Electronics and System Components PDF

Electronics and system components Chapter 3. Electronics components of computer Dr. ABDERREZAK Mohamed Zaki Objective of this Chapter 1 Define electronics, and his components Understand the role of all computer 2 components. Know the main elements connected to the 3 computer motherboard Presentation plan 1. Electronics definition. 2. Electronics components. 3. The main components of a computer and their role 4. The main elements connected to the computer motherboard. I. Electronics definition and component Electronics is the branch of science that deals with the study, design, and application of devices, circuits, and systems that control the flow of electrons or other electrically charged particles. An electronic components is a basic element used in electrical circuits to control, manipulate, or generate electrical energy or signals. These components can either be passive or active. I. Electronics definition and component I.1. Passive components. A passive element is an electrical component that does not generate power, but instead dissipates, stores, and/or releases it. I. Electronics definition and component I.1. Passive components. I.1.1. Resistor: The main purpose of resistor is to reduce the current flow and in any Role particular portion of the circuit. Unit The SI unit of resistor is Ohm (). Sym The symbole of resistors are I. Electronics definition and component I.1. Passive components. I.1.1. Resistor Linear Resistors The value of resistance changes based on the applied temperature. These Linear Resistors are again classified into Fixed and Variable Resistors. Fixed resistors Variable resistors Non - Linear Resistors Resistors The value of resistance changes significantly with changes in voltage or current in an types electrical circuit. I. Electronics definition and component I.1. Passive components. I.1.1. Resistor Resistors in Series Resistors in Parallel 𝑛 𝑛 1 1 1 1 1 𝑅𝑒𝑞 = ෍ 𝑅𝑛 = 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 + ⋯.. +𝑅𝑛 =෍ = + +⋯ 𝑅𝑒𝑞 𝑅𝑛 𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅𝑛 𝑖=1 𝑖=1 Resistors combination I. Electronics definition and component I.1. Passive components. I.1.1. Resistor Example. Give the equivalence of resistor in this circuit. Series 𝑅23 = 𝑅2 + 𝑅3 Resistors combination I. Electronics definition and component I.1. Passive components. I.1.1. Resistor Example. Give the equivalence of resistor in this circuit. 1 1 1 parallel = + 𝑅𝑒𝑞 𝑅1 𝑅23 Resistors combination 𝑅1 ∗ 𝑅23 𝑅𝑒𝑞 = 𝑅1 + 𝑅23 I. Electronics definition and component I.1. Passive components. I.1.1. Resistor The colored bands on a resistor can tell you everything you need to know about its value and tolerance Resistors Value I. Electronics definition and component I.1. Passive components. I.1.1. Resistor 4 bands: Two digits, a multiplier, and a 5 bands: Three digits, a multiplier, and a tolerance band. tolerance band. Resistors Value I. Electronics definition and component I.1. Passive components. I.1.1. Resistor 4 bands: Two digits, a multiplier, and a 5 bands: Three digits, a multiplier, and a tolerance band. tolerance band. ± 0.05% ± 10% 0 1 6 1 x100 2 1k Resistors Value R = 100  ± 0.05% R = 162 k  ± 10% I. Electronics definition and component I.1. Passive components. I.1.2. Capacitor: The primary use of a capacitor is to store electrostatic energy in an electric Role field and hence supply this energy whenever possible to the circuit. Unit The SI unit of capasitor is Farad (F). Sym The symbole of capasitors are I. Electronics definition and component I.1. Passive components. I.1.2. Capacitor Capacitor in Series Capacitor in Parallel Capacitor 1 1 1 1 = + + ⋯.+ 𝐶𝑒𝑞 = 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 + ⋯ + 𝐶𝑁 𝐶𝑒𝑞 𝐶1 𝐶2 𝐶𝑁 I. Electronics definition and component I.1. Passive components. I.1.3. Inductor : Stores energy in the form of a magnetic field when electrical current flows Role through it Unit It is measured in henries (H) Sym The symbole of inductor are I. Electronics definition and component I.1. Passive components. I.1.3. Inductor : Application of inductor Energy Storage: Inductors temporarily store energy in their magnetic 1 fields, especially in power supplies and converters. Filtering: Inductors are used in filters to block certain frequencies while 2 allowing others to pass (e.g., in radio tuning circuits or signal processing). Transformers: Inductors with two or more coils can transfer energy from 3 one circuit to another, often used in transformers. I. Electronics definition and component I.1. Passive components. I.1.4. Diode : Allows current to flow in only one direction. It has two terminals: anode Role (positive side) and cathode (negative side). Diodes are commonly used for rectification (converting AC to DC), protection, and signal modulation Sym The symbole of diode are I. Electronics definition and component I.1. Passive components. I.1.4. Diode : Applications of Diodes: 1 Rectification: Converts AC to DC in power supplies. Protection: Diodes can protect circuits from voltage spikes by allowing reverse 2 current flow under certain conditions 3 Signal Processing: Used in radio receivers for signal demodulation. 4 LED Lighting: LEDs are used in displays, lighting, and indicators Les composants électronique Composants électroniques passifs Résistance Condensateur Inductance Diode Symbole et L D Notation R C Le rôle dans un limite le courant Accumulateur de Accumulateur de Permet le passage du circuite électrique charge courant courant électrique électrique dans une seule direction Ohm (Ω) Farad (F) Henry (H) / I. Electronics definition and component I.2. Active components. Active components are electronic components that require an external power source to operate and can control or amplify electrical signals. These components are essential in circuits because they can introduce gain, regulate voltage, or switch electrical currents I. Electronics definition and component I.2. Active components. I.2.1. Transistor. ❑ Transistor is an electronic device made of three layers of semiconductor material. What is the semiconductor ? I. Electronics definition and component I.2. Active components. I.2.1. Transistor. ❑ Transistor is an electronic device made of three layers of semiconductor material. A semiconductor is a material with electrical