Chapter 3 and 4.docx

**CULTURE, PLURALISM, AND STUDIES** **Getting to Know Culture: An Overview of Culture's Meanings and Uses** - **Culture**: what is often referred to as **high culture**, invoking **associations** with certain **refined tastes and habits** typified by the **classical arts** - **culture...

**CULTURE, PLURALISM, AND STUDIES** **Getting to Know Culture: An Overview of Culture's Meanings and Uses** - **Culture**: what is often referred to as **high culture**, invoking **associations** with certain **refined tastes and habits** typified by the **classical arts** - **culture** as a catch call term for the **beliefs and practices** that differentiate groups of people - UNESCO **Some Early Origins of the Construct of Culture** - These [early notions of culture], as a series of increasingly superior [manifestations] of **human creativity** and **intellect**, were closely tied to other **prevalent modes** of thought at the time---**Eurocentrism** and evolutionism in particular. **Cultural Evolutionism to Cultural Relativism** - **Differences** in [human development and behavior] were [based on] ways of knowing and traditions specific to the **adaptation** and **reproduction** of social groups, rather than on overall levels of progress or development. **Cultural Evolutionism** - "Cultural evolution" is the idea that human cultural change----that is, changes in socially transmitted beliefs, knowledge, customs, skills, attitudes, languages, and so on----can be described as a Darwinian evolutionary process that is similar in key respects (but not identical) to biological/genetic evolution. **Cultural Relativism Example** - Cultural relativism is a term that is used to show that the ways of life of people are different around the world. There are practices that are acceptable in one part of the world that would not happen in another part of the world. - ***[Flowers as presents]*.** Russia -- Avoid yellow colors for it represents break-up. Red carnations are taboo for these can only be given to veteran survivors and those who died in the war. **Pluralism Defined** - A theory that there are more than one or **more than two** kinds of **ultimate reality**. - A state of society in which members of **[diverse]** ethnic, racial, religious, or social groups **maintain** and **develop** their traditional culture or special interest within the confines of a common civilization. **Pluralism and Diversity in Society** - **Pluralism** refers to a [social] or [political environment] in which numerous distinct ethnic, religious, or cultural [groups coexist] (as in one neighborhood, city, nation, institution, or school). - A **pluralistic society** is one in which all people can fully [participate while maintaining] their cultural traditions and beliefs. - **Diversity** - a point or respect in which things differ; [difference] or [variety.] **Early Signs of Diversity** - The arrival of the **first slave ships**, in **1619**, added an **African tribal dimension**; many [Southern congregations] in time became **biracial**. - More sustained efforts to convert **African Americans** after the middle of the **18th century** brought a vibrant fusion of African ways with **evangelical Protestantism**. - **Spanish settlements** in areas from Florida through Texas and the Southwest to California brought more **diversity**. - When these areas joined the United States, they added both **Spanish and French Catholicism** to American religious diversity. **Religious Freedom and the Separation of Church and State** - In this view, the **United States** was never a **Christian nation** per se but one where religious freedom meant *no one religious group or tradition had special privilege*. - This **diversity**, celebrated by some as leading to **pluralism**, made it unfair (undemocratic) to grant one group governmental support. - **Article II Section 6 of the 1987 Philippine Constitution** **New Faces of Pluralism** - Changes in immigration laws in 1965 spurred a rise in immigration from Latin America, Africa, and Asia. - Well over **10 million persons** of **Hispanic origin** have entered the the United States **legally** or **illegally** since 2000 (Camarota, 2007; Gryn & Gambino, 2012) - **1970** - *5 percent* (9.6 million) - foreign born - **2013** - *13 percent* (40.8 million) - In most urban areas, **Roman Catholic parishes** hold some services in Spanish, recognizing that **Hispanic Catholicism** brings to the church a rich blend of traditions reflecting Central and **South American cultures**. **OUR MULTIPLE CULTURE AND IDENTITIES** **RACE AND ETHNICITY** *[RACE]* - **Race** is [defined](https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/race) as "a category of humankind that shares certain distinctive physical traits." - **"Race"** is usually associated with biology and linked with physical characteristics such as skin color or hair texture. - The Philippines collectively are called Filipinos. - The ancestors of the vast majority of the population were of **Malay descent and came from the Southeast Asian mainland as well as from what is now Indonesia**. - Contemporary Filipino society consists of nearly 110 culturally and linguistically distinct ethnic groups. *[ETHNICITY]* - *Ethnicity* is identity with a group of people who share the cultural traditions of a particular homeland or hearth. - **Ethnicities** is more broadly [defined](https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ethnic) as "large groups of people classed according to common