Chapter 2 The Chemical Level of Organization Study Guide Spring 2025 PDF

**Chapter 2 The Chemical Level of Organization Study Guide** \*\*DO NOT GOOGLE ANSWERS! Sometimes you will find inconsistencies between the textbook material and the internet. Exam questions will be based on TEXTBOOK material! \*\*Any Notes and/or explanations that are written in the study guides...

**Chapter 2 The Chemical Level of Organization Study Guide** \*\*DO NOT GOOGLE ANSWERS! Sometimes you will find inconsistencies between the textbook material and the internet. Exam questions will be based on TEXTBOOK material! \*\*Any Notes and/or explanations that are written in the study guides are testable material \*\*\*You do NOT have to submit your answers to me. **Section 2-1** Atoms are the basic particles of matter 1\) What three subatomic particles make up atoms? What are their charges and where are they located? 2\) What is the difference between an *electron shell* and a *valance shell*? **Section 2-2** Chemical bonds are forces formed by interactions between atoms 1\) What is a *cation*? (You can remember this since the "t" in ca**[t]**ion looks like a positive sign) 2\) What is an *anion*? (You can remember this since the "n" in a**[n]**ion reminding you it's negative) 3\) What is an *ionic bond* and how is it formed? 4\) What is a *covalent bond* and how is it formed? 5\) What is the difference between *non-polar covalent* and *polar covalent bonds*? 6\) What is a *hydrogen bond* and how is it formed? **Section 2-3** Decomposition, synthesis, and exchange reactions are important types of chemical reactions in physiology 1\) What is the difference between *kinetic energy* and *potential energy*? 2\) What is the difference between *hydrolysis reactions* and *dehydration synthesis* reactions? Which one is *catabolic*? Which is *anabolic*? (Hint: The way I distinguish between *catabolic* and *anabolic reactions* is that I know anabolic steroids are inappropriately used to build muscle---so anabolic reactions build up.) (Hint: the prefix -*hydro* means "water", and the suffix -*lysis* means "breakdown"; therefore, *hydrolysis* means *breaking down a molecule using water*. Breaking down molecules produce smaller molecules; therefore, hydrolysis reactions are catabolic. Or, if anyone has a cat, you know they tend to destroy things 😊). **Section 2-4** Enzymes speed up reactions by lowering the energy to start them 1\) What is the function of an *enzyme*? **Section 2-5** Inorganic compounds lack carbon while organic compounds contain carbon 1\) In general, what is the molecular difference between *organic* and *inorganic* compounds? (**Note**: there are exceptions to these rules. For example, carbon dioxide CO~2~ contains carbon, but it is an inorganic compound because the carbon isn't bonded to hydrogen.) **Section 2-6** Physiological systems depend on water 1\) What is an *electrolyte*? 2\) What is the difference between *hydrophobic* and *hydrophilic compounds*? What types of compounds are fats and oils? (Hint: the suffix -*phobia* means "a strong feeling of disliking or being afraid of someone or something". The suffix -*philia* means "a love for". If a person has a "phobia', they are usually afraid of or uncomfortable with something. For example, arachno**[phobia]** is the fear of spiders. In contrast, the city of **[Phila]**delphia is the city of brotherly love.) **Section 2-7** Body fluid pH is vital for homeostasis 1\) On the pH scale, what is the pH of pure water? 2\) What pH range is considered *acidic*? Does it contain more H+ or more OH-? 3\) What pH range is considered *basic*? Does it contain more H+ or more OH-? (Note: basic is synonymous with *alkaline*. You will see both words used interchangeably this semester.) 4\) The normal pH range of blood is 7.35-7.45. Is this considered neutral, basic, or acidic? **Section 2-8** Acids, bases and salts have important physiological roles 1\) What is a *buffer*? **Section 2-9** Living things contain organic compounds made up of monomers, polymers, and functional groups 1\) What is the difference between a *monomer* and a *polymer*? What type of chemical reaction forms polymers by joining monomers? NOTE: carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins are all organic molecules **Section 2-10** Carbohydrates contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio 1\) What is the structural difference between *monosaccharides*, *disaccharides*, and *polysaccharides*? 2\) Which monosaccharide is the most important *metabolic "fuel"* in the body? 3\) What *type of chemical reaction* occurs during the formation of a disaccharide from two monosaccharides? Is this an anabolic or catabolic reaction? 4\) What *type of chemical reaction* occurs when a disaccharide is broken into two monosaccharides? Is this an anabolic or catabolic reaction? 5\) What *type of sugar* is glycogen? (ie: mono-, di-, or polysaccharide?) What is the name of the monosaccharide that comprises glycogen? **Section 2-11** Lipids often contain a carbon-to-hydrogen ratio of 1:2 1\) What two molecules are the building blocks of monoglycerides, diglycerides, and triglycerides? 2\) Why are *phospho*lipids and *glyco*lipids named as such? **Section 2-12** Proteins contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen and are formed from amino acids 1\) What are the building blocks (basic subunits) of proteins? 2\) What molecules do *peptide bonds* join? 3\) Which organic molecule has *primary,* *secondary*, *tertiary*, and *quaternary* structures? NOTE: This is very important: The shape of a protein determines its functional characteristics, and the sequence of amino acids ultimately determines its shape. Small changes in the ionic composition, temperature, or pH of their surroundings can affect the function of proteins. Larger changes cause the protein to lose its three-dimensional structure and become inactive---this is called protein denaturing. 4\) What type of organic molecule are most *enzymes*? Remember: Enzymes can function as catalysts for reactions, therefore they accelerate a chemical reaction without itself being permanently changed or consumed. 5\) What is the importance of a cofactor on an enzymes function? 6\) What two factors affect enzyme function? **Section 2-13** DNA and RNA are nucleic acids 1\) What are the building blocks (basic subunit) of nucleic acids? 2\) What is the function of DNA? 3\) Which 4 nitrogenous bases are found in DNA? What are their symbols? 4\) Which 4 nitrogenous bases are found in RNA? What are their symbols? 5\) List three main types of RNA. 6\) Using your knowledge of complementary base pairing, what is the complimentary DNA sequence for the DNA sequence ATG? Note: I can use different sequences in the exam 7\) Using your knowledge of complementary base pairing, what is the complimentary RNA sequence for the DNA sequence ATG? Note: I can use different sequences in the exam 8\) Use the information in **Table 2-6** Comparison of RNA and DNA to answer the following: List structural and functional differences between DNA and RNA. **Section 2-14** ATP is a high energy compound used by cells 1\) What occurs during a *phosphorylation reaction*? 2\) What molecule is produced by the phosphorylation of ADP?