Biology of Marchantia Polymorpha
45 Questions
0 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to Lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is the primary type of plant body in Marchantia polymorpha?

  • Root system
  • Sporophyte
  • Gametophyte (correct)
  • Leaf structure

Which of the following structures is absent in the sporophyte of Marchantia polymorpha?

  • Capsule
  • Rhizoids
  • Seta
  • Stomata (correct)

In which phylum is Marchantia polymorpha classified?

  • Hepatophyta (correct)
  • Bryophyta
  • Anthocerophyta
  • Mosses

What kind of reproductive strategy does Marchantia polymorpha exhibit?

<p>Dioicous (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure is characteristic of hornworts?

<p>Horn-like sporophyte (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group of organisms are hypothesized to be the ancestors of land plants?

<p>Green algae protists (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the closest living relative of land plants?

<p>Charophytes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Charales are classified in which division of algae?

<p>Charophyta (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which genus is mentioned as having a terrestrial species known from India?

<p>Zygnema (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of analysis supported the relationship between charophytes and land plants?

<p>Molecular systematics analysis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristics are shared by charophytes like Chara fragilis and Zygnema terrestre?

<p>Both are sister taxa to land plants (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did recent studies suggest about the ancestors of land plants?

<p>They were unicellular colonial terrestrial green algae organisms (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do flavonoids play in higher plants regarding UV light exposure?

<p>They assist in UV filtration. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do terpenes benefit the plants that produce them?

<p>By deterring herbivores and attracting their predators. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

To which supergroup do charophytes belong?

<p>Archaeplastida (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one function of phenolics in moss land plants like sphagnum?

<p>They act against microbial and fungal pathogens. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to bodies that die in peat bogs formed by sphagnum moss?

<p>They are preserved due to phenolic activities. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What carbon structure do flavonoids share?

<p>They contain 15 carbon atoms. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic property of terpenes?

<p>They have strong odors. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one possible function of flavonoids other than UV filtration?

<p>They function as chemical messengers. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of biological activity is primarily associated with phenolics?

<p>Providing anti-microbial protection. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a unique characteristic of Phaeoceros laevis compared to typical bryophytes?

<p>It lacks both seta and capsules. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the average height of the gametophyte in hornworts?

<p>1-2 cm (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure do hornworts use for attachment to the substrate?

<p>Rhizoids (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following phyla does Phaeoceros laevis belong to?

<p>Anthocerophyta (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the sporophytes of mosses as they mature?

<p>They become brown and elongated. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of gametangia do hornworts possess?

<p>Both male and female gametangia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of the gametophyte in Polytrichium commune?

<p>It has a height averaging 15 cm with one cell thick blades. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following features is NOT present in the Polytrichium commune?

<p>Roots (A), Sporophylls (C), True leaves (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common habitat for Phaeoceros laevis?

<p>Moist soils and banks of streams (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which feature do moss gametophytes possess that allows some species to grow taller than other bryophytes?

<p>Fluid conducting tissues that are not xylem (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes Tracheophytes from Bryophytes?

<p>Tracheophytes have xylem and phloem for nutrient transport. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of aerial spores in Tracheophytes?

<p>They disperse species into new territories. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which geological period did Bryophytes begin to evolve?

<p>Silurian (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the evolutionary lineage leading to vascular plants, what characterizes the phylum Tracheophyta?

<p>It includes plants with bifurcated stem-like structures. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following groups is directly related to Tracheophytes?

<p>Hornworts (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about vascular plants is accurate?

<p>They produce spores instead of seeds. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of coating do the haploid spores produced by sporangia have?

<p>Spropollenin coats (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures are examples of sporangia found in tracheophytes?

<p>SORI on fern fronds (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What differentiates megaphylls from microphylls in tracheophytes?

<p>Megaphylls have multiple veins, while microphylls have a single vein. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a unique reproductive requirement for tracheophytes?

<p>They need water for the sperm to swim to the egg. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the alternating generations of tracheophytes, which generation is typically larger and longer-lived?

<p>Sporophyte generation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the gametophytes of tracheophytes?

<p>They are smaller and shorter-lived. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group of tracheophytes includes club mosses?

