Chapter 29 Exam Study Guide - General Biology II PDF

8/17/2020 Chapter 29 Exam Study Guide_: GENERAL BIOLOGY II Chapter 29 Exam Study Guide_ Chapter 29. Greening of the Earth. Chapter 29. Page 616. Earth came into being 4.6 billion years ago. Around 3.5 billion years ago the first living organisms emerged via abiogenesis. When we reflect back on the entire Geologic Record it seems amazing that for over 3 billion years after the first bacteria came into being the "LAND" or terrain outside the many bodies of water was barren and lifeless. Similar to the pictures we see of a Lifeless Planet Mars.. Over most of those 3 billion years the diversity of life that would emerge would only exist in bodies of water such as oceans, seas, rivers, and salt lakes but not any life on the land.. https://famu.instructure.com/courses/5128/pages/chapter-29-exam-study-guide 1/62 8/17/2020 Chapter 29 Exam Study Guide_: GENERAL BIOLOGY II Aquatic Organisms that lived during the Proterozoic:.. Colonization of the Land. Plants were not the first green photosynthesisers on land. Weathering rates suggest that bacterial organisms capable of photosynthesis started living on the land 1,200 million years ago (1.2 bya) and microbial fossils have been found in freshwater lake deposits from 1,000 million years ago (1 bya). Know for the exam.......Evidence of the earliest plants on LAND occurs at about 470 Million Years Ago, in the lower middle Ordovician rocks from Saudi Arabia and Gondwana in the form of fossilized spores with decay-resistant walls. (figure-page 620)... This is over 700 million years after bacteria colonized the land. It could be that atmospheric 'poisoning' prevented eukaryotes from colonising the land prior to this,or it could simply have taken a great time for the necessary complexity to evolve. https://famu.instructure.com/courses/5128/pages/chapter-29-exam-study-guide 2/62 8/17/2020 Chapter 29 Exam Study Guide_: GENERAL BIOLOGY II The Origins of Land Plants. So the question is what events happened up to 470 million years ago to bring plants into existence and onto the land. Know for the exam......It is hypothesized that Land plants evolved from a group of green algae protists ancestors, perhaps as early as 850 mya. Further Reading: Evolution of Plants from green algae.pdf (https://famu.blackboard.com/bbcswebdav/pid-1732519-dt-content-rid-27561824_1/xid- 27561824_1) Recent evidence (2018) suggests that these ancestors of land plants might have been unicellular colonial terrestrial green algal organisms that looked similar to members of the protists family- Klebsormidiaceae Extant Klebsormidiaceae https://famu.instructure.com/courses/5128/pages/chapter-29-exam-study-guide 3/62 8/17/2020 Chapter 29 Exam Study Guide_: GENERAL BIOLOGY II. Page 617.. Page 617-622. Know for the exam.....The closest living relatives of land plants are a multicellular green algae protists clade called the charophytes. A phylum/division of green alage. More specifically they were recently (2016) shown to be very related to Charales; an order of freshwater green algae in the division Charophyta that are branched, filamentous alga dwelling in shallow fresh water. This is supported by molecular systematics analysis. A Charales Order Protists Algal Organism https://famu.instructure.com/courses/5128/pages/chapter-29-exam-study-guide 4/62 8/17/2020 Chapter 29 Exam Study Guide_: GENERAL BIOLOGY II Chara fragilis More recent studies 2018-2019 narrow this relation down to members of the family Zygnemataceae and the genus Zygnema, a genus of freshwater filamentous thalloid alga comprising about 100 species. A terrestrial species, Zygnema terrestre, is known from India.. Know for the exam.....In the phylogeny of plants Charophytes like Chara fragilis (above^) and Zygnema terretstre are sister taxa to land plants and are a part of the super group known as the archaeplastida.. Page 618... Page 617 https://famu.instructure.com/courses/5128/pages/chapter-29-exam-study-guide 5/62 8/17/2020 Chapter 29 Exam Study Guide_: GENERAL BIOLOGY II What is the evidence that Charophytes are the closest living relatives of land plants and that they share a recent common ancestor Know for the exam.....the four distinctive traits that link charophyceans like Chara fragilis to land plants as close relatives (sister taxa). Many key traits of plants also appear in charophyta algae Plants share four key traits only with charophytes: 1) Rings of cellulose-synthesizing proteins 2) Peroxisome enzymes 3) Structure of flagellated sperm 4) Formation of a phragmoplast. Page 617. 1 Rings of cellulose-synthesizing proteins In the plasma membrane of land plants and in the plasma membrane of Charophytes like Chara fragillis or Zygnema terrestre are rose shaped rings of cellulose synthesizing proteins: https://famu.instructure.com/courses/5128/pages/chapter-29-exam-study-guide 6/62 8/17/2020 Chapter 29 Exam Study Guide_: GENERAL BIOLOGY II The fact that only land plants and Charophytes and their green algae ancestors have these rose shaped structures, suggest a close relationship between these organisms.. 2 Peroxisome enzymes Know for the exam..... These are needed for managing oxidative stress and other metabolic functions. They are found in land plants are structurally similar to those in Charophytes like Chara fragillis" Peroxisomes are small, membrane-enclosed organelles Know for the exam..... Peroxisomes contain at least 50 different enzymes, which are involved in a variety of biochemical pathways in different types of cells. Peroxisomes carry out oxidation reactions leading to the production of hydrogen peroxide. Because hydrogen peroxide is harmful to the cell, peroxisomes also contain the enzyme catalase, which decomposes hydrogen peroxide either by converting it to water or by using it to oxidize another organic compound.. Know for the exam......The green algae ancestors of Land plants and shallow water charophytes were exposed to high levels of atmospheric oxygen and as a result evolved peroxisomes to deal with the oxidative stress. The descendants land plants and charophytes inherited the structure. Excess Oxygen can give rise to reactive oxygen species or ROSs that can damage cells via peroxidation. Peroxisomes reduce oxygen levels and prevent this type of damage. A recent article discuss this important role: https://famu.instructure.com/courses/5128/pages/chapter-29-exam-study-guide 7/62 8/17/2020 Chapter 29 Exam Study Guide_: GENERAL BIOLOGY II https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19459143.. 