conductivity between that of a conductor (like copper) and an insulator (like glass). Its ability to either conduct or insulate electricity, depending on conditions such as temperature or the presence of impurities, makes it essential in modern electronic devices. Semiconductors are used in everything from computers and smartphones to solar cells and LEDs, enabling the function of transistors, diodes, and integrated circuits. Silicon is the most widely used semiconductor material. I. Electronics definition and component I.2. Active components. I.2.1. Transistor. ❑ Transistor is an electronic device made of three layers of semiconductor material. ❑ A transistor is used to amplify or switch electronic signals and electrical power. I. Electronics definition and component I.2. Active components. I.2.1. Transistor. Types of transistor Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT) Field Effect Transistor (FET) ▪ 3 regions: the Base, the Collector, and ▪ 3 regions: a Gate, a Source, and a Drain. the Emitter. ▪ Current-controlled devices. A small current ▪ Voltage-controlled devices. A voltage placed entering the base region of the transistor causes a at the gate controls current flow from the much larger current flow from the emitter to the source to the drain of the transistor. collector region. Example for transistor BJT Manufacturer’s technical Sheet Transistor number Voltage or current exceeds manufactureds limit !! Voltage and current limit exceeded How do i identify transistor legs ? 1: Emitter 2: Base 3: Collector 1 2 3 Transistor use as Switch Transistor use as Switch Transistor use as Switch Transistor use as Switch A transistor is therefore a switch which is controlled by current iB Switching mode : 2 possible states BLOCKED PASSING BY It is the value of iB which allows you to SWITCH SWITCH OPEN CLOSED switch from one mode to another Transistor use as amplifier Basic amplifier Large output signal Small input signal Transistor I. Electronics definition and component I.2. Active components. I.2.2. Integrated circuit ▪ An integrated circuit is an electronic component in which many components, such as transistors, resistors, and capacitors, are integrated into a single silicon chip. ▪ Transistors in an integrated circuit are interconnected to form logic gates, memories, processors, and other digital components. ▪ Integrated circuits, in turn, form the basis of many electronic devices, including computers, smartphones, and a variety of other modern electronic devices. I. Electronics definition and component I.2. Active components. I.2.2. Integrated circuit ▪ Digital integrated circuits, such as microprocessors, memories, and microcontrollers, are made up of billions of transistors interconnected to perform logic and arithmetic operations. 1 0 1 0 II. The main components of a computer ▪ The main components of a computer can be divised into hardware and software, but when focusing on hardware, the key components are: Prossesor Power Supply Motherboad Hard Drive or RAM Memory Solid-State Drive II. The main components of a computer II.1.Motherboard ❑ A motherboard is a Printed Circuit Board (PCB) inside computers, that connects all components of a general-purpose computer. II. The main components of a computer II.1.Motherboard II.1.1. Type of Motherboard. we can classify the different motherboards according to several criteria : II. The main components of a computer II.1.Motherboard A. Based on devices they support Integrated No Integrated motherboard motherboard An integrated system board has multiple Non integrated system board uses installable components components integrated into the broad itself. and expansion card. For example, non integrated system These may include the CPU video card, sound board may allow you to upgrade the video card bu removing the old one and installing a new one. Non integrated card and various controller cards. motherboard typicaly have several PCI expansion slots as well. II. The main components of a computer II.1.Motherboard B. Based on Form Factor Present the size of shape of motherboard AT ATX Micro ATX Advanced Technology Advanced Technology Extended Is a motherboard which has The ATX motherboard which Supports current and new dimensions of the order of some were produced by the intel in processor technologies. AGP hundred millimeters. mid 90’s as an improvement (Accelerated graphics port) to from the previously working have high performance motherbroard such as AT graphices. II. The main components of a computer II.1.Motherboard Mini ITX Nano ITX Pico ITX The Mini-ITX motherboard is Nano-ITX boards measure 12 × Pico-ITX, 3.94”x2. 83, is an ultra suitable for almost every computing 12 cm, and are fully integrated, small, palm size motherboard or embedded device that operates very low power consumption and provides optimized onboard in a space-constrained environment, motherboards with many uses, IO interfaces. It is design including the following: Robots, such as, media centers, car PCs, for space constrained, ultra Musical instruments, compact or mobile applications that requires low power, light weight and mobility. II. The main components of a computer II.1.Motherboard C. Based on USE Desktop Laptop Server Desktop motherboard are used Laptop motherboard is used to Server motherboard are more in personal or desktop computer. As connect different parts of a laptop advanced then desktop it is used for application at home system. These motherboard have motherboard and are designed to and in office, this type of very advanced features as compared offer high-end service which are motherboard is the most basic type. to the desktop motherboard and more reliable and ready to operate most of the functions have been in 24*7 environments. integrated into the laptop motherboard. II. The main components of a computer II.1.Motherboard II.1.2. Manufacturs Motherboard. Motherboard are available in various sizes and configurations. Some motherboard support 32 and 64 bit processor as well operating system. It is manufacturers by many companies such as. II. The main components of a computer II.1.Motherboard II.1.3. Motherboard components. II. The main components of a computer II.1.Motherboard II.1.3. Motherboard components. 