Example for transistor BJT Manufacturer’s technical Sheet Transistor number Voltage or current exceeds manufactureds limit !! Voltage and current limit exceeded How do i identify transistor legs ? 1: Emitter 2: Base 3: Collector 1 2 3 Transistor use as Switch Transistor use as Switch Transistor use as Switch Transistor use as Switch  A transistor is therefore a switch which is controlled by current iB Switching mode : 2 possible states BLOCKED PASSING BY It is the value of iB which allows you to SWITCH SWITCH OPEN CLOSED switch from one mode to another  Transistor use as amplifier Basic amplifier Large output signal Small input signal Transistor  I. Electronics definition and component I.2. Active components. I.2.2. Integrated circuit ▪ An integrated circuit is an electronic component in which many components, such as transistors, resistors, and capacitors, are integrated into a single silicon chip. ▪ Transistors in an integrated circuit are interconnected to form logic gates, memories, processors, and other digital components. ▪ Integrated circuits, in turn, form the basis of many electronic devices, including computers, smartphones, and a variety of other modern electronic devices.  I. Electronics definition and component I.2. Active components. I.2.2. Integrated circuit ▪ Digital integrated circuits, such as microprocessors, memories, and microcontrollers, are made up of billions of transistors interconnected to perform logic and arithmetic operations. 1 0 1 0  II. The main components of a computer ▪ The main components of a computer can be divised into hardware and software, but when focusing on hardware, the key components are: Prossesor Power Supply Motherboad Hard Drive or RAM Memory Solid-State Drive  II. The main components of a computer II.1.Motherboard ❑ A motherboard is a Printed Circuit Board (PCB) inside computers, that connects all components of a general-purpose computer.  II. The main components of a computer II.1.Motherboard II.1.1. Type of Motherboard. we can classify the different motherboards according to several criteria :  II. The main components of a computer II.1.Motherboard A. Based on devices they support Integrated No Integrated motherboard motherboard An integrated system board has multiple Non integrated system board uses installable components components integrated into the broad itself. and expansion card. For example, non integrated system These may include the CPU video card, sound board may allow you to upgrade the video card bu removing the old one and installing a new one. Non integrated card and various controller cards. motherboard typicaly have several PCI expansion slots as well.  II. The main components of a computer II.1.Motherboard B. Based on Form Factor Present the size of shape of motherboard AT ATX Micro ATX Advanced Technology Advanced Technology Extended Is a motherboard which has The ATX motherboard which Supports current and new dimensions of the order of some were produced by the intel in processor technologies. AGP hundred millimeters. mid 90’s as an improvement (Accelerated graphics port) to from the previously working have high performance motherbroard such as AT graphices.  II. The main components of a computer II.1.Motherboard Mini ITX Nano ITX Pico ITX The Mini-ITX motherboard is Nano-ITX boards measure 12 × Pico-ITX, 3.94”x2. 83, is an ultra suitable for almost every computing 12 cm, and are fully integrated, small, palm size motherboard or embedded device that operates very low power consumption and provides optimized onboard in a space-constrained environment, motherboards with many uses, IO interfaces. It is design including the following: Robots, such as, media centers, car PCs, for space constrained, ultra Musical instruments, compact or mobile applications that requires low power, light weight and mobility.  II. The main components of a computer II.1.Motherboard C. Based on USE Desktop Laptop Server Desktop motherboard are used Laptop motherboard is used to Server motherboard are more in personal or desktop computer. As connect different parts of a laptop advanced then desktop it is used for application at home system. These motherboard have motherboard and are designed to and in office, this type of very advanced features as compared offer high-end service which are motherboard is the most basic type. to the desktop motherboard and more reliable and ready to operate most of the functions have been in 24*7 environments. integrated into the laptop motherboard.  II. The main components of a computer II.1.Motherboard II.1.2. Manufacturs Motherboard. Motherboard are available in various sizes and configurations. Some motherboard support 32 and 64 bit processor as well operating system. It is manufacturers by many companies such as.  II. The main components of a computer II.1.Motherboard II.1.3. Motherboard components.  II. The main components of a computer II.1.Motherboard II.1.3. Motherboard components. 