3 Formation of the Phragomoplast in Land Plants is identical to the formation of the Phragomoplast in Charophytes Know for the exam..... The Phragmoplast is an alignment of cytoskeletal elements (actin microfilaments and microtubules) and Golgi- derived vesicles, during the synthesis of new cross-walls that form the cell plate during plant cytokinesis. Know for the exam...... 4 ) The shape and structure of land plant sperm resembles the shape of Charophyte sperm Fern sperm below as example: https://famu.instructure.com/courses/5128/pages/chapter-29-exam-study-guide 8/62 8/17/2020 Chapter 29 Exam Study Guide_: GENERAL BIOLOGY II.. Know for the exam..... about the deep green molecular studies that tie land plants to charophytes as close relatives.. Deep Green Deep Green project, is a collaboration of researchers dedicated to uncovering the evolution of and interrelation of all green plants. In 1999, Deep Green reported at an international botanical conference that DNA analysis indicates that all green land plants -- from the tiniest moss to the grandest redwoods -- descended from a common single-celled green algae ancestor almost a billion years ago. Know for the exam..... This study also analyzed the DNA of charophytes and land plants and concluded Land plants are the sister taxa to charophyte green algae because their DNA had the greatest similarity. Land Plant DNA was less similar to chlorophyte DNA and even less similar to red and brown algae DNA The data from the Deep Green project is housed here: http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/bryolab/GPphylo/related_sites.php. Page 617. Know for the exam..... how sporopollenin in chara zygotes represents an additional indication of charophytes being linked to land plants as their close relative. Charophyta organisms like Chara fragilis are branched, filamentous alga dwelling in shallow fresh water. They live in areas that experience frequent periods of shore line recession due to drought. https://famu.instructure.com/courses/5128/pages/chapter-29-exam-study-guide 9/62 8/17/2020 Chapter 29 Exam Study Guide_: GENERAL BIOLOGY II When the water recedes these protists green algae organisms start drying out and may dry out completely. Evolution and natural selection allowed these organisms to survive and adapt by producing a chemical called sporopollenin. Know for the exam..... In Charophytes sporopollenin is applied to their zygotes after fertilization and before the organisms dies from the drought conditions. The sporopollenin allows the zygote to survive for long periods of time until the water returns. When the waters returns the zygote divides and becomes a new Chara fragilis organism--offspring of its long dead parents that died from the drought. Chara fragilis Know for the exam..... The same sporopollenin found in these green algal zygotes is the same one found in Land Plants on their spores and pollen...suggesting a evolutionary relation between the two clades based on this synapomorphy. Sporopollenin is a biological polymer, In Land Plants it is a major component of the tough outer (exine) walls of plant spores and pollen grains. Its exact structure is unknown. Scientist have not been able to figure it out. It is chemically very stable and is usually well preserved in soils and sediments. The exine layer is often intricately sculptured in species-specific patterns, allowing material recovered from lake sediments to provide useful information to palynologists about plant and fungal populations in the past. Sporopollenin on plant spores pictured below https://famu.instructure.com/courses/5128/pages/chapter-29-exam-study-guide 10/62 8/17/2020 Chapter 29 Exam Study Guide_: GENERAL BIOLOGY II. , Page 617-618. The Pressure and Challenges of Living On Land. Know for the exam.....As Land Plants and Charophytes 1st diverged/split from their green algae common ancestor the Charophyte clade would stay in the shallow waters like they still live today but the Land plants would have to stay on the Land and would have to adapt to a very Dry environment. Know for the exam..... Living on Land came with Pros and Cons: Plants sold their underwater homes about 500 million years ago in favor of new, oceanfront views above water. But once they got to their drier homes with fewer shark attacks, they found benefits and challenges in their new environment.. Know for the exam..... Benefits of living on land: Sunlight is brighter, since it doesn't have to go through water first---More Sun..more photosynthesis More carbon dioxide in the atmosphere than in the ocean---More CO2..more photosynthesis Mineral nutrients are plentiful in the soil----Need Soil Nitrogen compounds and phosphates to make Proteins and DNA. Know for the exam..... Challenges of living on land: https://famu.instructure.com/courses/5128/pages/chapter-29-exam-study-guide 11/62 8/17/2020 Chapter 29 Exam Study Guide_: GENERAL BIOLOGY II Less water, so plants needed to avoid drying out No support against gravity Had no native ability to get closer to the Sun or the CO2 Had no initial native ability to get to the minerals or water in the soil relied on fungi initially.. Page 620. Know for the exam.....When plants emerged on land to colonize it; it is believed that Co-operative interactions with fungi (mycorrhizae) helped early plants adapt to the stresses of the terrestrial realm... Know for the exam..... Plants adapted to land in the Silurian 440 mya Through genetic mutation and natural selection Land Plants adapted to themselves to be able to take advantage of the terrestrial benefits and to deal with the challenges of a dry world and in the process came up with new shared derived traits (synapomophies) that only their monophyletic clade--the land plants possess. Page 619. Know for the exam.....the (5) shared derived traits (synapomorphies)of land plants; know what they are and the terms associated with each. Be able to define them and know their significance to living on land.. Derived traits of plants: 1) Apical Meristems 2) Alternation of Generations 3) Walled Spores with Sporopollenin 