1-Internal motherboard connector A motherboard contains various components and connectors that allow it to connect, control, and communicate with other hardware parts in a computer system The conductors (or traces) run the length and depth of the motherboard, with multiple layers of copper to establish connections between different components. In addition to these cavities and ports, the motherboard contains several other contact points. II. The main components of a computer II.1.Motherboard 1-Internal motherboard connector The motherboard also contains slots, which is a standard for local (internal) buses. It is a connector in the form of a slot where the processor Socket is inserted. The slot AGP (Accelerated Graphics Port) is also used to place modules and add expansions graphics card. The PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnect) slots used for connecting a RAM memory or sound card, and network card. Socket Port AGP PCI AGP II. The main components of a computer 1-Internal motherboard connector ❖ Connections IDE (Integrated Device Electronics) or SATA (Serial ATA), are a standard connection interface used in computer to transfer data between motherboard of a computer or server to mass memory media: hard disk, DVD and CD-ROM. ❖ The SATA connector allows "hot" plugging (device on). In its first version SATA 1, the data transfer speed is 150 MB/s, currently in SATA 3 the data transfer speed is 600 MB/S. Connections IDE SATA II. The main components of a computer 1-Internal motherboard connector In addition to these cavities and ports, the motherboard contains several other contact points. These include: ❖ Power connections. - The first is a 4-pin connector (or 8 pins for newer motherboards) designed primarily to power the CPU. It is located in close proximity to the processor. - The second is a larger 24-pin connector (or 20 pins on older motherboards) used to provide power to other components. It is generally placed near the memory slots. II. The main components of a computer 1-Internal motherboard connector ❖The fan connectors, USB ports, and audio jacks. Whether it's case fans, front-panel connectors, or any other peripherals, all must be connected to the motherboard. II. The main components of a computer 1-Internal motherboard connector ❖ Power buttons, reset, and LED indicators. Power Switch: (PW SW) is the PC power-on button. H.D.D. LED: (HDD LED) controls the LED indicating if the hard drives are working. Power LED: (PW LED) corresponds to the power-on LED of the PC. Reset Switch: (Reset SW) is the PC reset button. Speaker: (SPK) is the small internal speaker of the PC that will beep when your PC crashes and restarts (it is not necessary to connect it). II. The main components of a computer 2-External motherboard connector 3.0 II. The main components of a computer 2-External motherboard connector RJ-45 (Registered Jack 45) LAN port : This port allows connection to a Local Area Network (LAN) through a network hub using a RJ-45 3.0 II. The main components of a computer 2-External motherboard connector USB (Universal Serial Bus) 2.0 Ports: There are usually a couple of these ports located on each motherboard used for connecting pen drives and external hard drives, like Ipods or Mp3 players. USB 2.0 copes with data transfer at the rate of 480 Mbps 3.0 II. The main components of a computer 2-External motherboard connector IEEE; This port is used to connect to any firewire device. FireWire has largely been supplanted by USB. Some professional audio hardware still uses FireWire 3.0 II. The main components of a computer 2-External motherboard connector VGA Port(Video Graphics Array) :Using higher frequencies, it corresponds to the integrated graphics card with connect a screen 3.0 II. The main components of a computer 2-External motherboard connector PS/2 mouse port (green):This port is for a PS/2 mouse. 3.0 II. The main components of a computer 2-External motherboard connector PS/2 Keyboard Port 3.0 (purple) :This port is for a PS/2 keyboard II. The main components of a computer 2-External motherboard connector DVI (Digital Visual Interface) connector : It is used to send digital information from a computer to a digital display, such as a flat-panel LCD monitor. II. The main components of a computer 2-External motherboard connector HDMI Connector(High-Definition Multimedia Interface):HDMI is a digital interface for transmitting audio and video data in a single cable. It is supported by most HDTVs and related components, such as DVD and Blu-ray players, cable boxes, and video game systems. II. The main components of a computer 2-External motherboard connector Optical S/PDIF Used for sound connections to home audio recievers or powered PC speakers with optical connections. II. The main components of a computer 2-External motherboard connector eSATA port(External Serial Advanced Technology Attachment): It is an external interface for SATA technologies. It competes with FireWire 400 and universal serial bus (USB) 2.0 to provide fast data transfer speeds for external storage devices. II. The main components of a computer 2-External motherboard connector USB 3.0 Ports: faster than 2.0. Data transfer speed: USB 3.0 can 3.0 transfer at 4.8 Gbps II. The main components of a computer 2-External motherboard connector Analog Audio port :This port connects a CD, DVD 3.0 player or other audio soures. II. The main components of a computer 3-Component Integrated into the motherboard 1- Chipset Chipset (chip = puce / set = ensemble) Chipset = Ensemble de puces The chipset coordinates data exchange (manages communications) between the processor and the computer components II. The main components of a computer 3-Component Integrated into the motherboard 1- Chipset Northbridge coordinates data exchanges (manages communications or interface) between Microprocessor and fast components of the computer (RAM + graphics card). Southbridge South bridge coordinates data exchanges (manages communications or interface) between the microprocessor and slow computer of components (HDD, USB, modem card, PCI card,… II. The main components of a computer 3-Component Integrated into the motherboard 1- Chipset the main functions of the old Northbridge are integrated into the processor: in addition to the CPU cores, we find the memory controller and the PCI Express graphics controller. II. The main components of a computer 3-Component Integrated into the