Chapter 3 Perception PDF

PSYC 2260 CHAPTER 3 – PERCEPTION  PERCEPTION IS… Experience resulting from stimulation of the senses Basic concepts – Perceptions can change based on added information – Involves a process similar to reasoning or problem solving – Perceptions...

PSYC 2260 CHAPTER 3 – PERCEPTION  PERCEPTION IS… Experience resulting from stimulation of the senses Basic concepts – Perceptions can change based on added information – Involves a process similar to reasoning or problem solving – Perceptions occur in conjunction with actions It is possible that true human perceptual processes are unique to humans. Attempts to create artificial forms of perception (machines) have been met with limited success and each time have had problems that could not be solved. Goldstein, Cognitive Psychology: Connecting Mind, Research, and Everyday Experience, 5th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  WHY CAN’T MACHINES PERCEIVE LIKE HUMANS? Inverse projection problem – Refers to the task of determining the object responsible for a particular image on the retina – Involves starting with the retinal image and then extending outward to the source of that image Objects can be hidden or blurred – People can often identify objects that are obscured and therefore incomplete, or in some cases objects that are blurry Objects look different from different viewpoints – Viewpoint invariance Scenes contain high-level information – Scenes are more complex Goldstein, Cognitive Psychology: Connecting Mind, Research, and Everyday Experience, 5th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Find: 1. Pencil 2. Glasses Who are these people?  INFORMATION USED IN HUMAN PERCEPTION The human perceptual system uses two types of information: – Environmental energy stimulating the receptors – Knowledge and expectations the observer brings to the situation Goldstein, Cognitive Psychology: Connecting Mind, Research, and Everyday Experience, 5th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  APPROACHES TO UNDERSTAND PERCEPTION Direct perception theories – Bottom-up processing – Perception comes from stimuli in the environment – Parts are identified and put together, and then recognition occurs Constructive perception theories – Top-down processing – People actively construct perceptions using information based on expectations Goldstein, Cognitive Psychology: Connecting Mind, Research, and Everyday Experience, 5th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  THE COMPLEXITY OF PERCEPTION Bottom-up processing – Perception may start with the senses – Incoming raw data – Energy registering on receptors Top-down processing – Perception may start with the brain – Person’s knowledge, experience, and expectations Goldstein, Cognitive Psychology: Connecting Mind, Research, and Everyday Experience, 5th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  HEARING WORDS IN A SENTENCE Top-down processing influences our perception of language based on our individual experience with the language Speech segmentation – The ability to tell when one word ends and another begins Transitional probabilities – Knowing which sound will likely follow another in a word – Statistical learning is the process of learning the characteristic and probabilities of a language Likelihood principle – We perceive the world in the way that is “most likely” based on our past experiences Goldstein, Cognitive Psychology: Connecting Mind, Research, and Everyday Experience, 5th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  VIEWPOINT ________ IS THE ABILITY TO RECOGNIZE THE SAME OBJECT EVEN IF IT IS SEEN FROM DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVES. A. CONSISTENCY B. RESISTANCE C. CONSTANCY D. INVARIANCE  THE SEQUENCE OF STEPS THAT INCLUDES THE IMAGE ON THE RETINA, CHANGING THE IMAGE INTO ELECTRICAL SIGNALS, AND NEURAL PROCESSING IS AN EXAMPLE OF _____ PROCESSING. A. BOTTOM-UP B. TOP-DOWN C. SEQUENTIAL D. SERIAL HELMHOLTZ’S UNCONSCIOUS INFERENCE Goldstein, Cognitive Psychology: Connecting Mind, Research, and Everyday Experience, 5th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. APPARENT MOTION Happens because: 1. The lights are flashing on an off 2. Our perceptual system adds in the movement Used in movies and advertisements  GESTALT PRINCIPLES OF PERCEPTUAL ORGANIZATION Principle of good continuation – Lines tend to be seen as following the smoothest path Goldstein, Cognitive Psychology: Connecting Mind, Research, and Everyday Experience, 5th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  GESTALT PRINCIPLES OF PERCEPTUAL ORGANIZATION Law of pragnanz – (principle of simplicity or good figure) Every stimulus pattern is seen so the resulting structure is as simple as possible Goldstein, Cognitive Psychology: Connecting Mind, Research, and Everyday Experience, 5th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  GESTALT PRINCIPLES OF PERCEPTUAL ORGANIZATION Principle of similarity – Similar things appear grouped together Goldstein, Cognitive Psychology: Connecting Mind, Research, and Everyday Experience, 5th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. GESTALT PRINCIPLES OF PERCEPTUAL ORGANIZATION Goldstein, Cognitive Psychology: Connecting Mind, Research, and Everyday Experience, 5th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  GESTALT PRINCIPLES OF PERCEPTUAL ORGANIZATION Perception is determined by specific organizing principles, not just dark and light stimuli activating the retina. Role of experience is minor compared to these intrinsic, “built