<p>Lycophyta (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which exception is noted in the characteristics of tracheophytes related to leaves?

<p>Whisk ferns have no leaves. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Terrestrial Adaptation

Features that help plants survive in a land environment, like preventing water loss from sun and dry air.

Flavonoids

Plant chemicals that filter UV light, act as signals, control cell growth, and fight plant diseases.

UV Filtration

Blocking harmful ultraviolet light to protect plants from damage.

Terpenes

A group of plant chemicals with strong odors that deter animals and attract predators.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Phenolics

Plant chemicals produced by some mosses that kill microbes and fungi to protect from pathogens.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Peat Bog Preservation

The long-term preservation of animal bodies in peat bogs due to the anti-microbial and antifungal qualities of Sphagnum mosses.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Antioxidant effects of flavonoids

Flavonoids' ability to protect from cellular damage caused by oxidation.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Plant metabolites

Chemicals produced by plants important in growth and protection.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Land Plant Ancestry

Land plants evolved from green algae protists, potentially as early as 850 million years ago.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Possible Green Algae Ancestor

Early land plants may have come from unicellular colonial terrestrial green algal organisms similar to Klebsormidiaceae protists.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Close Living Relatives (Land Plants)

Charophytes, a multicellular green algae group, are the closest living relatives to land plants.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Charophytes and Charales

Charophytes, specifically the Charales order of freshwater green algae, are closely related to land plants, as revealed by molecular analysis.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Zygnemataceae and Zygnema

More recent research suggests that the most closely related group within Charophytes is the Zygnemataceae family and Zygnema genus freshwater algae.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Sister Taxa

In the plant evolutionary tree, Charophytes, like Chara fragilis and Zygnema terrestre, are closely related to land plants, and are part of Archaeplastida supergroup.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Archaeplastida

A supergroup that includes the plant ancestor lineage and its related groups.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Molecular Systematics

The study of evolutionary relationships using genetic information.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Marchantia polymorpha

A liverwort with a wide distribution, variable appearance, and separate male and female plants.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Liverwort Sporophyte

The spore-producing stage of a liverwort life cycle, tiny and lacking stomata.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Hornworts (Anthocerotophyta)

A type of non-vascular plant with a horn-shaped sporophyte.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Gametophyte plant (liverwort)

The dominant plant body, producing gametes (sex cells). It's the flattened, green plant part.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Non-vascular plant

Plants lacking specialized tissues for water transport (xylem and phloem).

Signup and view all the flashcards

Phaeoceros laevis

A species of hornwort with a smooth appearance, often found in moist areas.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Hornwort features

Lacking seta and capsules, featuring bisexual gametophytes, and horned sporophytes.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Anthocerophyta phylum

The phylum to which hornworts belong; a group of non-vascular land plants.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Gametophyte dominance

A life cycle where the gametophyte (plant part producing gametes) is the larger and longer-living phase.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Sporophyte

The diploid phase of a plant life cycle that produces spores.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Non-vascular plant

Plants that lack specialized tissues for transporting water and nutrients.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Rhizoids

Root-like structures found on gametophytes, anchoring the plant.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Stomata

Tiny pores on the leaves/stems of some plants that regulate gas exchange.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Bryophytes

Non-vascular plants, including mosses, liverworts, and hornworts, that lack true leaves and roots and conduct water through other means.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Tracheophytes

Vascular plants that possess xylem and phloem for water and nutrient transport, enabling them to grow tall.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Xylem

Vascular tissue in plants that transports water and dissolved minerals from the roots to the rest of the plant.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Phloem

Vascular tissue in plants that transports sugars and other nutrients from sites of production (like leaves) to other parts of the plant.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Vascular Seedless Plant

A plant with internal water/nutrient transporting systems (xylem/phloem) that doesn't produce seeds for reproduction, but spores instead.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Polytrichium commune

A moss species, a small, non-vascular land plant, featuring a dominant gametophyte stage.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Gametophyte

The dominant life cycle stage of non-vascular plants, responsible for producing gametes(sex cells).

