Chapter 27 Lecture Questions ANSWERS.docx

Name:________________________________________________________ Period:______ Chapter 27: Rights, Reaction, and Limits, 1961-1968 Who won the 1968 Presidential Election? Richard Nixon What were the early years of Nixon’s Presidency like? He campaigned on scaling back federal programs but did not do th...

Name:________________________________________________________ Period:______ Chapter 27: Rights, Reaction, and Limits, 1961-1968 Who won the 1968 Presidential Election? Richard Nixon What were the early years of Nixon’s Presidency like? He campaigned on scaling back federal programs but did not do that in his early years He had to support of southerners, the middle class, and the Irish in NYC (a large portion of each of these groups during this period did not support civil rights) He was a conservative but was liberal with federal programs What was happening with conservatism? Suburban culture gave rise to a new period of conservatism that would grow throughout the 60s, 70s, and 80s Republicans who were more liberal became Democrats What did Nixon support? Putting a man on the moon by 1969 The Voting Rights Act renewal in 1970 And ending discrimination in education against sex Medicare and Medicaid Cleaning up the environment What is Title IX? Called Title 9 (IX = 9) Educational programs and activities could not discriminate based on someone’s gender if they received federal funds More women began to participate in sports and go to college 1972 What is the Environmental Protection Agency? EPA 1970 Created to ensure that containments were being reduced in the air and water systems What is the Occupational Safety Health Administration? OSHA 1971 Ensures that safety standards are held in the workplace to prevent accidents and deaths of employees What was the Endangered Species Act? 1973 Animals and plants that were endangered of becoming extinct were placed on a protective list New water and air regulations were also passed What was the Family Assistance Plan? Did not happen It would have provided poor families with an annual income Who was Spiro Agnew? He was Nixon’s Vice President He went after protestors Supported the slowing down of desegregation in schools Supported illegal wiretaps When a scandal broke out about taking bribes he would step down as the V.P. How did Nixon handle Vietnam? He campaigned on “peace with honor” in Vietnam to end the war and bring the troops home with honor Instead he escalated the fight He began bombing North Vietnam and Cambodia, sparking more anti-war protests Who was Henry Kissinger? He was Nixon’s National Security Advisor He promoted Vietnamization What is Vietnamization? Make the Vietnamese more responsible for the war Replace American troops with Vietnamese troops Give South Vietnam money and weapons instead of men to fight What was the Kent State University Shooting? 1970 Students were upset over the escalation of the Vietnam War and the bombing of Cambodia Students gathered to protest The Ohio National Guard fired on the protestors, four of the protestors were killed What happened at Jackson State University? Students were protesting the Vietnam War Two students were shot by the police and killed (Throughout much of the nation, universities closed for the Fall of 1970 due to the protests) What were the Paris Peace Talks? 1973 The U.S. and North Vietnam discuss terms to end the war with a cease fire U.S. troops were removed from South Vietnam The U.S. continued to provide financial aid to South Vietnam but the war was over for the U.S. (Context: North Vietnam would invade South Vietnam in 1975. They reunified the nation and rename Saigon (the capital of South Vietnam) as Ho Chi Minh City. The U.S. embassy in South Vietnam was evacuated by several helicopter trips to a U.S. ship in the Gulf of Tonkin during the invasion of South Vietnam.) (Context: Nixon realized that tensions between the U.S. and the Soviet Union along with China needed to be reduced. He called this policy détente.) What did Nixon do with China? Kissinger secretly traveled there in 1971 to begin the policy of détente Nixon became the first U.S. President to visit China in 1972 China promised to not intervene in Vietnam and the U.S. agreed to be less involved in Taiwan New diplomatic channels were created between the two nations What did Nixon do with the Soviet Union? The Soviet Union agreed to stop building a base in Cuba and the U.S. promised to not invade Cuba Nixon would also visit the Soviet Union in 1972 as part of his policy of détente What was the Strategic Arms Limitations Treaty? SALT I The United States and the Soviet Union agreed to reduce the number of arms stockpiles they had Part of the policy of détente What was the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty? Between the U.S. and the Soviet Union Reduce the