1-Internal motherboard connector A motherboard contains various components and connectors that allow it to connect, control, and communicate with other hardware parts in a computer system The conductors (or traces) run the length and depth of the motherboard, with multiple layers of copper to establish connections between different components. In addition to these cavities and ports, the motherboard contains several other contact points.  II. The main components of a computer II.1.Motherboard 1-Internal motherboard connector The motherboard also contains slots, which is a standard for local (internal) buses. It is a connector in the form of a slot where the processor Socket is inserted. The slot AGP (Accelerated Graphics Port) is also used to place modules and add expansions graphics card. The PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnect) slots used for connecting a RAM memory or sound card, and network card. Socket Port AGP PCI AGP  II. The main components of a computer 1-Internal motherboard connector ❖ Connections IDE (Integrated Device Electronics) or SATA (Serial ATA), are a standard connection interface used in computer to transfer data between motherboard of a computer or server to mass memory media: hard disk, DVD and CD-ROM. ❖ The SATA connector allows "hot" plugging (device on). In its first version SATA 1, the data transfer speed is 150 MB/s, currently in SATA 3 the data transfer speed is 600 MB/S. Connections IDE SATA  II. The main components of a computer 1-Internal motherboard connector In addition to these cavities and ports, the motherboard contains several other contact points. These include: ❖ Power connections. - The first is a 4-pin connector (or 8 pins for newer motherboards) designed primarily to power the CPU. It is located in close proximity to the processor. - The second is a larger 24-pin connector (or 20 pins on older motherboards) used to provide power to other components. It is generally placed near the memory slots.  II. The main components of a computer 1-Internal motherboard connector ❖The fan connectors, USB ports, and audio jacks. Whether it's case fans, front-panel connectors, or any other peripherals, all must be connected to the motherboard.  II. The main components of a computer 1-Internal motherboard connector ❖ Power buttons, reset, and LED indicators. Power Switch: (PW SW) is the PC power-on button. H.D.D. LED: (HDD LED) controls the LED indicating if the hard drives are working. Power LED: (PW LED) corresponds to the power-on LED of the PC. Reset Switch: (Reset SW) is the PC reset button. Speaker: (SPK) is the small internal speaker of the PC that will beep when your PC crashes and restarts (it is not necessary to connect it). II. The main components of a computer 2-External motherboard connector 3.0 II. The main components of a computer 2-External motherboard connector RJ-45 (Registered Jack 45) LAN port : This port allows connection to a Local Area Network (LAN) through a network hub using a RJ-45 3.0 II. The main components of a computer 2-External motherboard connector USB (Universal Serial Bus) 2.0 Ports: There are usually a couple of these ports located on each motherboard used for connecting pen drives and external hard drives, like Ipods or Mp3 players. USB 2.0 copes with data transfer at the rate of 480 Mbps 3.0 II. The main components of a computer 2-External motherboard connector IEEE; This port is used to connect to any firewire device. FireWire has largely been supplanted by USB. Some professional audio hardware still uses FireWire 3.0 II. The main components of a computer 2-External motherboard connector VGA Port(Video Graphics Array) :Using higher frequencies, it corresponds to the integrated graphics card with connect a screen 3.0 II. The main components of a computer 2-External motherboard connector PS/2 mouse port (green):This port is for a PS/2 mouse. 3.0 II. The main components of a computer 2-External motherboard connector PS/2 Keyboard Port 3.0 (purple) :This port is for a PS/2 keyboard II. The main components of a computer 2-External motherboard connector DVI (Digital Visual Interface) connector : It is used to send digital information from a computer to a digital display, such as a flat-panel LCD monitor. II. The main components of a computer 2-External motherboard connector HDMI Connector(High-Definition Multimedia Interface):HDMI is a digital interface for transmitting audio and video data in a single cable. It is supported by most HDTVs and related components, such as DVD and Blu-ray players, cable boxes, and video game systems. II. The main components of a computer 2-External motherboard connector Optical S/PDIF Used for sound connections to home audio recievers or powered PC speakers with optical connections. II. The main components of a computer 2-External motherboard connector eSATA port(External Serial