motherboard 2- CMOS battery CMOS (Complementary Metal-Oxyde Semiconductor) Is capable to memorize some important parameters about system -Clock -Date II. The main components of a computer 3-Component Integrated into the motherboard 3- BIOS ▪ BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) (This is a basic program serving as an interface between the operating system and the motherboard) ▪ The BIOS is stored in a ROM (Read Only Memory) ▪ The BIOS uses the data contained in CMOS to know system hardware configuration ▪ BIOS setup (configuration du BIOS) (interface used to configure BIOS) (a common way to enter BIOS setup is to press a specific key during the startup process, before the Windows logo appears)(The key may differ depending on your computer model). II. The main components of a computer 3-Component Integrated into the motherboard 4- Real Time Clock (RTC) A Real-Time Clock (RTC) is an electronic device (most often in the form of an integrated circtuit) that measures the passage of time. Although the term often refers to the devices in personal computer, servers and embedded systems, RTCs are present in almost any electronic device which needs to keep accurate time of day. II. The main components of a computer II.2.Processor CPU The processor or CPU (Central Processing Unit) is the brain of the computer. It organizes data exchanges between different components and performs calculations that enable the computer to interact with the user. II. The main components of a computer Processor Architecture The microprocessor is built around two main elements: - The Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU) where arithmetic and logic operations are performed. - The Control Unit, Controls the instructions and Registers The flow of data within the computer (ALU, memory, Arithmetic Control Unit and Logic input/output devices), this circuits generate the Unit signals necessary for the execution of each instruction in a program. Additionally, - Registers. are responsible for temporarily storing various pieces of information to be processed. - Internal buses. facilitate information exchanges. II. The main components of a computer I. Control Unit. Is the set of devices coordinating the operation of the computer to execute the sequence of operations specified in the program instructions. The main elements of the control unit, are: - The program counter (PC), The program counter (PC) is a register program counter (PC) that manages the memory address of the instruction to be executed next. - Instruction register (IR), This register holds the current instruction so that it can be decoded and input to the control and timing unit. - Decoder The operation code decoder, which determines which operation should be performed among all possible operations; Instruction register (IR) - The sequencer, which generates control signals to activate and control the units involved in the execution of a given instruction. - The clock which emits a series of regular pulses. The time interval between two pulses is called a period or clock cycle. The role of the clock in the control unit is to generate periodic signals that define the basic cycle (or machine cycle), corresponding to the fundamental duration governing the operation of the machine. II. The main components of a computer II. Arithmetic and Logic Unit This unit handles calculations through two types of operations: ▪ Arithmetic operations ▪ Logical operations To accomplish its role, the ALU is equipped with logical circuits capable of performing not only logical functions (such as AND, OR, NOR, etc.) but also arithmetic operations such as addition, subtraction, division, and multiplication. II. The main components of a computer A and B are called operands, A and B are input data, and R is the result of the operation. F is the function to be executed. The arithmetic and logic unit is essentially composed of: - The Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU), which is a complex circuit ensuring logical functions (AND, OR, Comparison, etc.) and arithmetic functions (Addition, subtraction...). -The status register (PSW, Processor Status Word), also called the condition register. This register contains indicator bits called flags, indicating particular states such as: ▪ Sign of the result (N for negative, P for positive). ▪ Result is zero (symbolized by Z for zero). ▪ Possible carry (symbolized by C for carry). ▪ Overflow (symbolized by O for overflow). II. The main components of a computer - The accumulators are working registers used to store an operand at the beginning of an arithmetic operation and the result at the end of the operation. II. The main components of a computer Operation of a Processor Adress bus UAL CPU Memory Address Register 000 01|1110110 MAR 001 05|1110111 accumulateur … …………… registre … …………… PC … …………… 1110110 00000101 Séquenceur 1110111 00010100 Ual ……… …………... MBR ………. ………….. Ri Décodeur Memory Buffer Register ………. ………….. UC (unité de contrôle) Mémoire centrale Data Bus II. The main components of a computer Operation of a Processor Adress bus UAL CPU 000 01|1110110 MAR 001 05|1110111 accumulateur … …………… registre … …………… PC 000 … …………… 1110110 00000101 Séquenceur 1110111 00010100 Ual ……… …………... MBR ………. ………….. Ri Décodeur ………. ………….. UC (unité de contrôle) Mémoire centrale Data Bus II. The main components of a computer Operation of a Processor Adress bus UAL CPU 000 01|1110110 000 MAR 001 05|1110111 accumulateur … …………… registre … …………… PC 000 … …………… 1110110 00000101 Séquenceur 1110111 00010100 Ual ……… …………... MBR ………. ………….. Ri Décodeur ………. ………….. UC (unité de contrôle) Mémoire centrale Data Bus II. The main components of a computer Operation of a Processor Adress bus UAL CPU 000 01|1110110 000 MAR 001 05|1110111 accumulateur … …………… registre … …………… PC 000 … …………… 1110110 00000101 Séquenceur 1110111 00010100 Ual ……… …………... MBR ………. ………….. Ri Décodeur ………. ………….. UC (unité de contrôle) Mémoire centrale Data Bus II. The main components of a computer Operation of a Processor Adress bus UAL CPU 000 01|1110110 000 MAR 001 05|1110111 accumulateur … …………… registre … …………… PC 000 … …………… 1110110 00000101 Séquenceur 1110111 00010100 Ual ……… …………... MBR ………. ………….. Ri Décodeur ………. ………….. UC (unité de contrôle) Mémoire centrale Data Bus II. The main components of a computer 01 | 1110110 Adress |Code d’instruction 000 01|1110110 - The operation code, the code indicating the action that the 001 05|1110111 … …………… Programme microprocessor must execute (ADD, Div...). … …………… − The operand code, which represents the parameters of the … …………… action. (The operand code can be data or a memory address). 