4) Muticelled Gametangia 5) Multi-celled Dependent Embyos. https://famu.instructure.com/courses/5128/pages/chapter-29-exam-study-guide 12/62 8/17/2020 Chapter 29 Exam Study Guide_: GENERAL BIOLOGY II. 1) Apical Meristems:. Know for the exam..... Apical meristem is found at the apices, or tips of the plant, both the tip of the shoot and the root, and is a region of actively dividing cells. An apex (plural: apices) is the tip, the very end, of something. You can think of 'meristem' as any kind of plant tissue that is made of cells that don't know what they want to be when they grow up. Stem cells with total potential.. Apical meristem cells divide and then elongate vertically either up ward at shoot apices or elongate downward at root apices. Know for the exam..... Shoot Apical meristems helped Land plants grow taller into the air vertically from the shoot apex making it possible to get to more sunlight and CO2 Root Apical meristems helped Land plants grow deeper into the soil vertically from the root apex making it possible to get to more minerals and water deep down in the earth... 2) Alternation of Generations https://famu.instructure.com/courses/5128/pages/chapter-29-exam-study-guide 13/62 8/17/2020 Chapter 29 Exam Study Guide_: GENERAL BIOLOGY II. Know for the exam..... This is a pattern of reproduction occurring in the life cycles of many lower plants involving a regular alternation between two distinct forms. In plants this involves alternating between a multicellular haploid state called the gametophyte and a multicelled diploid state called a sporophyte. The diploid sporophyte uses Meiosis to produce haploid spores (Mega/Micro) that divide via mitosis and become the male or female or bisexual gametophyte haploid stage. Know for the exam..... The haploid gametophyte stage produces structures on itself called gametangia via mitosis such as antheridia and archegonia. These two gametangia then produce gametes via mitosis. Gametes--sperm and egg from the gametophyte gametangia unite in fertilization to produce a diploid zygote that grows and develops into diploid sporophytes... 3) Walled Spores https://famu.instructure.com/courses/5128/pages/chapter-29-exam-study-guide 14/62 8/17/2020 Chapter 29 Exam Study Guide_: GENERAL BIOLOGY II. Know for the exam..... The diploid sporophyte of plants uses Meiosis to produce haploid spores (Mega/Micro) that divide via mitosis and become the male or female or bisexual gametophyte haploid stage. Sporophytes produce specialized regions called sporangia that have diploid sporocytes inside. The sporocytes divide via meiosis to make the spores. In mosses capsules have these sporangia in ferns sori have these sporangia in some plants cone shaped stroboli have the sporangia Know for the exam..... The haploid spores produced by mosses and liverworts and ferns have a thick wall with an inner layer and a outer layer the exine that is coated in sporopollenin. Know for the exam..... The sporopollenin keeps the single celled spores cytoplasm from drying out as these organisms disperse their spores into the air and they are carried by the wind Know for the exam..... This is a terrestrial adaption to life on land.. Algae such as brown algae and red algae that live in water also produce spores called zoospores. But these spores have ﬂagella and swim. They are not coated and do not have sporopollenin as they dont need to worry about drying out... 4 Multicelled gametamgia. Know for the exam..... The haploid gametophyte stage produces structures on itself called gametangia via mitosis such as antheridia and archegonia. These two gametangia then produce gametes via mitosis. Gametes--sperm and egg from the gametophyte gametangia unite in fertilization to produce a diploid zygote that grows and develops into diploid sporophytes.. Know for the exam...... Antheridia produce sperm Archegonia are vase shaped and produce eggs. Liverwort a Bryophyte Land Plant, Gametangia https://famu.instructure.com/courses/5128/pages/chapter-29-exam-study-guide 15/62 8/17/2020 Chapter 29 Exam Study Guide_: GENERAL BIOLOGY II. Know for the exam..... Multicelled Gametangia are a terrestrial adaption to life on dry land. They Protect gametes from drying out as they are embedded in multicelled tissue away from the air and forces that might damage the egg or sperm... 5 Multi-celled Dependent Embryos. Know for the exam..... The Land Plants are called the Embryophyta because they have multi-celled dependent diploid sporophyte embryos that depend on their haploid gametophyte parents in the way a human baby depends on the placental connection with its mother during pregnancy. Gametes--sperm and egg from the gametophyte gametangia unite in fertilization to produce a diploid zygote that grows and develops into a diploid sporophyte. In moss land plants....Fertilization takes place at the base of the archegonia where the egg is located. Know for the exam..... The diploid zygote and diploid embryo develop there inside the haploid archegonia and the embryo attaches it self via a foot structure to the internal archegonial tissue of its gametophyte parent establishing a placental connection which in mosses ; that moss sporophyte will be totally dependent upon for survival even when the sporophyte is fully grown....see below https://famu.instructure.com/courses/5128/pages/chapter-29-exam-study-guide 16/62 8/17/2020 Chapter 29 Exam Study Guide_: GENERAL BIOLOGY II.... Page 620 Know for the exam..... about additional land plant traits such as cuticles, flavenoids terpenes and phenolics. These structures and chemical helped early plants adapt to life on land. Page 620. Cuticles. Know for the exam..... A plant cuticle is a protecting film covering the epidermis of leaves, young shoots and other aerial plant organs without periderm. It consists of lipid and hydrocarbon polymers impregnated with wax, and is synthesized exclusively by the epidermal cells. https://famu.instructure.com/courses/5128/pages/chapter-29-exam-study-guide 17/62 8/17/2020 Chapter 29 Exam Study Guide_: GENERAL BIOLOGY II The primary function of the plant cuticle is as a water permeability barrier that prevents evaporation of water from the epidermal surface, and also prevents external water and solutes from entering the tissues. In addition to its function as a permeability