Advanced Technology Attachment): It is an external interface for SATA technologies. It competes with FireWire 400 and universal serial bus (USB) 2.0 to provide fast data transfer speeds for external storage devices. II. The main components of a computer 2-External motherboard connector USB 3.0 Ports: faster than 2.0. Data transfer speed: USB 3.0 can 3.0 transfer at 4.8 Gbps II. The main components of a computer 2-External motherboard connector Analog Audio port :This port connects a CD, DVD 3.0 player or other audio soures. II. The main components of a computer 3-Component Integrated into the motherboard 1- Chipset Chipset (chip = puce / set = ensemble) Chipset = Ensemble de puces The chipset coordinates data exchange (manages communications) between the processor and the computer components  II. The main components of a computer 3-Component Integrated into the motherboard 1- Chipset Northbridge coordinates data exchanges (manages communications or interface) between Microprocessor and fast components of the computer (RAM + graphics card). Southbridge South bridge coordinates data exchanges (manages communications or interface) between the microprocessor and slow computer of components (HDD, USB, modem card, PCI card,…  II. The main components of a computer 3-Component Integrated into the motherboard 1- Chipset the main functions of the old Northbridge are integrated into the processor: in addition to the CPU cores, we find the memory controller and the PCI Express graphics controller.  II. The main components of a computer 3-Component Integrated into the motherboard 2- CMOS battery CMOS (Complementary Metal-Oxyde Semiconductor) Is capable to memorize some important parameters about system -Clock -Date  II. The main components of a computer 3-Component Integrated into the motherboard 3- BIOS ▪ BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) (This is a basic program serving as an interface between the operating system and the motherboard) ▪ The BIOS is stored in a ROM (Read Only Memory) ▪ The BIOS uses the data contained in CMOS to know system hardware configuration ▪ BIOS setup (configuration du BIOS) (interface used to configure BIOS) (a common way to enter BIOS setup is to press a specific key during the startup process, before the Windows logo appears)(The key may differ depending on your computer model).  II. The main components of a computer 3-Component Integrated into the motherboard 4- Real Time Clock (RTC) A Real-Time Clock (RTC) is an electronic device (most often in the form of an integrated circtuit) that measures the passage of time. Although the term often refers to the devices in personal computer, servers and embedded systems, RTCs are present in almost any electronic device which needs to keep accurate time of day.  II. The main components of a computer II.2.Processor CPU The processor or CPU (Central Processing Unit) is the brain of the computer. It organizes data exchanges between different components and performs calculations that enable the computer to interact with the user.  II. The main components of a computer Processor Architecture The microprocessor is built around two main elements: - The Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU) where arithmetic and logic operations are performed. - The Control Unit, Controls the instructions and Registers The flow of data within the computer (ALU, memory, Arithmetic Control Unit and Logic input/output devices), this circuits generate the Unit signals necessary for the execution of each instruction in a program. Additionally, - Registers. are responsible for temporarily storing various pieces of information to be processed. - Internal buses. facilitate information exchanges.  II. The main components of a computer I. Control Unit. Is the set of devices coordinating the operation of the computer to execute the sequence of operations specified in the program instructions. The main elements of the control unit, are: - The program counter (PC), The program counter (PC) is a register program counter (PC) that manages the memory address of the instruction to be executed next. - Instruction register (IR), This register holds the current instruction so that it can be decoded and input to the control and timing unit. - Decoder The operation code decoder, which determines which operation should be performed among all possible operations; Instruction register (IR) - The sequencer, which generates control signals to activate and control the units involved in the execution of a given instruction. - The clock which emits a series of regular pulses. The time interval between two pulses is called a period or clock cycle. The role of the clock in the control unit is to generate periodic signals that define the basic cycle (or machine cycle), corresponding to the fundamental duration governing the operation of the machine.  