in” principles. Experience can influence perception but is not the key driver. Goldstein, Cognitive Psychology: Connecting Mind, Research, and Everyday Experience, 5th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  REGULARITIES OF THE ENVIRONMENT: PHYSICAL Common physical properties of the environment Oblique effect – We perceive verticals and horizontals more easily than other orientations Goldstein, Cognitive Psychology: Connecting Mind, Research, and Everyday Experience, 5th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  REGULARITIES OF THE ENVIRONMENT: PHYSICAL Light-from-above assumption – We assume light comes from above because this is common in our environment – We perceive shadows as specific information about depth and distance Goldstein, Cognitive Psychology: Connecting Mind, Research, and Everyday Experience, 5th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. REGULARITIES OF THE ENVIRONMENT: SEMANTIC The meaning of a given scene is related to what happens within that scene. Semantic regularities are the characteristics associated with functions carried out in different types of scenes. Scene schema: – It is knowledge of what a given scene ordinarily contains. – In the jewelry case at tiffany’s, would you expect to see a plate of fish and chips or diamond rings? Goldstein, Cognitive Psychology: Connecting Mind, Research, and Everyday Experience, 5th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  BAYESIAN INFERENCE One’s estimate of the probability of a given outcome is influenced by two factors: – The prior probability – The likelihood of a given outcome. Goldstein, Cognitive Psychology: Connecting Mind, Research, and Everyday Experience, 5th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. COMPARING CONCEPTIONS OF OBJECT PERCEPTION Top-down processing – Unconscious inference – Environmental regularities – Bayesian inference Bottom-up processing – Gestalt principles Goldstein, Cognitive Psychology: Connecting Mind, Research, and Everyday Experience, 5th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  NEURONS, KNOWLEDGE, AND THE ENVIRONMENT Some neurons respond best to things that occur regularly in the environment. Neurons become tuned to respond best to what we commonly experience. – Horizontals and verticals – Experience-dependent plasticity Goldstein, Cognitive Psychology: Connecting Mind, Research, and Everyday Experience, 5th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. NEURONS, KNOWLEDGE, AND THE ENVIRONMENT Goldstein, Cognitive Psychology: Connecting Mind, Research, and Everyday Experience, 5th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  MOVEMENT FACILITATES PERCEPTION As observers, our movement adds complexity to perception compared to if we remain static but moving around a stimulus offers us more views to create accurate perceptions. Goldstein, Cognitive Psychology: Connecting Mind, Research, and Everyday Experience, 5th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  THE INTERACTION OF PERCEPTION AND ACTION Constant coordination occurs in the brain as we perceive stimuli while also taking action toward them. Goldstein, Cognitive Psychology: Connecting Mind, Research, and Everyday Experience, 5th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  IN THE TEXT'S USE OF THE OLYMPIC RINGS EXAMPLE, WHICH GESTALT LAW CONTRIBUTES TO THE CORRECT PERCEPTION OF FIVE INTERLOCKING CIRCLES? A. SIMPLICITY B. CONTIGUITY C. FIGURE-GROUND D. COMMON FATE  THE RESULTS OF GAUTHIER'S "GREEBLE" EXPERIMENT ILLUSTRATE A. THAT NEURONS SPECIALIZED TO RESPOND TO FACES ARE PRESENT IN OUR BRAINS WHEN WE ARE BORN. B. THAT TRAINING A MONKEY TO RECOGNIZE THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN COMMON OBJECTS CAN INFLUENCE HOW THE MONKEY'S NEURONS FIRE TO THESE OBJECTS. C. AN EFFECT OF EXPERIENCE-DEPENDENT PLASTICITY. D. THAT OUR NERVOUS SYSTEMS REMAIN FAIRLY STABLE IN DIFFERENT ENVIRONMENTS. PERCEPTION AND ACTION: WHAT AND WHERE What pathway: – Determining the identity of an object – Ventral pathway (lower part of the brain) Where pathway: – Determining the location of an object – Dorsal pathway (upper part of the brain) Goldstein, Cognitive Psychology: Connecting Mind, Research, and Everyday Experience, 5th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. PERCEPTION AND ACTION: WHAT AND WHERE Goldstein, Cognitive Psychology: Connecting Mind, Research, and Everyday Experience, 5th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. PERCEPTION AND ACTION: WHAT AND WHERE Milner and goodale (1995) Perception pathway: – From visual cortex to temporal lobe – Corresponds to the what pathway Action pathway: – From visual cortex to parietal lobe – Corresponds to the where pathway – Also called the how pathway Goldstein, Cognitive Psychology: Connecting Mind, Research, and Everyday Experience, 5th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. PATIENT DF  DF: APPERCEPTIVE AGNOSIC Action Perception  MIRROR NEURONS These neurons respond while a subject watches an action being performed in the same way as if the subject was performing the action. fMRI research has found evidence of a mirror neuron system in the brain. Iacoboni (2005) found higher rate of mirroring if the subject’s intention to perform the action was greater. Goldstein, Cognitive Psychology: Connecting Mind, Research, and Everyday Experience, 5th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  TEST 1 90 MINUTES STARTS @ 9:30AM 30 MC 3 SA STUDY FROM ICLICKERS FOR MC LOOK AT THINGS WE TALKED ABOUT MULTIPLE TIMES OR ACROSS MORE THAN 1 LECTURE FOR SA