Signup and view all the flashcards

Sporophyte

The stage of a plant life cycle that develops spores for reproduction.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Tracheophytes

Vascular plants that have specialized tissues (xylem and phloem) for transporting water and nutrients.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Sporangia

Structures on leaves or modified leaves that produce spores.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Spores

Haploid reproductive cells produced by sporangia that develop into gametophytes.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Sporophytes

The diploid generation that produces spores in tracheophytes.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Gametophytes

The haploid generation of tracheophytes that produce gametes.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Microphylls

Leaves with a single vein.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Megaphylls

Leaves with multiple branched veins.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Alternation of Generations

The plant life cycle that alternates between a diploid sporophyte generation and a haploid gametophyte generation.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Study Notes

Chapter 29 - Greening of the Earth

  • Earth formed 4.6 billion years ago
  • First living organisms appeared ~3.5 billion years ago through abiogenesis
  • For 3 billion years after the first bacteria, land was barren
  • Life existed only in water (oceans, seas, rivers, salt lakes)
  • Evidence of the earliest land plants appeared ~470 million years ago in lower/middle Ordovician rocks (Saudi Arabia and Gondwana) in the form of fossilized spores with decay-resistant walls
  • Photosynthesis-capable bacterial organisms started living on land ~1.2–1 billion years ago evidenced/found in freshwater lake deposits

Colonization of Land

  • Plants were not the first organisms on land - bacterial organisms capable of photosynthesis lived on land 1,200 million years ago (1.2 bya)
  • Microbial fossils/evidence found in freshwater lake deposits from 1,000 million years ago (1 bya)
  • Land plants evolved from a group of green algae protists ~850 million years ago.

Origins of Land Plants

  • The question is what key events led to the development and existence of land plants 470 million years ago?
  • Land plants evolved from a group of green algae ~850 mya
  • Recent evidence links these ancestors to unicellular colonial green algae from the Klebsormidiaceae family.

Key Traits of Plants and Charophytes

  • Land plants and charophytes share several key traits
    • Rings of cellulose-synthesizing proteins
    • Peroxisome enzymes
    • Flagellated sperm structure
    • Formation of a phragmoplast

Additional Evidence for Close Relationship

  • Sporopollenin in charophyte zygotes
  • Molecular studies tying land plants to charophytes

Challenges of Living on Land

  • Less water
  • No support against gravity
  • No native ability to access minerals or water in the soil
  • Reliance on fungi for early access to soil nutrients
  • Adaption necessary to prevent drying out
  • Need to protect from harmful UV radiation

Traits of Land Plants as Adaptation

  • Apical Meristems
  • Alternation of Generations
  • Walled Spores with Sporopollenin
  • Multi-celled Gametangia
  • Multi-celled Dependent Embryos
  • Cuticles
  • Flavanoids
  • Terpenes

Land Plant Diversity

  • A summary table providing phyla of extant land plants
  • Characteristics of the groups
  • Bryophytes - Liverworts, Mosses, Hornworts
    • Non-vascular plants
    • Characteristics of each group including examples
  • Importance of Sphagnum: Peat moss used in agriculture, as a disinfectant, and for preserving bodies from centuries ago
  • Vascular seed plants (Lycophytes and Monilophytes)
    • Features of each group
    • Examples with specific characteristics

Additional Topics

  • Life Cycles - club moss, spike moss, quilwort, Lycopodium clavatum, Athyrium filix-femina, Psilotum nudum, Equisetum arvense
  • Importance and Uses - potential for herbal medicine
  • Diagrams and Illustrations for better understanding of concepts
  • Tables and figures provide additional information and details for each topic.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Quiz Team

Related Documents

Chapter 29 Exam Study Guide - General Biology II PDF

Description

This quiz explores the biological characteristics and classification of Marchantia polymorpha. It covers topics such as plant body types, reproductive strategies, and evolutionary relationships of land plants. Test your knowledge on this fascinating group of organisms and their relatives!

More Like This

Bryophytes: Habitat and Reproduction
5 questions

Bryophytes: Habitat and Reproduction

QuaintGrossular avatar
QuaintGrossular
Use Quizgecko on...
Browser
Open
Browser
Browser