1110110 00000101 Example: 1110111 00010100 ……… …………... Données Add A A: represents the memory address, not the value ………. ………….. ………. ………….. II. The main components of a computer Operation of a Processor Adress bus UAL CPU 000 01|1110110 000 MAR 001 05|1110111 accumulateur … …………… registre … …………… PC 000 … …………… 1110110 00000101 Séquenceur 1110111 00010100 Ual ……… …………... MBR ………. ………….. Ri Décodeur ………. ………….. UC (unité de contrôle) Mémoire centrale Data Bus II. The main components of a computer Operation of a Processor Adress bus UAL CPU 000 01|1110110 000 MAR 001 05|1110111 accumulateur … …………… registre … …………… PC 000 … …………… 1110110 00000101 Séquenceur 1110111 00010100 Ual ……… …………... MBR ………. ………….. Ri Décodeur ………. ………….. UC (unité de contrôle) Mémoire centrale Data Bus II. The main components of a computer Operation of a Processor Adress bus UAL CPU 000 01|1110110 000 MAR 001 05|1110111 accumulateur … …………… registre … …………… PC 000 … …………… 1110110 00000101 Séquenceur 1110111 00010100 Ual ……… …………... MBR 01|1110110 ………. ………….. Ri Décodeur ………. ………….. UC (unité de contrôle) Mémoire centrale Data Bus II. The main components of a computer Operation of a Processor Adress bus UAL CPU 000 01|1110110 000 MAR 001 05|1110111 accumulateur … …………… registre … …………… PC 000 … …………… 1110110 00000101 Séquenceur 1110111 00010100 Ual ……… …………... MBR 01|1110110 01|1110110 ………. ………….. Ri Décodeur ………. ………….. UC (unité de contrôle) Mémoire centrale Data Bus II. The main components of a computer Operation of a Processor Adress bus UAL CPU 000 01|1110110 000 MAR 001 05|1110111 accumulateur … …………… registre … …………… PC 000 … …………… 1110110 00000101 Séquenceur 1110111 00010100 Ual ……… …………... MBR 01|1110110 01|1110110 01|1110110 ………. ………….. Ri Décodeur ………. ………….. UC (unité de contrôle) Mémoire centrale Data Bus II. The main components of a computer Operation of a Processor Adress bus UAL CPU 000 01|1110110 1110110 MAR 001 05|1110111 accumulateur … …………… registre … …………… PC 000 … …………… 1110110 00000101 Séquenceur 1110111 00010100 Ual ……… …………... MBR 01|1110110 01|1110110 01|1110110 ………. ………….. Ri Décodeur ………. ………….. UC (unité de contrôle) Mémoire centrale Data Bus II. The main components of a computer Operation of a Processor Adress bus UAL CPU 000 01|1110110 1110110 MAR 001 05|1110111 accumulateur 01 … …………… registre … …………… PC 001 … …………… 1110110 00000101 Séquenceur 1110111 00010100 Ual ……… …………... MBR 01|1110110 01|1110110 01|1110110 ………. ………….. Ri Décodeur ………. ………….. UC (unité de contrôle) Mémoire centrale Data Bus II. The main components of a computer Operation of a Processor Adress bus UAL CPU 000 01|1110110 1110110 MAR 001 05|1110111 accumulateur 01 … …………… registre … …………… PC 001 … …………… 1110110 00000101 Séquenceur 1110111 00010100 Ual ……… …………... MBR 01|1110110 01|1110110 01|1110110 ………. ………….. Ri Décodeur ………. ………….. UC (unité de contrôle) Mémoire centrale Data Bus II. The main components of a computer Operation of a Processor Adress bus UAL CPU 000 01|1110110 1110110 MAR 001 05|1110111 accumulateur 01 … …………… registre … …………… PC 001 … …………… 1110110 00000101 Séquenceur 1110111 00010100 Ual ……… …………... MBR 01|1110110 01|1110110 01|1110110 ………. ………….. Ri Décodeur ………. ………….. UC (unité de contrôle) Mémoire centrale Data Bus II. The main components of a computer Operation of a Processor Adress bus UAL CPU 000 01|1110110 1110110 MAR 001 05|1110111 accumulateur 01 … …………… registre … …………… PC 001 … …………… 1110110 00000101 Séquenceur 1110111 00010100 Ual ……… …………... MBR 01|1110110 01|1110110 01|1110110 ………. ………….. Ri Décodeur ………. ………….. UC (unité de contrôle) Mémoire centrale Data Bus II. The main components of a computer Operation of a Processor Adress bus UAL CPU 000 01|1110110 1110110 MAR 001 05|1110111 accumulateur 01 … …………… registre … …………… PC 001 … …………… 1110110 00000101 Séquenceur 1110111 00010100 Ual ……… …………... MBR 00000101 01|1110110 01|1110110 ………. ………….. Ri Décodeur ………. ………….. UC (unité de contrôle) Mémoire centrale Data Bus II. The main components of a computer Operation of a Processor Adress bus UAL CPU 000 01|1110110 1110110 MAR 001 05|1110111 accumulateur 01 … …………… registre … …………… PC 001 … …………… 1110110 00000101 Séquenceur 1110111 00010100 Ual ……… …………... MBR 00000101 01|1110110 01|1110110 ………. ………….. Ri Décodeur ………. ………….. UC (unité de contrôle) Mémoire centrale Data Bus II. The main components of a computer Operation of a Processor Adress bus UAL CPU 000 01|1110110 1110110 MAR 001 05|1110111 accumulateur Result … …………… registre … …………… PC 001 … …………… 1110110 00000101 Séquenceur 1110111 00010100 Ual ……… …………... MBR 00000101 01|1110110 01|1110110 ………. ………….. Ri Décodeur ………. ………….. UC (unité de contrôle) Mémoire centrale Data Bus II. The main components of a computer Characteristic of a processor The characteristics of a microprocessor are: - Its frequency: this is the number of operations the processor can perform in one second. The frequency of a processor is measured in hertz (Hz). Today, we often refer to it in gigahertz (GHz). For example, if a processor has a frequency of 1 GHz, it can perform 1 billion operations per second. The higher the frequency of a processor, the faster it will perform its operations. - Number of cores: the number of cores indicates the number of simultaneous instructions the processor can handle (one core = one instruction). A processor is considered multicore if it is composed not of a single core but of multiple cores. A dual-core processor has two cores, a quad-core processor has four cores, and a hexa-core processor has six cores, and so on. The more cores a processor has, the more calculations it can perform in parallel and, consequently, the faster it will be. - The complexity of its architecture: this complexity is measured by the number of transistors contained in the microprocessor. II. The main components of a computer Caractéristique d’un Processeur - Its cache memory: this is memory dedicated to the processor (it allows it to store data it frequently needs rather