racial, national, tribal, religious, linguistic or cultural origin or background." Cultural expression and identification. **FILIPINO ETHNICITY** - The National Commission on Indigenous Peoples (NCIP) identifies 110 indigenous groups or ethnic in the Philippines. - The ethnic groups in Luzon includes Tagalog, Ilokano, Kapangpangan, Bikolano, Aeta, Igorot, Ivatan and Mangyan. - The ethnic group in Visayas are; Cebuano, Waray, Ilonggo, Ati and Suludnon - The ethnic groups in Mindanao are; Badjao, Yakan, B'laan, Maranao, T'boli, Tausug, Bagobo **SOCIOECONOMIC CLASS AND MOBILITY** - Socioeconomic status is **the social standing or class of an individual or group**. - It is often measured as a combination of education, income and occupation. - Examinations of socioeconomic status often reveal inequities in access to resources, plus issues related to privilege, power and control. **Philippine Socioeconomic Class** ***Open system*** - This is also known as class system. - Positions are awarded on the basis of merit, and rank is tied to individual achievements. - Status is said to be achieved depending on what the individual accomplishes and what he can do by his own efforts. - An open system provides people with an equal chance to succeed. Whether they do or not greatly depends on them. ***The Upper Class*** - They recognize one another and are recognized by others by reputation and lifestyle. - Members from this class usually have an influence on the society's basic economy and political structure. - They usually isolate themselves from the rest of society by residential segregation, private clubs and private schools. ***The upper-middle class**.* - The upper-middle class is made up of successful business and professional people and their families. - They live in comfortable homes in the more exclusive areas of a community, are active in civic groups, and carefully plan for the future. ***Lower-middle class*** - Shares many characteristics with the upper-middle class style but they have not been able to achieve the same lifestyle because of economic or educational shortcomings. - They emphasize respectability and security, have some savings, and are politically and economically conservative. ***The working class**.* - Made up of factory workers and other blue-collar workers. - These are people who keep the country\'s machinery going. They are assembly-line workers, auto mechanics, and repair personnel. - They are very much involved with their extended families. Many of them have not finished high school. ***The lower class**.* - They have little in the way of education or occupational skills and are consequently either unemployed or underemployed. - They have many problems and for them life is a matter of surviving form one day to the next. **Geographical Migration** - It is the movement of people from one geographical spot to another. Physical mobility includes forced relocation of large groups of people, eviction, and dispossession of unwanted people, voluntary permanent migration from one country to another, or from one region to another within the same country, as well as local residential changes. **Reasons for Migration** - **Economic factor**. This refers to the desire of people to seek better food supplies, workers looking for better living. - **Political Reason**. Other people move to other areas to escape from political oppression and racial discrimination. - **Religious liberty**. Other groups of migrants move to other places or areas to enjoy religious liberty in response to existing religious persecutions in their country. - **Educational opportunities**. At other instances, people migrate in order to avail themselves of the educational opportunities prevailing in other areas due to the presence of colleges and universities in other places. - **Natural calamities**. The occurrence of various calamities, be they natural or manmade, may also lead people to migrate **Effect of Migration** - **Diffusion of cultures**. This means contact and communication between peoples who had been culturally and geographically isolated.. Racial stock that has been preserved through centuries of isolation is mingled with other racial strains as a result of geographical mobility. - **Biological mixture**. Ethnic strains become more entangled. In most cases, this mixture can hardly be traced in just few generations. - **Urbanization of the culture**. This is the major effect of internal migration in large modern societies. Urban ways of thinking and acting, urban social relations and structures, and increasing secondary associations reach more and more of the population as people crowd into the cities. Medical, educational, and recreational facilities become more available for the people. **Factors Affecting Social Mobility** - **Hard work**. Many people believe that hard work is a very important factor causing social mobility. This is true to society adopting the open system of stratification. - **Social structure**. In some instances, social structure factors may also affect social mobility. In fact, it may serve as an enhancing or a deterring factor. - **Level of Education**. In almost every society, the people\'s level of education is a factor that causes social mobility. Through one\'s obtaining higher education, one can climb the social and economic ladder - **Marriage.** One\'s marriage with someone who belongs to a much higher social stratum can cause him to move to a higher social stratum. This situation is typified in Filipino movies when a girl marries a rich man.