barrier for water and other molecules (prevent water loss), the micro and nano-structure of the cuticle confer specialised surface properties that prevent contamination of plant tissues with external water, dirt and microorganisms. This is clearly a terrestrial adaptation to living on dry land and exposed to constant sun ---helping to prevent dessication. Flavanoids. Know for the exam..... In higher plants, flavonoids are involved in UV filtration which would have been needed as unfiltered sunlight hit the first land plants. They may also act as chemical messengers, physiological regulators, and cell cycle inhibitors. In addition, some flavonoids have inhibitory activity against organisms that cause plant diseases, e.g. Fusarium oxysporum Flavonoids are a group of plant metabolites thought to also have antioxidant effects. Flavonoids are polyphenolic molecules containing 15 carbon atoms and are soluble in water.. Know for the exam..... This is clearly a terrestrial adaptation to living on dry land and exposed to constant sun ---helping to prevent UV light damage. Terpenes Know for the exam..... Terpenes are a large and diverse class of organic compounds, produced by a variety of plants. particularly conifers, They often have a strong odor and may protect the plants that produce them by deterring herbivores and by attracting predators and parasites of herbivores. Terpenes are hydrocarbons.. Know for the exam..... This is clearly a terrestrial adaptation to living land and exposed to land animals and microbes.. https://famu.instructure.com/courses/5128/pages/chapter-29-exam-study-guide 18/62 8/17/2020 Chapter 29 Exam Study Guide_: GENERAL BIOLOGY II Phenolics. Know for the exam..... Phenolics are produced in some moss land plants like sphagnum and have anti microbial and anti-fungal activities that protect the plant from pathogens while it is alive.. Know for the exam..... When Sphagnum mosses die in or near water they form peat bogs that contain those phenolics. When an animal dies in a peat bog its body will be preserved because of the anti microbial and anti-fungal activities which kill decomposers and allow they body to remain intact A Body preserved by Sphagnum moss phenolics. The person died in a sphagnum peat bog. Know for the exam..... Most plants also have specialized pores called stomata (https://etext.pearson.com/eps/pearson-reader/api/item/523b562e-0ef0- 4a56-8f18-dbc894a5c54f/1/ﬁle/urry_cain_minorsky_reece-cb- 11e_v6_SPI_062417/OPS/xhtml/glossary.xhtml#P700049935100000000000000000EA66) which support photosynthesis by allowing the exchange of CO2 and O2. Stomata are also the main avenues by which water evaporates from the plant; in hot, dry conditions, the stomata close, minimizing water loss...which is a terrestrial speciﬁc adaptation. ,.. Diversity of Land Plants https://famu.instructure.com/courses/5128/pages/chapter-29-exam-study-guide 19/62 8/17/2020 Chapter 29 Exam Study Guide_: GENERAL BIOLOGY II.. Page 620-621 Know for the exam.....the ten phyla of extant plant a table 29.1, know which ones are seed seedless vascular or non vascular.. https://famu.instructure.com/courses/5128/pages/chapter-29-exam-study-guide 20/62 8/17/2020 Chapter 29 Exam Study Guide_: GENERAL BIOLOGY II As the common ancestor of all plants evolved from its green algae ancestor it split into a basal taxon of non-vascular liverworts-- the hepatophyta-- also into 2 groups the hornworts and the mosses --also non-vascular collectively these make up the bryophytes in the above table , Listed below are the characteristics of this group. Page 622-625. Bryophytes Non Vascular Seedless Land Plants.. Know for the exam..... General features 1) The Byophytes represent the most Basal Taxon of Land Plants...they are likely what the original ancestors of plants looked like on land 470 mya. https://famu.instructure.com/courses/5128/pages/chapter-29-exam-study-guide 21/62 8/17/2020 Chapter 29 Exam Study Guide_: GENERAL BIOLOGY II 2) Bryophytes are all non-vascular which means they have no Xylem or Phloem or ways of conducting water and nutrients and therefore they only grow close to the ground,. They can not grow very tall. 3) The bryophytes don't produce seeds but they do produce aerial spores to disperse their species into new territories. The spores are haploid and are produced by sporangia and have spropollenin coats 4) Bryophytes depend on water to reproduce..the sperm from the gametophyte antheridia are flagellated and must swim to the female gametophyte archegonia to get to the egg 5) Bryophytes include liverworts, hornworts and mosses 6) All bryophyte gametophytes are the dominant and larger of the alternating generations..the sporophytes are smaller and dont live as long 7) All Bryophyte sporophytes depend on their gametophyte generation to survive starting with the sporophyte embryo 8) Most Bryophyte sporophytes produce a foot, seta, calyptra, capsule & peristome.Hornworts dont produce a capsule or peristome (page 625) 9) None of the Bryophytes have Leaves or Roots. or Sporophylls. They do havy leafy...leaf-like structures that lack veins....these are not true leaves 10 Bryophytes such as sphagnum are important to agriculture --Sphagnum is used to produce peat moss which helps to retain soil moisture. Some sphagnum phenolics are used as diaper antiseptics.. 11) Many bryophyte species can increase the number of individuals in a local area through forming brood bodies, small plantlets that detach from the parent plant and grow into new, genetically identical copies of their parent. 