than fetching it from the main memory, for example). - Its register width (data width): the number of bits the processor can process together. Current processors have a register width of 64 bits (they can process numbers of 64 bits). - Instruction set: The instruction set describes the set of elementary operations that the microprocessor can perform. A microprocessor can execute several tens or even hundreds of different instructions. II. The main components of a computer II.3. Memory It is an electronic device used to store data. It is present in all computers, gaming consoles, GPS devices, and many electronic devices. Two different types of memory are present in our computer hardware: Primary memory (main memory). Secondary memory (mass memory). II. The main components of a computer II.3. Memory II. The main components of a computer II.3. Memory II.3.1. Primary memory A- Random Access Memory (RAM) Random Access Memory (RAM) is a type of computer memory that stores data temporarily while a computer is running. Your computer can access RAM memory much faster than data on a hard disk, or other long-term storage device, which is why RAM capacity is critical for system performance. II. The main components of a computer There are two main types of Random Access Memory (RAM): o Dynamic Random-Access Memory (DRAM), In a DRAM chip, each bit of memory data is stored as the presence or absence of an electric charge on a small capacitor on the chip. As time passes, the charges in the memory cells leak away, so without being refreshed the stored data would eventually be lost. To prevent this, external circuitry periodically reads each cell and rewrites it, restoring the charge on the capacitor to its original level o Static Random-Access Memory (SRAM), is electronic memory that does not require refreshing. An SRAM memory cell requires four to six transistors and two capacitors, compared to a single transistor and a capacitor for DRAM; therefore, SRAM circuits require more area on a chip. ❑ RAM is an integrated circuit (IC) made of millions of transistors and capacitors. ❑ To create one bit, you need 1 capacitors ❑ The transistor acts as a switch that lets Memory point (1 bit) the control circuitry on the memory chip read the capacitor or change its state. II. The main components of a computer B. Read-Only Memory (ROM) ❑ Read-Only Memory (ROM) is non-volatile memory, type of computer memory that can only be read from, not written to. It is a type of storage that contains data that can’t be changed or modified. This form of memory is essential to any computer system because it contains the instructions needed for the computer to boot up and run its programs such as instructions needed for booting (BIOS, POST, boot loader, or CMOS setup). ❑ ROM is an integral part of the motherboard and is permanently powered by a small battery. II. The main components of a computer There are different types of ROM: ▪ ROM: the first generation of read-only memory, available for reading only. ▪ PROM (Programmable Read-Only Memory): reprogrammable only once. ▪ EPROM (Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory): can be erased and rewritten in the presence of high-intensity ultraviolet light. ▪ EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Read-Only Memory): can be erased by a simple electric current. II. The main components of a computer Different elements of computer memory "The different elements of computer memory are ordered based on the following criteria: access time or spped , capacity II. The main components of a computer - Register: memory located in the microprocessor, characterized by high speed, mainly used for storing operands and intermediate results. - Cache Memory: a fast but small-capacity memory (compared to main memory) used as a buffer between the microprocessor and main memory (RAM). This memory allows the microprocessor to make fewer accesses to the main memory and thus save time. - Main Memory: Main memory is the primary storage organ for information used by the microprocessor. To execute a program, it needs to be loaded (instructions + data) into main memory. The access time of main memory is much larger than that of registers and cache. II. The main components of a computer - Buffer Memory: An intermediate memory between main memory and mass storage memories (auxiliary memories). It is present in advanced computers and helps increase the speed of information exchange between these two levels. − Mass Memory: Mass storage, or auxiliary memory, is a large-capacity peripheral memory with relatively low cost, used for permanent storage of information. It is employed for storing, backing up, or archiving information for the long term. It uses magnetic media (disks, cartridges, tapes), magneto-optical media (disks), or optical media (optical disks) for this purpose. II. The main components of a computer Structure of a running program ▪ For a program to execute, it must load it into central memory Program = Data + Instructions Space occupied by a program central memory = Space occupied by instructions + Space occupied by data Notice A memory cell cannot contain only one piece of information (one piece of data, an instruction,…). Information may require several consecutive memory cells. II. The main components of a computer Memory space occupied by a program in execution Example : A running program has 20 instructions, each instruction is coded on 1 Ø. Knowing that the space occupied by the data is 256 Ø, calculate the space occupied by this program in memory. Memory cell size = 1 Ø (default) II. The main components of a computer Example : A running program has 20 instructions, each instruction is coded on 1 Ø. Knowing that the space occupied by the data is 256 Ø, calculate the space occupied by this program in memory. Memory cell size = 1 Ø (default) Solution: 1 instruction occupies exactly 1 Ø. 20 instructions → instruction space = 20 * 1 = 20 Ø. Space occupied by the program = 20 + 256 = 276 Ø. II. The main components of a computer Data representation : numbers Binary representation depends on the type (more details in the coding module) The space occupied by a number or variable depends on its type. Example 1 : A real represented according to the IEEE standard is on 32 bits. It therefore occupies 4 Ø (4 memory cells, each cell