Biology of Marchantia Polymorpha
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary type of plant body in Marchantia polymorpha?

  • Root system
  • Sporophyte
  • Gametophyte (correct)
  • Leaf structure

    • Which of the following structures is absent in the sporophyte of Marchantia polymorpha?

  • Capsule
  • Rhizoids
  • Seta
  • Stomata (correct)

    • In which phylum is Marchantia polymorpha classified?

  • Hepatophyta (correct)
  • Bryophyta
  • Anthocerophyta
  • Mosses

    • What kind of reproductive strategy does Marchantia polymorpha exhibit?

    <p>Dioicous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure is characteristic of hornworts?

    <p>Horn-like sporophyte</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of organisms are hypothesized to be the ancestors of land plants?

    <p>Green algae protists</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the closest living relative of land plants?

    <p>Charophytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Charales are classified in which division of algae?

    <p>Charophyta</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which genus is mentioned as having a terrestrial species known from India?

    <p>Zygnema</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of analysis supported the relationship between charophytes and land plants?

    <p>Molecular systematics analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristics are shared by charophytes like Chara fragilis and Zygnema terrestre?

    <p>Both are sister taxa to land plants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did recent studies suggest about the ancestors of land plants?

    <p>They were unicellular colonial terrestrial green algae organisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do flavonoids play in higher plants regarding UV light exposure?

    <p>They assist in UV filtration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do terpenes benefit the plants that produce them?

    <p>By deterring herbivores and attracting their predators.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    To which supergroup do charophytes belong?

    <p>Archaeplastida</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one function of phenolics in moss land plants like sphagnum?

    <p>They act against microbial and fungal pathogens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to bodies that die in peat bogs formed by sphagnum moss?

    <p>They are preserved due to phenolic activities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What carbon structure do flavonoids share?

    <p>They contain 15 carbon atoms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic property of terpenes?

    <p>They have strong odors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one possible function of flavonoids other than UV filtration?

    <p>They function as chemical messengers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of biological activity is primarily associated with phenolics?

    <p>Providing anti-microbial protection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a unique characteristic of Phaeoceros laevis compared to typical bryophytes?

    <p>It lacks both seta and capsules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average height of the gametophyte in hornworts?

    <p>1-2 cm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure do hornworts use for attachment to the substrate?

    <p>Rhizoids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following phyla does Phaeoceros laevis belong to?

    <p>Anthocerophyta</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the sporophytes of mosses as they mature?

    <p>They become brown and elongated.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of gametangia do hornworts possess?

    <p>Both male and female gametangia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of the gametophyte in Polytrichium commune?

    <p>It has a height averaging 15 cm with one cell thick blades.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following features is NOT present in the Polytrichium commune?

    <p>Roots</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common habitat for Phaeoceros laevis?

    <p>Moist soils and banks of streams</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which feature do moss gametophytes possess that allows some species to grow taller than other bryophytes?

    <p>Fluid conducting tissues that are not xylem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes Tracheophytes from Bryophytes?

    <p>Tracheophytes have xylem and phloem for nutrient transport.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of aerial spores in Tracheophytes?

    <p>They disperse species into new territories.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which geological period did Bryophytes begin to evolve?

    <p>Silurian</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the evolutionary lineage leading to vascular plants, what characterizes the phylum Tracheophyta?

    <p>It includes plants with bifurcated stem-like structures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following groups is directly related to Tracheophytes?

    <p>Hornworts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about vascular plants is accurate?

    <p>They produce spores instead of seeds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of coating do the haploid spores produced by sporangia have?

    <p>Spropollenin coats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following structures are examples of sporangia found in tracheophytes?

    <p>SORI on fern fronds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What differentiates megaphylls from microphylls in tracheophytes?

    <p>Megaphylls have multiple veins, while microphylls have a single vein.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a unique reproductive requirement for tracheophytes?

    <p>They need water for the sperm to swim to the egg.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the alternating generations of tracheophytes, which generation is typically larger and longer-lived?

    <p>Sporophyte generation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the gametophytes of tracheophytes?

    <p>They are smaller and shorter-lived.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of tracheophytes includes club mosses?

    <p>Lycophyta</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which exception is noted in the characteristics of tracheophytes related to leaves?

    <p>Whisk ferns have no leaves.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Chapter 29 - Greening of the Earth

    • Earth formed 4.6 billion years ago
    • First living organisms appeared ~3.5 billion years ago through abiogenesis
    • For 3 billion years after the first bacteria, land was barren
    • Life existed only in water (oceans, seas, rivers, salt lakes)
    • Evidence of the earliest land plants appeared ~470 million years ago in lower/middle Ordovician rocks (Saudi Arabia and Gondwana) in the form of fossilized spores with decay-resistant walls
    • Photosynthesis-capable bacterial organisms started living on land ~1.2–1 billion years ago evidenced/found in freshwater lake deposits

    Colonization of Land

    • Plants were not the first organisms on land - bacterial organisms capable of photosynthesis lived on land 1,200 million years ago (1.2 bya)
    • Microbial fossils/evidence found in freshwater lake deposits from 1,000 million years ago (1 bya)
    • Land plants evolved from a group of green algae protists ~850 million years ago.

    Origins of Land Plants

    • The question is what key events led to the development and existence of land plants 470 million years ago?
    • Land plants evolved from a group of green algae ~850 mya
    • Recent evidence links these ancestors to unicellular colonial green algae from the Klebsormidiaceae family.

    Key Traits of Plants and Charophytes

    • Land plants and charophytes share several key traits
      • Rings of cellulose-synthesizing proteins
      • Peroxisome enzymes
      • Flagellated sperm structure
      • Formation of a phragmoplast

    Additional Evidence for Close Relationship

    • Sporopollenin in charophyte zygotes
    • Molecular studies tying land plants to charophytes

    Challenges of Living on Land

    • Less water
    • No support against gravity
    • No native ability to access minerals or water in the soil
    • Reliance on fungi for early access to soil nutrients
    • Adaption necessary to prevent drying out
    • Need to protect from harmful UV radiation

    Traits of Land Plants as Adaptation

    • Apical Meristems
    • Alternation of Generations
    • Walled Spores with Sporopollenin
    • Multi-celled Gametangia
    • Multi-celled Dependent Embryos
    • Cuticles
    • Flavanoids
    • Terpenes

    Land Plant Diversity

    • A summary table providing phyla of extant land plants
    • Characteristics of the groups
    • Bryophytes - Liverworts, Mosses, Hornworts
      • Non-vascular plants
      • Characteristics of each group including examples
    • Importance of Sphagnum: Peat moss used in agriculture, as a disinfectant, and for preserving bodies from centuries ago
    • Vascular seed plants (Lycophytes and Monilophytes)
      • Features of each group
      • Examples with specific characteristics

    Additional Topics

    • Life Cycles - club moss, spike moss, quilwort, Lycopodium clavatum, Athyrium filix-femina, Psilotum nudum, Equisetum arvense
    • Importance and Uses - potential for herbal medicine
    • Diagrams and Illustrations for better understanding of concepts
    • Tables and figures provide additional information and details for each topic.

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    Chapter 29 Exam Study Guide - General Biology II PDF

    Description

    This quiz explores the biological characteristics and classification of Marchantia polymorpha. It covers topics such as plant body types, reproductive strategies, and evolutionary relationships of land plants. Test your knowledge on this fascinating group of organisms and their relatives!

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