12 Bryophyte sporophytes have stomata except for liverwort sporophytes. Brood Body. Know for the exam...... The Byophytes are divided into three phyla. https://famu.instructure.com/courses/5128/pages/chapter-29-exam-study-guide 22/62 8/17/2020 Chapter 29 Exam Study Guide_: GENERAL BIOLOGY II 1) Heptaophyta 2) Anthocerophyta 3) Bryophyta. Know for the exam..... about the hepatophyta... Heptaophyta Liverworts.. a small flowerless green plant with leaflike stems or lobed leaves, occurring in moist habitats. Liverworts lack true roots and reproduce by means of spores released from capsules.. Features:. Know for the exam..... They (liverworts) have the 11 General features mentioned ^ above and also those below: They have no stomata They have very short seta The sporophyte which contains the capsule is very small almost microscopic and emerge from the archegonia of the female gametophyte Female gametophores of the female gametophytes look like small palm trees in Marchantia Male gametophores of the male gametophytes look like small ﬂat umbrellas in Marchantia. Archegonipore-female Antheridiophore-male https://famu.instructure.com/courses/5128/pages/chapter-29-exam-study-guide 23/62 8/17/2020 Chapter 29 Exam Study Guide_: GENERAL BIOLOGY II. In Marchantia polymorpha......the male and female gametophores arise from gametophyte thalloid or leaf like structures that have rhizoids. These leaf like haploid gametophyte structures are called gemmae cups--see Life Cycle picture below. The thallus structures have variation in shape in diﬀerent species ie Porella vs Marchantia vs Plagiochilla--see pics below Liverworts are the most Basal Taxon of the three Bryophyte phyla---- very similar in appearance to ancestors of all plants... Know for the exam.. Examples:. Marchantia polymorpha a thalloid liver wort. https://famu.instructure.com/courses/5128/pages/chapter-29-exam-study-guide 24/62 8/17/2020 Chapter 29 Exam Study Guide_: GENERAL BIOLOGY II. Pallavicinia ambigua:a liverwort.. Plagiochilla deltoidea: a leafy liverwort. https://famu.instructure.com/courses/5128/pages/chapter-29-exam-study-guide 25/62 8/17/2020 Chapter 29 Exam Study Guide_: GENERAL BIOLOGY II. Know for the exam..... Uses: 1. Some people use liverwort for treating varicose veins, lowering cholesterol, stimulating blood circulation, and “purifying” blood. 2. Women use liverwort for relieving symptoms of menopause. Other uses include strengthening nerves, stimulating metabolism, promoting relaxation, and as a general tonic. 3, Some liverworts produce a Cannabis THC like high and may have some of the other medicinal benefits like Cannabis see here:. http://theconversation.com/liverwort-could-have-medicinal-benefits-of-cannabis-thc-without-the-high-105472. Life Cycle-Liverwort. https://famu.instructure.com/courses/5128/pages/chapter-29-exam-study-guide 26/62 8/17/2020 Chapter 29 Exam Study Guide_: GENERAL BIOLOGY II. Make 3x5 Cards-flash Cards to recall liverwort examples, put specific features and generals features, which phyla the species belongs to etc... on back of card).. Example 3x 5 card: Front of card:. Marchantia polymorpha: Back of card Marchantia polymorpha, sometimes known as the common liverwort or umbrella liverwort, is a large liverwort with a wide distribution around the world. It is variable in appearance and has several subspecies. It is dioicous, having separate male and female plants ; it has short seta; a small microscopic capsule; male and female gametophytes with distinct archegniophore and antheridiopore structures (palm tree/umbrella shapes) ; it produces a ground hugging gemmae cup from which the gametophores arise; it has rhizoids on the gemmae cup part of gametophyte and NO stomata on sporophytes It belongs to phyla hepatophyta; it is a small nonvascular land plant, with gametophyte dominant life cycle, gametophyte height averages 5-8 cm cm ; sporophytes is very small. Sporophyte produces a foot very short seta and small capsule It lacks roots, lacks true leaves, and lacks sporophylls, no xylem or phloem. Spores, germinate into protenema which become flat leafy gametophyte gemmae cups https://famu.instructure.com/courses/5128/pages/chapter-29-exam-study-guide 27/62 8/17/2020 Chapter 29 Exam Study Guide_: GENERAL BIOLOGY II... Know for the exam..... about hornworts. , Anthocerophyta Hornworts.. Know for the exam..... Hornworts are a group of non-vascular plants constituting the division Anthocerotophyta. The common name refers to the elongated horn-like structure, which is the sporophyte. As in mosses and liverworts, the flattened, green plant body of a hornwort is the gametophyte plant.. Features:. Know for the exam..... They have the 11 General features of all Bryophytes mentioned ^ above and also those below No seta in sporophytes No capsules formed in sporophytes---the "horn" is the capsule functioning as a sporangium The "horn" shaped sporangium of the sporophyte splits open and releases spores produced via Meiosis The small ﬂat ground hugging gametophyte is bisexual/hermaphroditic containing on one leaf like structure both antheridia and archegonia The gametophyte has rhizoids and grows horizontally close to the ground Close relatives to vascular clades such as the Lycophyta Multiple "horn" shaped sporophytes can emerge from one 1-2 cm leafy gametophyte They are Symbionts with nitrogen ﬁxing cyanobacteria https://famu.instructure.com/courses/5128/pages/chapter-29-exam-study-guide 28/62 8/17/2020 Chapter 29 Exam Study Guide_: GENERAL BIOLOGY II. Know for the exam...... Examples. Anthoceros aggrestis. https://famu.instructure.com/courses/5128/pages/chapter-29-exam-study-guide 29/62 8/17/2020 Chapter 29 Exam Study Guide_: GENERAL BIOLOGY II.. Phaeoceros laevis https://famu.instructure.com/courses/5128/pages/chapter-29-exam-study-guide 30/62 8/17/2020 Chapter 29 Exam Study Guide_: GENERAL BIOLOGY II.. Leiosporoceros dussi. https://famu.instructure.com/courses/5128/pages/chapter-29-exam-study-guide 31/62 8/17/2020 Chapter 29 Exam Study Guide_: GENERAL BIOLOGY II. Know for the exam..... Uses:. 1) The plant is a cooling antiperiodic. It is useful in the treatment of biliousness and scorpion stings. 