occupe 1 Ø). II. The main components of a computer Data representation : numbers Example2 : A running program has 20 instructions, each is coded on 1 Ø. The program processes real data in the number of 41. calculate the space occupied by this program in memory ? Memory cell size = 1 Ø (default) II. The main components of a computer Data representation : numbers Example2 : A running program has 20 instructions, each is coded on 1 Ø. The program processes real data in the number of 41. calculate the space occupied by this program in memory ? Memory cell size = 1 Ø (default) Solution: An instruction occupies exactly 1 Ø 20 instructions → instruction space = 20 * 1 = 20 Ø 41 real number → data space = 41 * 4 = 164 Ø Space occupied by the program = 20 + 164 = 184 Ø II. The main components of a computer Memory space : image storage Digital image = element matrix Nbr columns pixel - Each element is called a pixel. - Resolution of an image = nbr rows * nbr columns Nbr rows Resolution↑ → image quality ↑ II. The main components of a computer Memory space : image storage Black and white image: Each pixel is coded on 8 bits (1 Ø) → which gives 254 possible gray levels (0 for black up to 255 for white) Color image: We superimpose three matrices, each representing a color of base: red, green and blue. Each color is coded on 8 bits (1 Ø) → which gives 16,777,216 possible colors (28+8+8 = 224) ❑ Space occupied by an image in memory = resolution * space occupied by a pixel A color pixel will take up 3 times more space than a gray pixel II. The main components of a computer Memory space : image storage Exemple : Calculate the memory space occupied by a black and white image consisting of 600 lines and 800 columns. Memory cell size 1 Ø (default) II. The main components of a computer Memory space : image storage Example 1 : Calculate the memory space occupied by a black and white image consisting of 600 lines and 800 columns. Memory cell size 1 Ø (default) Solution : image space = resolution * space occupied by a pixel black and white image => pixel coded on 8 bits Each pixel occupies exactly 1 cell, therefore 1 Ø image space = 600 * 800 * 1 = 480,000 Ø II. The main components of a computer Memory space : image storage Example 2 : Calculate the memory space occupied by a color image consisting of 600 lines and 800 columns. Memory cell size 1 Ø (default) Solution : image space = resolution * space occupied by a pixel Color image => pixel coded on 3* 8 bits Each pixel occupies exactly 3 cell, therefore 3 Ø image space = 600 * 800 * 3 = 1 240,000 Ø II. The main components of a computer Memory space : Sound storage we have already seen in the 1st chapter that sound is an analog signal that must be digitized Frequency ↑ → sound quality ↑ Number of bits representing a sample ↑ → number of possible intensity levels ↑ Types of recordings: mono (one side only) and stereo (3D effect, better quality) II. The main components of a computer Memory space : Sound storage Space occupied by a sound file in memory = duration of recording * frequency * type of recording * space occupied by a sample ▪ Several recording qualities: telephone: 8KHz, radio: 22KHz, FM: 32KHz, CD: 44KHz Example : Knowing that the sample is encoded on 16 bits, what is the size of a sound file lasting 5s recorded in stereo and CD quality? Solution: A 16-bit sample → occupies 2 Ø in memory Sound size = 5 * 44000 * 2 * 2 = 880,000 Ø II. The main components of a computer II.3. Memory II.3.2. Secondary memory Secondary memory is computer memory that is non-volatile, that is used to store data and programs that can be accessed or retrieved even after the computer is turned off. II. The main components of a computer II.3. Memory II.3.2. Secondary memory A- Hard Disk Drive HDD (Hard Disk Drive), it is a magnetic rotating disk mass storage used primarily in computers but also in DVD players/recorders and video game consoles. II. The main components of a computer II.3. Memory II.3.2. Secondary memory A- Hard Disk Drive ❑ Components of a Hard Disk Drive. Controller card HSA Spindle. Pllaters clamp Head Stack Assembly (disk) II. The main components of a computer II.3. Memory ❑ Components of a Hard Disk Drive. 1-Controller card: is an printed circuit allows the device to transfer data to and from RAM. Controller card II. The main components of a computer II.3. Memory ❑ Components of a Hard Disk Drive. 2- Pllaters clamp: is located on top of the spindle hub (Platter) arrangement in order to fixate these components. Pllaters clamp II. The main components of a computer II.3. Memory ❑ Components of a Hard Disk Drive. 3-HSA(Head Stack Assembly): consists of a number of different components. Some of them are quite fragile and include The transfer of information between the R/W-Head and the Logic Board is realized Arm using a Flexible Printed Circuit (FPC). The HGA consists of sliders and actual heads that are located at the end of the slider that reads and writes data from and to platters. II. The main components of a computer II.3. Memory ❑ Components of a Hard Disk Drive. 4- The platters: are made with aluminum or glass in modern models. These are what your data is stored on. Platter Track Sector Cylinder II. The main components of a computer ❑ The operation of a hard disk drive Data is represented by 0s and 1s. The reading heads create positive or negative fields depending on the direction of the electric current. Current Current positive magnetic field negative magnetic field II. The main components of a computer ❑ The operation of a hard disk drive To write a bit 1, the head must create two oppositely directed magnetic fields. Bit = 1 OR II. The main components of a computer ❑ The operation of a hard disk drive To write a bit 0, the head must create two magnetic fields in the same direction.. bit = 0 OR II. The main components of a computer ❑ The operation of a hard disk drive Example for write the binary number 1001. II. The main components of a computer ❑ The operation of a hard disk drive Exemple pour écrire le nombre binaire 1001. II. The main components of a computer ❑ The operation of a hard disk drive Exemple pour écrire le nombre binaire 1001. 1 II. The main components of a computer ❑ The operation of a hard disk drive Exemple pour écrire le nombre binaire 1001. II. The main components of a computer ❑ The operation of a hard disk drive Exemple pour écrire le nombre binaire 1001. 