II. The main components of a computer II. Arithmetic and Logic Unit This unit handles calculations through two types of operations: ▪ Arithmetic operations ▪ Logical operations To accomplish its role, the ALU is equipped with logical circuits capable of performing not only logical functions (such as AND, OR, NOR, etc.) but also arithmetic operations such as addition, subtraction, division, and multiplication.  II. The main components of a computer A and B are called operands, A and B are input data, and R is the result of the operation. F is the function to be executed. The arithmetic and logic unit is essentially composed of: - The Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU), which is a complex circuit ensuring logical functions (AND, OR, Comparison, etc.) and arithmetic functions (Addition, subtraction...). -The status register (PSW, Processor Status Word), also called the condition register. This register contains indicator bits called flags, indicating particular states such as: ▪ Sign of the result (N for negative, P for positive). ▪ Result is zero (symbolized by Z for zero). ▪ Possible carry (symbolized by C for carry). ▪ Overflow (symbolized by O for overflow).  II. The main components of a computer - The accumulators are working registers used to store an operand at the beginning of an arithmetic operation and the result at the end of the operation.  II. The main components of a computer Operation of a Processor Adress bus UAL CPU Memory Address Register 000 01|1110110 MAR 001 05|1110111 accumulateur … …………… registre … …………… PC … …………… 1110110 00000101 Séquenceur 1110111 00010100 Ual ……… …………... MBR ………. ………….. Ri Décodeur Memory Buffer Register ………. ………….. UC (unité de contrôle) Mémoire centrale Data Bus  II. The main components of a computer Operation of a Processor Adress bus UAL CPU 000 01|1110110 MAR 001 05|1110111 accumulateur … …………… registre … …………… PC 000 … …………… 1110110 00000101 Séquenceur 1110111 00010100 Ual ……… …………... MBR ………. ………….. Ri Décodeur ………. ………….. UC (unité de contrôle) Mémoire centrale Data Bus  II. The main components of a computer Operation of a Processor Adress bus UAL CPU 000 01|1110110 000 MAR 001 05|1110111 accumulateur … …………… registre … …………… PC 000 … …………… 1110110 00000101 Séquenceur 1110111 00010100 Ual ……… …………... MBR ………. ………….. Ri Décodeur ………. ………….. UC (unité de contrôle) Mémoire centrale Data Bus  II. The main components of a computer Operation of a Processor Adress bus UAL CPU 000 01|1110110 000 MAR 001 05|1110111 accumulateur … …………… registre … …………… PC 000 … …………… 1110110 00000101 Séquenceur 1110111 00010100 Ual ……… …………... MBR ………. ………….. Ri Décodeur ………. ………….. UC (unité de contrôle) Mémoire centrale Data Bus  II. The main components of a computer Operation of a Processor Adress bus UAL CPU 000 01|1110110 000 MAR 001 05|1110111 accumulateur … …………… registre … …………… PC 000 … …………… 1110110 00000101 Séquenceur 1110111 00010100 Ual ……… …………... MBR ………. ………….. Ri Décodeur ………. ………….. UC (unité de contrôle) Mémoire centrale Data Bus  II. The main components of a computer 01 | 1110110 Adress |Code d’instruction 000 01|1110110 - The operation code, the code indicating the action that the 001 05|1110111 … …………… Programme microprocessor must execute (ADD, Div...). … …………… − The operand code, which represents the parameters of the … …………… action. (The operand code can be data or a memory address). 1110110 00000101 Example: 1110111 00010100 ……… …………... Données Add A A: represents the memory address, not the value ………. ………….. ………. …………..  II. The main components of a computer Operation of a Processor Adress bus UAL CPU 000 01|1110110 000 MAR 001 05|1110111 accumulateur … …………… registre … …………… PC 000 … …………… 1110110 00000101 Séquenceur 1110111 00010100 Ual ……… …………... MBR ………. ………….. Ri Décodeur ………. ………….. UC (unité de contrôle) Mémoire centrale Data Bus  II. The main components of a computer Operation of a Processor Adress bus UAL CPU 000 01|1110110 000 MAR 001 05|1110111 accumulateur … …………… registre … …………… PC 000 … …………… 1110110 00000101 Séquenceur 1110111 00010100 Ual ……… …………... MBR ………. ………….. Ri Décodeur ………. ………….. UC (unité de contrôle) Mémoire centrale Data Bus  II. The main components of a computer Operation of a Processor Adress bus UAL CPU 000 01|1110110 000 MAR 001 05|1110111 accumulateur … …………… registre … …………… PC 000 … …………… 1110110 00000101 Séquenceur 1110111 00010100 Ual ……… …………... MBR 01|1110110 ………. ………….. Ri Décodeur ………. ………….. UC (unité de contrôle) Mémoire centrale Data Bus  II. The main components of a computer Operation of a Processor Adress bus UAL CPU 000 01|1110110 000 MAR 001 05|1110111 accumulateur … …………… registre … …………… PC 000 … …………… 1110110 00000101 Séquenceur 1110111 00010100 Ual ……… …………... MBR 01|1110110 01|1110110 ………. ………….. Ri Décodeur ………. ………….. UC (unité de contrôle) Mémoire centrale Data Bus  II. The main components of a computer Operation of a Processor Adress bus UAL CPU 