2) Because of its ability to clean the water, hornwort makes a natural supplement to a man-made water filter for an aquarium 3) Antimicrobial use--such as antibiotics see article below: Antimicrobial Bryophytes.pdf (https://famu.blackboard.com/bbcswebdav/pid-1732519-dt-content-rid- 27561855_1/xid-27561855_1). Know for the exam..... Life Cycle-Hornwort https://famu.instructure.com/courses/5128/pages/chapter-29-exam-study-guide 32/62 8/17/2020 Chapter 29 Exam Study Guide_: GENERAL BIOLOGY II. Page 626 know the common and Latin names of examples know: anthcerophyta: specific examples:. Make 3x5 Cards-flash Cards to recall hornwort examples, put specific features and generals features, which phyla the species belongs to etc... on back of card).. https://famu.instructure.com/courses/5128/pages/chapter-29-exam-study-guide 33/62 8/17/2020 Chapter 29 Exam Study Guide_: GENERAL BIOLOGY II Example 3x 5 card: Front of card:. Phaeoceros laevis: Back of card Phaeoceros laevis, the smooth hornwort, is a species of hornwort of the genus Phaeoceros. It is commonly found in areas where moisture is plentiful, such as moist soils in fields, the banks of streams and rivers;ot has no seta; no capsule; bisexual gametophytes; horned sporophytes; has rhizoids on gametophytes and stomata on sporophytes It belongs to phyla anthocerophyta; small nonvascular land plant, gametophyte dominant life cycle, gametophyte height averages 1-2 cm ; sporophytes have heights up to 10 cm. Sporophyte produces a foot but this gives rise to meristem that creates spore producing horn not a seta It lacks roots, lacks true leaves, and lacks sporophylls, no xylem or phloem. Spores, germinate into protenema which become flat leafy gameto[hyte with both gametangiamale and female. Know for the exam..... about mosses--the bryophyta phylum... Bryophyta Mosses... Mosses are...... Features:. Know for the exam..... They have the 11 General features mentioned ^ above and also those below: Some bryophyta moss gametophytes have ﬂuid conducting tissues and hence can grow taller than most other bryophytes (up to 60cm) however these tissues are not XYLEM---so they are still considered non-vascular The sporophytes are typically very thin elongated and tall and very visible to the eye The sporophytes are green initially but turn brown as they mature They have large capsules with peristome openings at end of their seta. https://famu.instructure.com/courses/5128/pages/chapter-29-exam-study-guide 34/62 8/17/2020 Chapter 29 Exam Study Guide_: GENERAL BIOLOGY II. Know for the exam..... Examples:. Polytrichium commune: the hairy cap moss https://famu.instructure.com/courses/5128/pages/chapter-29-exam-study-guide 35/62 8/17/2020 Chapter 29 Exam Study Guide_: GENERAL BIOLOGY II.. Sphagnum; The source for Peat.. https://famu.instructure.com/courses/5128/pages/chapter-29-exam-study-guide 36/62 8/17/2020 Chapter 29 Exam Study Guide_: GENERAL BIOLOGY II Know for the exam..... Peat Moss from Sphagnum.. Know for the exam..... Uses: 1) Sphagnum or peat moss, water holding moss and soil conditioner used in agriculture, 2) Sphagnum- phenolics used as disinfectants and in diapers 3) Phenolics from dead sphagnum released into bogs preserved dead people for centuries.. https://famu.instructure.com/courses/5128/pages/chapter-29-exam-study-guide 37/62 8/17/2020 Chapter 29 Exam Study Guide_: GENERAL BIOLOGY II Know for the exam..... Bryophyta (moss) Life Cycle Page 607. Know the bryophyta life cycle of a moss in detail including terms such as protenemata and bud and gametophore and antheridia and archegonia and male gametophyte female gametophyte etc..sporophyte, foot seta, capsule, peristome, calyptra, etc.... Regarding the moss life cycle... know the terms: Know for the exam..... protenemata bud gametophore https://famu.instructure.com/courses/5128/pages/chapter-29-exam-study-guide 38/62 8/17/2020 Chapter 29 Exam Study Guide_: GENERAL BIOLOGY II antheridia archegonia male gametophyte female gametophyte sporophyte sporangium spore foot seta capsule peristome calyptra.. Page 626 know the common and Latin names of the bryophyta examples know: bryophyta: specific examples polytrichium commune, and sphagnum, - a peat moss found in peat bogs. Study Hint: (Make 3x5 Cards-flash Cards to recall above examples, put specific features and generals features, which phyla the species belongs to etc... on back of card).. Example 3x 5 card:. Front of card:. Polytrichium commune Back of card: phyla bryophyta; aka hairy cap moss; small nonvascular land plant, gametophyte dominant life cycle, gametophyte height averages 15 cm with one cell thick blades with cuticular ridges; sporophytes have heights up to 20 cm. Sporophyte produces usual foot seta and capsule seen in clade. lacks roots, lacks true leaves, and lacks sporophylls, no xylem or phloem. Spores, germinate into protenema which become buds and then form gametangia.... Evolution of Vascular Land Plants. https://famu.instructure.com/courses/5128/pages/chapter-29-exam-study-guide 39/62 8/17/2020 Chapter 29 Exam Study Guide_: GENERAL BIOLOGY II. Know for the exam..... During the Silurian 416 mya- 433 mya the Bryophytes began to evolve with the bryophyta diverging again. The common ancestor that gave rise to hornworts split a second direction giving rise to a new branch of land plants with bifurcated or split stem like structures with multiple capsules. This clade the TRACHEOPHYTA would also split from a node point into two phyla the Lycophyta vascular plants and the Monilophyta (aka Pterophyta vascular clade).. Chapter 29 Part 2.. Tracheophytes Vascular Seedless Land Plants.. Know for the exam...... General features. 1) The Trachophytes are closely related to hornworts https://famu.instructure.com/courses/5128/pages/chapter-29-exam-study-guide 40/62 8/17/2020 Chapter 29 Exam Study Guide_: GENERAL BIOLOGY II 2) Tracheophytes are all vascular which means they have Xylem (tracheids and vessel elements) and Phloem (Sieve tube members and companion cells) or ways of conducting water and nutrients and therefore they could grow very tall.. https://famu.instructure.com/courses/5128/pages/chapter-29-exam-study-guide 41/62 8/17/2020 Chapter 29 Exam Study Guide_: GENERAL BIOLOGY II. 3) The Tracheophytes don't produce seeds but they do produce aerial spores to disperse their species into new territories. 4) The spores are haploid and are produced by sporangia and have spropollenin coats 5) Sporangia are found on leaves or modiﬁed leaves called SPOROPHYLLS--examples SORI on fern fronds-Strobili on horsetails and club moss 6) Trachophytes have leaves that are either Megaphylls or Microphylls (exception whisk ferns -have no leaves) 7) Tracheophytes have roots (exception whisk ferns-have no roots) 8) Tracheophytes still depend on water to reproduce..The sperm from the gametophyte antheridia are ﬂagellated and must swim to the female gametophyte archegonia to get to the egg. 9) Tracheophytes include Lycophytes (club moss-spike moss-quilworts) and Monilophytes (aka Pterophytes)-ferns-horsetails- whisk ferns 10) All tracheophyte gametophytes are the smaller and less visible short lived of the alternating generations..the sporophytes are much larger and live longer 11) All tracheophyte sporophytes depend on their gametophyte generation only as embryos......as adults they live independently 12) Tracheophyte sporophytes produce a foot, as embryos but no seta or capsule. 