number of anti-ballistic missiles they had on hand What was happening in the Middle East? Israel’s Six Day War extended Israel’s territory with the aid of U.S. weapons Nixon was supportive of governments in the Middle East The U.S. was closely aligned with the governments in Saudi Arabia and Iran The region was in constant conflict What was Nixon’s New Economic Policy? Nixon was battling inflation He froze wages and prices for consumer goods Surcharges were placed in imports Stopped the conversion of other currencies to the U.S. Dollar Immediate results made it seem effective, but it was not a long term solution What was happening for women? Many women were denied positions and privileges based on their gender They were also typecast in the role of the housewife and mother They wanted to be considered equal to men What was the Women’s Liberation Movement? 1960s and 1970s Women wanted equal rights with men They wanted to not by type casted as only housewives and mothers They wanted to use the term Ms. Instead of Mrs. because there was not a separate designation for Mr. if they were married Leaders include Betty Friedan and Gloria Steinman The Feminine Mystique National Organization of Women ERA Ms. Magazine Title IX Roe v. Wade Griswold v. Connecticut (the use of birth control was part of your right to privacy under the 9th amendment) Who was Gloria Steinem? She was a leader of the Women’s Liberation movement Editor of NOW Magazine Founded Ms. Magazine What was Roe v. Wade? Supreme Court Case 1973 Said that the government could not regulate abortion within the first three months of pregnancy States could ban abortion after 3 months unless the mother’s life was in danger What was the National Organization for Women? Supported the ERA Est. 1966 They wanted equal pay, educational opportunities for women, ending discrimination in employment for women They lobbied Congress to pass gender equality legislation What was the ERA? 1972 (although first introduced in the 1920s) Women had equal rights under the law that could not be abridged based on gender It was never ratified It became a heated debate in the nation with Phyllis Schlafly leading the conservative opposition against it with the STOP ERA organization (HULU has released an interesting miniseries on the events surrounding the ERA and the Women’s Liberation Movement) (Context: Hispanics had experienced a long period of discrimination in the United States. They often worked in the farming industry for very low wages and in unsanitary conditions.) What is the Chicano Movement? Latin Americans work towards civil rights and equality They sought to improve working conditions and pay There was also a movement for cultural pride with the Chicano Mural Movement Leaders were Cesar Chaves and Dolores Huerta League of United Latin American Citizens Mendez v. Westminster (Hispanic children could not be segregated in schools because they are Caucasian) Delago v. Bastrop I.S.D (Mexican-American children had equal protection under the 14th amendment and could not be segregated into English learner classes) Hernandez v Texas (Mexican Americans were allowed to serve on juries) Felix Longoria Incident What was the United Farm Workers? Organized by Cesar Chavez and Dolores Huerta AKA National Farm Worker’s Association Still around today working for the rights of migrant and farm laborers Organized the Delano Grape Boycott Who was Cesar Chavez? Leader of the Chicano Movement Co-Founded the United Farm Workers Went on a hunger strike in protest of laboring conditions of Hispanic workers Believed in non-violent tactics Who was Dolores Huerta? Leader of the Chicano Movement Co-Founded the United Farm Workers What was the Delano Grape Boycott? Organized by the United Farm Workers (Cesar Chavez and Dolores Huerta) Hispanics were picking grapes in unsanitary conditions (little water, no restrooms, etc.) and for low wages They began to boycott purchasing grape products It became a national movement with all ethnicities participating, especially housewives who did the grocery shopping The financial pinch forced the Delano Grape Co and others to improve working conditions and pay What was the American Indian Movement? Native Americans sought to have previous treaties signed with the U.S. government honored Occupation of Alcatraz Occupation at Wounded Knee Who were leaders of the American Indian Movement? Russell Means and Dennis Banks What happened at Pine Ridge? Aka Occupation of Wounded Knee Sioux from the Pine Ridge Reservation took over the Wounded Knee site in 1973 They occupied the land for 71 days Two AIM members and an FBI agent were killed in 1975 during a standoff at Pine Ridge (Context: They also staged sit-ins in Washington D.C. The federal government reorganized and recognized the independence of tribes again in 1973.) (Context: As part of the