000 01|1110110 000 MAR 001 05|1110111 accumulateur … …………… registre … …………… PC 000 … …………… 1110110 00000101 Séquenceur 1110111 00010100 Ual ……… …………... MBR 01|1110110 01|1110110 01|1110110 ………. ………….. Ri Décodeur ………. ………….. UC (unité de contrôle) Mémoire centrale Data Bus  II. The main components of a computer Operation of a Processor Adress bus UAL CPU 000 01|1110110 1110110 MAR 001 05|1110111 accumulateur … …………… registre … …………… PC 000 … …………… 1110110 00000101 Séquenceur 1110111 00010100 Ual ……… …………... MBR 01|1110110 01|1110110 01|1110110 ………. ………….. Ri Décodeur ………. ………….. UC (unité de contrôle) Mémoire centrale Data Bus  II. The main components of a computer Operation of a Processor Adress bus UAL CPU 000 01|1110110 1110110 MAR 001 05|1110111 accumulateur 01 … …………… registre … …………… PC 001 … …………… 1110110 00000101 Séquenceur 1110111 00010100 Ual ……… …………... MBR 01|1110110 01|1110110 01|1110110 ………. ………….. Ri Décodeur ………. ………….. UC (unité de contrôle) Mémoire centrale Data Bus  II. The main components of a computer Operation of a Processor Adress bus UAL CPU 000 01|1110110 1110110 MAR 001 05|1110111 accumulateur 01 … …………… registre … …………… PC 001 … …………… 1110110 00000101 Séquenceur 1110111 00010100 Ual ……… …………... MBR 01|1110110 01|1110110 01|1110110 ………. ………….. Ri Décodeur ………. ………….. UC (unité de contrôle) Mémoire centrale Data Bus  II. The main components of a computer Operation of a Processor Adress bus UAL CPU 000 01|1110110 1110110 MAR 001 05|1110111 accumulateur 01 … …………… registre … …………… PC 001 … …………… 1110110 00000101 Séquenceur 1110111 00010100 Ual ……… …………... MBR 01|1110110 01|1110110 01|1110110 ………. ………….. Ri Décodeur ………. ………….. UC (unité de contrôle) Mémoire centrale Data Bus  II. The main components of a computer Operation of a Processor Adress bus UAL CPU 000 01|1110110 1110110 MAR 001 05|1110111 accumulateur 01 … …………… registre … …………… PC 001 … …………… 1110110 00000101 Séquenceur 1110111 00010100 Ual ……… …………... MBR 01|1110110 01|1110110 01|1110110 ………. ………….. Ri Décodeur ………. ………….. UC (unité de contrôle) Mémoire centrale Data Bus  II. The main components of a computer Operation of a Processor Adress bus UAL CPU 000 01|1110110 1110110 MAR 001 05|1110111 accumulateur 01 … …………… registre … …………… PC 001 … …………… 1110110 00000101 Séquenceur 1110111 00010100 Ual ……… …………... MBR 00000101 01|1110110 01|1110110 ………. ………….. Ri Décodeur ………. ………….. UC (unité de contrôle) Mémoire centrale Data Bus  II. The main components of a computer Operation of a Processor Adress bus UAL CPU 000 01|1110110 1110110 MAR 001 05|1110111 accumulateur 01 … …………… registre … …………… PC 001 … …………… 1110110 00000101 Séquenceur 1110111 00010100 Ual ……… …………... MBR 00000101 01|1110110 01|1110110 ………. ………….. Ri Décodeur ………. ………….. UC (unité de contrôle) Mémoire centrale Data Bus  II. The main components of a computer Operation of a Processor Adress bus UAL CPU 000 01|1110110 1110110 MAR 001 05|1110111 accumulateur Result … …………… registre … …………… PC 001 … …………… 1110110 00000101 Séquenceur 1110111 00010100 Ual ……… …………... MBR 00000101 01|1110110 01|1110110 ………. ………….. Ri Décodeur ………. ………….. UC (unité de contrôle) Mémoire centrale Data Bus  II. The main components of a computer Characteristic of a processor The characteristics of a microprocessor are: - Its frequency: this is the number of operations the processor can perform in one second. The frequency of a processor is measured in hertz (Hz). Today, we often refer to it in gigahertz (GHz). For example, if a processor has a frequency of 1 GHz, it can perform 1 billion operations per second. The higher the frequency of a processor, the faster it will perform its operations. - Number of cores: the number of cores indicates the number of simultaneous instructions the processor can handle (one core = one instruction). A processor is considered multicore if it is composed not of a single core but of multiple cores. A dual-core processor has two cores, a quad-core processor has four cores, and a hexa-core processor has six cores, and so on. The more cores a processor has, the more calculations it can perform in parallel and, consequently, the faster it will be. - The complexity of its architecture: this complexity is measured by the number of transistors contained in the microprocessor.  II. The main components of a computer Caractéristique d’un Processeur - Its cache memory: this is memory dedicated to the processor (it allows it to store data it frequently needs rather than fetching it from the main memory, for example). - Its register width (data width): the number of bits the processor can process together. Current processors have a register width of 64 bits (they can process numbers of 64 bits). - Instruction set: The instruction set describes the set of elementary operations that the microprocessor can perform. A microprocessor can execute several tens or even hundreds of different instructions.