13 Tracheophytes are an important source of a variety of medicinal and industrial products Microphylls of a spike moss. https://famu.instructure.com/courses/5128/pages/chapter-29-exam-study-guide 42/62 8/17/2020 Chapter 29 Exam Study Guide_: GENERAL BIOLOGY II. Megaphylss of a Filmy Fern https://famu.instructure.com/courses/5128/pages/chapter-29-exam-study-guide 43/62 8/17/2020 Chapter 29 Exam Study Guide_: GENERAL BIOLOGY II. Know for the exam...... The Trachophytes are divided into two phyla. 1) Lycophyta 2) Monilophyta aka Pterophyta.. Know for the exam..... about the Lycophyta.. Lycophyta https://famu.instructure.com/courses/5128/pages/chapter-29-exam-study-guide 44/62 8/17/2020 Chapter 29 Exam Study Guide_: GENERAL BIOLOGY II Vascular Seedless Land Plants. Features:.. Know for the exam..... Lycophytes are a tracheophyte subgroup of the Kingdom Plantae. It is one of the oldest lineages of extant vascular plants and contains extinct plants like Baragwanathia that have been dated from the Silurian. These species reproduce by shedding spores (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spore) and have macroscopic alternation of generations (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternation_of_generations) , There are around 1,290 living (extant) species of Lycophytes which are generally divided into three extant orders (Lycopodiales (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lycopodiales) , Isoetales (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isoetales) , and Selaginellales (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selaginellales) ),. Know for the exam..... They (lycophytes) have the 13 General features of the vascular seedless plants mentioned ^ above and also those below: Many species have strobili-cone shaped structures which release spores They have one type of spore if they are club moss-homosporous They have two types of spores if they are spike moss or quilworts -heterosporous Most members of Lycopodiophyta bear a protostele (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protostele) , and the sporophyte (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sporophyte) generation is dominant They differ from all other vascular plants in having microphylls (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microphyll) , leaves that have only a single vascular trace (vein) rather than the much more complex megaphylls (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megaphyll) found in ferns (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fern) and seed plants (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seed_plants). Some of the members have ﬂammable oils in their spores. Know for the exam..... https://famu.instructure.com/courses/5128/pages/chapter-29-exam-study-guide 45/62 8/17/2020 Chapter 29 Exam Study Guide_: GENERAL BIOLOGY II Examples of Lycophytes:. Know for the exam..... Diphasiastrum tristachyum-club moss--- with microphylls the only lycophyte that is homosporous Yellow structures in picture above are strobili of this club moss-- which release a single type of spore.. Genus- Selaginella------ various species shown below----spike moss---- heterosporous A, Selaginella bodinieri B, Selaginella compta C, Selaginella biformis; D, Selaginella involvens; E, Selaginella moellen; F, Selaginella oaxacana G, Selaginella. apoda https://famu.instructure.com/courses/5128/pages/chapter-29-exam-study-guide 46/62 8/17/2020 Chapter 29 Exam Study Guide_: GENERAL BIOLOGY II.. Know for the exam..... Isoetes kirkii---Quilworts----- heterosporous with microphylls https://famu.instructure.com/courses/5128/pages/chapter-29-exam-study-guide 47/62 8/17/2020 Chapter 29 Exam Study Guide_: GENERAL BIOLOGY II Green structures above are the microphylls-leaves of this lycophytan--the sporangia are near the base of the leaves. Know for the exam..... Uses of Lycophytes:. Spore powder from strobili of club moss is called and sold as lycopodium powder https://famu.instructure.com/courses/5128/pages/chapter-29-exam-study-guide 48/62 8/17/2020 Chapter 29 Exam Study Guide_: GENERAL BIOLOGY II Club moss spores are ﬂammable when dispersed in the air. 1) Club Moss spores produce lycopodium powder used in ﬁlm pyrotechnics also by magicians and photographers 2) Club Moss spores produce lycopodium powder used in cosmetics 3) Club Moss spores produce lycopodium powder used to lubricate condoms 4) Lycopodium powder- also used in pill coatings 5) Selaginella powder-ground spike moss--Shi Shang Bai-- used for sore throats --also used for liver problems. https://famu.instructure.com/courses/5128/pages/chapter-29-exam-study-guide 49/62 8/17/2020 Chapter 29 Exam Study Guide_: GENERAL BIOLOGY II Spike Moss (Selaginella) herbal medicine above^. 6) Huperazine A- a dietary supplement derived from the Chinese club moss Huperzia serrata and some species of spike moss, This extract is sparking some interest as a potential treatment for Alzheimer's disease. Huperazine A acts as a cholinesterase inhibitor — a type of medication that works by improving the levels of neurotransmitters in the brain. Know for the exam..... LIFE CYCLES: Life Cycle-Club Moss- Homosporous , Lycopodium clavatum https://famu.instructure.com/courses/5128/pages/chapter-29-exam-study-guide 50/62 8/17/2020 Chapter 29 Exam Study Guide_: GENERAL BIOLOGY II , Know for the exam..... Life Cycle-Spike Moss- Heterosporous. Selaginella apoda https://famu.instructure.com/courses/5128/pages/chapter-29-exam-study-guide 51/62 8/17/2020 Chapter 29 Exam Study Guide_: GENERAL BIOLOGY II. Know for the exam..... Isoetes gunnii Life Cycle--- Quilwort--Heterosporous. https://famu.instructure.com/courses/5128/pages/chapter-29-exam-study-guide 52/62 8/17/2020 Chapter 29 Exam Study Guide_: GENERAL BIOLOGY II. Review the life cycles of the lycophytes above. Know the terms associated with the life cycle such as spore gametophyte rhizoids antheridia archegonia zygote foot sporophyte rhizome roots microphyll leaves strobili microspore megaspore. Know the common names and Latin names and characteristics of the lycophyte examples. Make 3x5 Cards-flash Cards to recall