process of desegregation of schools, white and black children were bused to schools further away. Whites and blacks were still living in different neighborhoods (many reasons why including prejudices and finances in many cases). This meant that the schools in the neighborhood became defacto segregated. So students were bused to further schools to have a mix of ethnicities in all schools. Many were upset that their children had to spend a long time on a bus to be driven to a school outside of their neighbohood.) What was happening in Boston schools in 1970? Whites were resisting the integration of schools through busing The school board drew district lines so that schools would remain segregated Some threw stones at the buses as they arrived at schools What did Brooklyn teachers do from 1968-1969? White teachers went on strike after 12 teachers were transferred out of the district and replaced by African American teachers What is affirmative action? The process of hiring or enrolling more minorities in school Some whites were passed over for jobs and enrollment in college so the schools and companies would be inclusive Some whites felt that they were experiencing reverse discrimination What was the Bakke Decision? 1978 AKA University of California v. Bakke The Supreme Court said that Affirmative Action was legal But that they could not set quotas or a minimum number of minorities to enroll or hire Bakke was a white student who was denied enrollment in medical school even though his scores were higher than others who were enrolled What was the Education for All Handicapped Children Act? 1975 Schools must provide education to handicapped or special needs children in the “least restrictive environment” What was Stonewall? Police officers raided a gay bar in Greenwich Village and a fight broke out It helped to spark the Gay Liberation Movement They pressured the American Psychological association to remove homosexuality as a disorder They also advocated for acceptance and equality What was the Woodstock Music and Art Fair? 1969 AKAK Woodstock 400,000 people attended the three-day festival Music, drugs, and mud Performers included Janis Joplin and Jimi Hendrix It was part of the counterculture of the 1960s (the Hippies) Who was Phyllis Schlafly? She was a conservative leader for women in opposed the Women’s Liberation Movement and the ERA She was the leader of STOP ERA What was STOP ERA? An organization led by Phyllis Schlafly to prevent the ratification of the ERA They were also anticommunist and antiabortion They were successful in stopping the ERA from being ratified before the deadline ran out (Context: The ERA is back up again for ratification.) What was the Religious Right? Conservative Christian policies that were used to influence politics It emerged in the 1970s and continued throughout the 1980s What was the Moral Majority? Part of the Religious Right Founded in 1979 by Jerry Fallwell (a Fundamentalist Christian) They opposed the ERA They opposed relaxing tensions with the Soviet Union They wanted alternatives to evolution taught in schools They would support the election of Ronald Reagan They dissolved in 1989, believing their mission was accomplished What was happening with the American economy in the 1970s? Social issues were becoming a concern The U.S. economy was stagnated Americans were buying less-expensive foreign made goods instead of American made products U.S. manufacturers move their facilities overseas because of lower wages and less restrictions on labor for health and safety By 1971 the U.S. imported more than it exported since 1900 What is stagflation? Occurred during the 1970s When the economy is stagnant Unemployment is increased Spending is decreased Inflation increases Nixon did not do much to reduce government debt, he wanted to keep taxes low Nixon did implement the New Economic Policy, it was mildly effective but not for the long term What was the misery index? Harm done to the American economy through the combination of unemployment and the inflation of currency What is the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries? AKA OPEC Middle Eastern nations were in a organization that controlled the supply and price of oil from their countries They cut off the oil supply to the U.S. in 1973 after the U.S. gave support to Israel in the October 1973 War The price of oil in the U.S skyrocketed There were nationwide oil shortages Americans began to demand more fuel-efficient cars than those produced in the U.S., many began to purchase fuel-efficient Japanese cars What is the Rust Belt? A region in the northern United States that was known for its heavy industries The population in this region declined as more people and companies moved to the South in the Sun Belt Region This was in part due to improved technology in air conditioning and water systems What was the Watergate Scandal? 