1 0 II. The main components of a computer ❑ The operation of a hard disk drive Exemple pour écrire le nombre binaire 1001. 1 0 0 II. The main components of a computer ❑ The operation of a hard disk drive Exemple pour écrire le nombre binaire 1001. 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 II. The main components of a computer ❑ The operation of a hard disk drive Exemple pour la lecture c’est le même principe. 1 0 0 1 II. The main components of a computer Capacity = sector capacity * sectors per track * N° of cylinders * N° of Heads Capacity = Sector capacity * number of sectors per track * number of tracks * number of platter* number of faces II. The main components of a computer Capacity = sector capacity * number of sectors per track * cylinder * Number of Heads (platter) Capacity = sector capacity * number of sectors per track * number of tracks * number of platter * number of faces Example: A Seagate 10232 possessed 1245 cylinders, 255 heads (platter), 63 sectors per track. 512 Ø is the sector capacity Capacity = 512* 63* 1245 * 255 = 10 322 727 645 Ø II. The main components of a computer The Hard drive: Access time Access time: This is the average time it takes for the reading heads to move on the disk platters. Access time (average) = Average travel time + (Average) latency time + Reading time of a sector Example : Calculate the average access time of the IBM GXP 75 hard drive: the travel time is 8.5 ms, the latency time is 4.16 ms, the number of cylinders is 16383,the number of sectors is 63, each sector contains 512 bytes and the rotation speed of the disc is 7200 rpm II. The main components of a computer The Hard drive: Access time Access time: This is the average time it takes for the reading heads to move on the disk platters Access time (average) = Average travel time + (Average) latency time + Reading time of a sector Example : Calculate the average access time of the IBM GXP 75 hard drive: the travel time is 8.5 ms, the latency time is 4.16 ms, the number of cylinders is 16383,the number of sectors is 63, each sector contains 512 bytes and the rotation speed of the disc is 7200 rpm (Rounds per minute) Solution: 7200 Rounds → 60s 1 Round → duration = (60 *1) / 7200 s Reading time of Sector = 0,0083/ 63 = 0.13 ms Access time (average) = Average travel time + Time (average) latency + Reading time of a sector Average access time = 8.5 ms + 4.16 ms + 0.13 ms = 12.79 ms II. The main components of a computer The Hard drive: throughput (débit) Throughput: mesure in bits per second bps, is the number of bytes read by a disk per second Throughput = number of round per second * number of sectors per track * capacity of a sector Example : Disk with the following characteristics: Rotation speed: 7200 rpm, Number of sectors/track: 32, Bytes/sector: 512 II. The main components of a computer The Hard drive: throughput (débit) Throughput: number of bytes read by a disk per second Throughput = number of round per second * number of sectors per track * capacity of a sector Example : Disk with the following characteristics: Rotation speed: 7200 rpm, Number of sectors/track: 32, octets/sector: 512 Solution : Number of round per second : 60s → 7200 tours Number of round per second = 7200/60 1s→x Throughput = (7200/60) * 32 * 512 = 1 966 080 octets/s II. The main components of a computer II.3. Memory II.3.2. Secondary memory B- Solid State Drive (SSD): An SSD is made up of several flash memory chips and contains no mechanical elements. Compared to a magnetic hard drive, access times are very fast with generally lower power consumption. II. The main components of a computer B- Solid State Drive (SSD): SSD components Printed circuit board. Flash memory is responsible for storing data (a type of non-volatile memory NAND is used). The controller is a special microprocessor that connects the flash memory with the main computer bus, performs read/write operations. The cache is used for the temporary storage of data while working with flash memory. Connection interfaces a physical connector and the interface itself for the interaction of the SSD controller with the main system (SATA, PCI-Express). II. The main components of a computer Choosing Between SSD and HDD Consider the following factors when deciding between an SSD and HDD: 1.Budget: If cost is a primary concern, HDDs offer more storage for less money. 2.Performance: For faster boot times and application loading, choose an SSD. 3.Storage Needs: If you need massive storage capacity, an HDD drive might be more suitable. 4.Portability: For laptops and frequent travelers, an SSD’s durability is advantageous. 5.Gaming: While SSDs offer faster load times, both drives perform similarly during gameplay. II. The main components of a computer II.3. Memory II.3.2. Secondary memory C- SSHD (Solid State Hybrid Drive) : SSHD are conventional magnetic drives accompanied by a small flash memory module. Developed primarily for laptops, the advantage of these drives is to reduce power consumption, increase boot speed, and extend the lifespan of the hard drive. II. The main components of a computer C- SSHD (Solid State Hybrid Drive) : Component of SSHD II. The main components of a computer II.4. The Graphics Card. A graphics card, also known as a video card or graphics processing unit (GPU), is a hardware component responsible for rendering and displaying images, videos, and animations on your computer monitor. It accelerates the graphics processing capabilities of your computer, enabling you to enjoy smooth and high-quality visuals in games, videos, and other graphic-intensive applications. The graphic card works with the central processing unit (CPU) to process and output visual data. II. The main components of a computer III.1.5. The Power Supply. The power supply provides electrical current to all the components of the computer. The power supply unit must have sufficient power to supply the various peripherals of the computer. It converts the alternating voltage of 120 V or 230 V into various direct voltages used by the motherboard and peripherals (hard drive, CD drive, etc.). II. The main components of a computer

Electronics and System Components PDF

Document Details

Tags

Related

Summary

Full Transcript

Upgrade to continue