above examples, put specific features and generals features, which phyla the species belongs to etc... on back of card). Example for 3x5 card Front: Selaginella apoda Back: Phylum lycophyta; aka spike moss; small ground hugging horizontal growing seedless vascular plant that is heterosporous and forms strobili and has microphyll leaves. Has xylem, phloem true roots, spores but lacks seeds, no ovules , no pollen formation. spores are not as flammable as club mosses such as diphasiastrum. Some derivatives such as huperazine may be useful in cancer treatments. https://famu.instructure.com/courses/5128/pages/chapter-29-exam-study-guide 53/62 8/17/2020 Chapter 29 Exam Study Guide_: GENERAL BIOLOGY II. Know for the exam..... about the Monilophyta.. Monilophyta (Pterophyta) Vascular Seedless Land Plants. Know for the exam...... Features of the Pterophyta aka Monilophyta:.. Know for the exam..... Monilophytes aka pterophyta are the largest group of living seedless vascular plants—and probably the most familiar— are the ferns with about 12,000 species, over two‐thirds of which are tropical. Ferns are an ancient group. Spores and leaf impressions of plants that lived 400 million years ago in the Middle Devonian have been found, but almost all of these early types (grouped simply as “preferns”) were extinct by the Permian. The group to which most modern ferns belong, the Filicales, ﬁrst appeared in the Lower Carboniferous, 300 million years ago.. Know for the exam..... They (monilophyta) have the 13 General features of seedless vascular plants mentioned ^ above and also those below: They are all homosporous--- one exception -a species of horsetails may have spores that produce male or female thallus https://famu.instructure.com/courses/5128/pages/chapter-29-exam-study-guide 54/62 8/17/2020 Chapter 29 Exam Study Guide_: GENERAL BIOLOGY II HOMOSPOROUS- spores produce bisecual gametophyte with both archegonia and atheridia They all have megaphyls (exception whisk ferns) The ferns have reproductive fronds with SORI or Indusia The horsetails monilophytes are called arthrophytes because the plants are jointed The horsetails produce spores using STROBILI--cone shaped modiﬁed leaves The whisk fern monilophytes are called living fossils because they look like th ancestors of tracheophytes--leaﬂess and rootless. SORI:.. Strobilii:. Horsetail strobili above^. https://famu.instructure.com/courses/5128/pages/chapter-29-exam-study-guide 55/62 8/17/2020 Chapter 29 Exam Study Guide_: GENERAL BIOLOGY II Club moss strobili above ^ (not monilophyta--this is a lycophytan examples)... Know for the exam..... Examples of Pterophyta/Monilophyta:. Know for the exam..... Athyrium ﬁlix femina-- the lady fern--homosporous--has fronds (megaphylls) some have sori. https://famu.instructure.com/courses/5128/pages/chapter-29-exam-study-guide 56/62 8/17/2020 Chapter 29 Exam Study Guide_: GENERAL BIOLOGY II. Know for the exam..... Equisetum arvense-- --the horsetails---- called the arthrophytes---heterosporous-- although most other horsetail species are homosporous.. Know for the exam..... Psilotum nudum--whisk fern--homosporous--no leaves or roots---living fossil. Know for the exam..... https://famu.instructure.com/courses/5128/pages/chapter-29-exam-study-guide 57/62 8/17/2020 Chapter 29 Exam Study Guide_: GENERAL BIOLOGY II Uses of the Monilophyta. Horsetail powder- Edema, Kidney Bladder, UTI, Hair growth, Anti ageing.... Whisk Fern (Psilotum) Internal Injury, Measles, Talcum, Antimicrobial Maiden Fern Poultrice to stop bleeding Cinnamon Fern Osmunda cinnamomea rheumatism joint pain Bracken Fern Diarrhea, nausea vomiting, stomach cramps, headaches... Know for the exam..... LIFE CYCLES: Know for the exam..... Life Cycle-Athyrium ﬁlix femina-- lay fern-- has megaphylls (fronds) and is HOMOsporous ,. https://famu.instructure.com/courses/5128/pages/chapter-29-exam-study-guide 58/62 8/17/2020 Chapter 29 Exam Study Guide_: GENERAL BIOLOGY II.. Know for the exam..... LIFE CYCLE Psilotum nudum--Whisk fern life cycle---- no leaves --no roots and is HOMO sporous. https://famu.instructure.com/courses/5128/pages/chapter-29-exam-study-guide 59/62 8/17/2020 Chapter 29 Exam Study Guide_: GENERAL BIOLOGY II... Know for the exam..... Life Cycle-Horsetail-- here Equisetum arvense is shown as HETEROsporous and produces a male thallus gametophyte -most Horse tails however are HOMO sporous. https://famu.instructure.com/courses/5128/pages/chapter-29-exam-study-guide 60/62 8/17/2020 Chapter 29 Exam Study Guide_: GENERAL BIOLOGY II. Page 611 review figure 29.12, review the life cycle of the fern (athyrium ﬁllix) figure 29.13. Know the terms associated with the life cycle such as sori, indusia, reproductive frond vegetative frond bisexual gametophytes..Know the common names and Latin names and characteristics of the examples. Make 3x5 Cards-flash Cards to recall above examples, put specific features and generals features, which phyla the species belongs to etc... on back of card) https://famu.instructure.com/courses/5128/pages/chapter-29-exam-study-guide 61/62 8/17/2020 Chapter 29 Exam Study Guide_: GENERAL BIOLOGY II Front: Equisetum arvense Back: Phylum pterophyta; aka horsetail; medium sized vertical growing seedless vascular plant with megaphylls and fertile stems bearing large strobili. Homosporous Referred to as arthrophytes due to jointed stems with ringed megaphylls at joints. Also have air canals to get oxygen to root.phloem true Has xylem, phloem, true roots, spores but lacks seeds, no ovule , no pollen formation.. Know for the exam..... Ecological and Economic importance of seedless vascular.. These include mostly the impact of dead lycophytes from carboniferous whose organic remains now used for energy in form of carbon energy sources like coal. When they were alive they absorbed much CO2 shifting global temperature as paleozoic transitions into mesozoic. None of extant living seedless vascular used as fuel today no woody lycophytes or pterophytes exist. Maybe used as food but phenolics and flavanoids may prohibit this possibility due to toxicity. Medicines- see above sections under uses.... https://famu.instructure.com/courses/5128/pages/chapter-29-exam-study-guide 62/62

Chapter 29 Exam Study Guide - General Biology II PDF

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