1972 The Democratic National Committee’s Campaign Headquarters were broken into at the Watergate office building in Washington D.C. Nixon’s administration attempted to cover up their involvement The Washington Post broke the story about how Nixon’s administration was involved Two former CIA agents were arrested during the break in Nixon recorded all conversations in the Oval Office as part of a record for his memoirs Congress wanted the tapes but Nixon refused Congress sued in the U.S. v Nixon, the Supreme Court said that Nixon did not have Executive Privilege to keep the tapes The Watergate Tapes (as they became known as) were handed over to congress with chunks of the tapes erased during key meetings “by accident” Nixon was impeached but he resigned (the only President to every resign) before it could be finalized Many Americans called for Washington D.C. to be cleaned up from all of the corruption, they were also concerned that the Presidency was becoming too powerful What was the Saturday Night Massacre? Archibald Cox was a Special Prosecutor in the investigation of the Watergate Scandal He demanded that Nixon turn over the tapes Nixon told his Attorney General to fire him, he refused Nixon fired him and replaced him, the successor refused to fire Cox as well The third Attorney General finally fired him, Nixon lost more credibility Who was Gerald Ford? He was Nixon’s Vice President after Spiro Agnew Resigned Once President (after Nixon resigned), he pardoned Nixon for “all crimes that he may have committed” He said that the nation needed to move on, many felt that he was part of the coverup What was Nixon’s policy of détente? He had worked to ease tensions with the Soviet Union and China Become more friendly with them to prevent wars What were the Helsinki Accords? Ford 1974 Between the U.S. , Soviet Union, and other nations Agreed on political borders established after WWII and to protect human rights Many believed that Ford was a traitor for signing a treaty with the Soviet Union What happened in the 1976 Presidential Election? Ronald Reagan (former actor and governor of California) tried to get the Republican nomination from Ford, saying that he was too soft on communism The Republicans backed Ford but he replaced his Vice President with the more conservative Robert Dole The Democrats nominated Jimmy Carter Carter was a peanut farmer from Georgia and considered a Washington outsider, he promised to go clean up with “swamp” (Washington D.C.) Carter won What did Carter battle early in his Presidency? Inflation High unemployment He implemented wage and price controls in 1978 American credit card debt increased Inflation continued to increase Inflation finally declined when the Federal Reserve reduced the money in circulation Reducing the money supply caused an increase in unemployment OPEC continued to charge more for oil, increasing the price over 60% There were gas shortages and high gas prices What happened at Three Mile Island? 1979 A nuclear reactor on Three Mile Island had a meltdown, radiation entered the air They were able to contain it but it stopped the further production of nuclear power plants because of the fear of radiation The Nuclear Regulatory Commission was created to monitor nuclear energy standards and safety What was SALT II? 1979 A reduction of arms agreement between the U.S. and the Soviet Union (Context: The Arab-Israeli Conflict began in the late 1940s. They constantly attacked one another. Israel seized the Sinai Peninsula from Egypt. The U.S. backed Israel in the conflict by providing military and financial aid.) What were the Camp David Accords? Carter negotiated a peace treaty between Egypt and Israel It was seen as a major foreign policy accomplishment Israel gave back the Sinai Peninsula to Egypt (Context: The U.S. had previous supported the former Shah of Iran before his overthrow. When he came down with terminal cancer he asked to be admitted to the U.S. for treatment. The U.S. government at first said no but let him in when he requested it a second time.) What was the Iranian Hostage Crisis? 1979 Iranian students stormed the U.S. Embassy in Tehran, Iran due to the perceived U.S. support of their former Shah Americans were held hostage, some were killed The hostages were held for 444 days Carter tried to negotiate their release all the way up until the inauguration of the next President (Reagan) The hostages were sitting on a plane the night before Reagan’s inauguration and Carter was on the phone trying to negotiate The captives would not let the plane take off until Reagan was sworn into office as President Who was Ronald Reagan? He won the 1980 Presidential Election in a landslide He was a governor from California and former movie star He led the conservative resurgence and fight against communism in the 1980s