Chapter 2 Presentation PDF

The Age of Exploration Essential Question: What happened when diverse cultures crossed paths?  Ahoy! In this chapter, we’ll learn about how European exploration of the Americas changed the Americas forever. You’ll consider what the Europeans had to gain as well as how exploration a...

The Age of Exploration Essential Question: What happened when diverse cultures crossed paths?  Ahoy! In this chapter, we’ll learn about how European exploration of the Americas changed the Americas forever. You’ll consider what the Europeans had to gain as well as how exploration affected the lives & cultures of native peoples. “This land may be profitable to those that will adventure it.” —Henry Hudson  Introduction Over the course of about 100 years, the major European powers of Spain, Portugal France, England and the Netherlands participated in a mad dash to explore and claim land in the Americas. Reports of gold and other resources that could make their nations wealthy tempted them to spend money and take risks to sponsor several voyages - some successful, some not. While the voyages were to different regions, they all led to a similar result for the peoples who already lived there: tragic and sweeping change. Table of contents Int. People You Should Know 01 Lesson 1: Why the Spanish Explored 02 Lesson 2: Effect of Spanish Exploration 03 Lesson 3: European Exploration Effect on the Americas Intro People You Should Know Important people involved in the European Exploration of the Americas Moctezuma II Controlled the Aztec empire at the time of Spanish conquistador, Hernan Cortes’, arrival Often demanded sacrifices from tribes that were his subjects Harsh rule led to his death when he was captured by the Spanish → no one came to save him Leif Erikson Norse explorer who was first European to visit North America returned to Greenland with tales of a place called “Vinland” ○ believed to be present-day Canada expeditions to Vinland occurred 500 years before Columbus’ arrival Queen Isabella I of Spain united all of Spain when married Ferdinand I of Aragon ○ worked together to increase the size of their empire supported Columbus’ voyage to find a western route to Asia ○ saw it as a way to make Spain wealthy Atahualpa emperor of the Incan empire in South America 1532 Spanish conquistador, Francisco Pizarro captured him in the capital city of Cuzco promised Pizarro gold & silver in exchange for his release ○ killed by Pizarro after delivery of riches = end of Incan empire 01 Why did the Spanish Explore the Americas? A Time of Change in Europe Europeans rarely traveled in the Middle Ages ○ began making pilgrimages, religious journeys, at end of time period contact with new regions = desire for goods from foreign lands Merchants began buying & selling goods ○ traded for gems, silks & spices of China & o Polo East Indies Ma rc Marco Polo ⇒ traveled to China & recorded his journey in The Travels of Marco Polo Prince Henry of Portugal explored the west coast of Africa in early 1400s Prince Henry How did Marco Polo and Prince Henry of Portugal help encourage the growth of trade? Polo’s book interested people in trade with Asia. Prince Henry sponsored explorers, encouraging them to find new trade routes. A Time of Change in Europe trade with Asia occurred on the Silk Road ○ advances in sailing also allowed goods to come by sea 1453 Ottoman Turks captured Constantinople in Turkey ○ cut off European trade through Middle East European leaders sponsor voyages to look for new routes ⇒ new navigation tools Age of Exploration also saw religious conflict & change ○ Spain regains land it had lost to people from North Africa in the Reconquista ○ Protestant Reformation caused people to break away from the Catholic Church Technological Advances Compass Has a magnetic arrow that points north. Invented in China and introduced to Europeans in 1200s by Arab Astrolabe traders. Stern Rudder Measures position of stars in Chinese sailors used an oar the sky. Helps sailors that hung off back of the determine latitude. Learned boat to help control boat’s about this device from Arab direction. Adopted by traders. European shipbuilders in 1400s.  Technological Advances Printing Press Sextant & Chronometer Invented by Johannes Gutenberg in 1450. Used The sextant was invented by moveable type to print text. Carrack John Bird in 1759. Uses two Allowed for mass copies to mirrors & a moveable arm to be made easily. Helped A three- or four-masted measure angles of stars. spread news about sailing ship develop in The chronometer kept explorers’ discoveries. Genoa, Italy in late-1400s. accurate time at sea. Both Very strong & used on long allowed sailors to determine voyages. longitude. Helped make maps more accurate. How important do you think technology was in encouraging explorers of the day? Allowed them to sail farther away from home. Helped to make more accurate maps. A Sea Route to the Indies late 1400s Europeans desired access to riches in China & islands of Southeast Asia Portuguese explorers Bartolomeu Dias & Vasco da Gama ⇒ want to sail around southern tip of Africa & across Indian Ocean Christopher Columbus from Italy believed he could reach East Indies by sailing west across Atlantic Ocean ○ King Ferdinand & Queen Isabella II of Spain agree to pay for his voyage Columbus would claim lands for Spain A Sea Route to the Indies Columbus set sail on Aug. 3, 1492 with three ships: the Niña, the Pinta, and the Santa Maria ○ Oct. 12 reach island of San Salvador → part of the Bahamas today greeted by the Taino people & exchanged gifts Columbus believed he had reached the East Indies ○ claimed the islands for Spain second voyage Columbus brought back settlers & supplies to start a colony on the island of Hispaniola (Haiti & Dominican-Republic) made a total of 4 voyages to the Caribbean begins an exchange of goods and ideas between Europe and the Americas called the Columbian Exchange A Sea Route to the Indies North & South America were called the “New World” by Europeans ○ received the name Americas in honor of Amerigo Vespucci, a map maker who had sailed one of Columbus’ routes 1513 Vasco Nuñez de Balboa became the first Spanish explorer to see the Pacific Ocean Ferdinand Magellan is given credit for being the first person to circumnavigate the world ○ died before completing, but his crew finished the voyage in 1522 What did the Magellan-Elcano voyage prove that Columbus was right about? How did it prove that he was wrong about some things? He was right to think Asia could be reached by sailing west. He was wrong about the distance and length of time the trip would take, and he didn’t expect the great body of land in between. 02 How did the Spanish Exploration Change the Lives of People in the Americas? The Columbian Exchange Columbus’ contact with the Taino people in 1492 led to the Columbian Exchange ○ the trading of items, animals, ideas, culture, etc… between Europeans and native peoples of America new foods made European diets healthier new items changed way of life native peoples Going To the Americas Going to Europe wheat cattle corn turkeys oranges goats peanuts tobacco peaches sheep tomatoes beans (many types) bananas pigs pineapples horses The Columbian Exchange Columbian Exchange DID NOT just involve Europe & the Americas ○ items went around the world sugar cane from Southeast Asia grew well in warm, rainy climate of Brazil & Caribbean ○ becomes one of most valuable crops grown in Americas Europeans brought diseases to the Americas such as measles & smallpox ○ new to the native peoples who did not have resistance ⇒ die in large numbers Spanish enslaved many native peoples ○ 1550 few Taino survived replaced by enslaved Africans who were brought to the islands to work What POSITIVE effects did the Columbian Exchange have on people native to the Americas? What NEGATIVE effects did the Columbian Exchange have on them and others? Positive: new foods, ideas and animals brought to Americas Negative: began to enslave native peoples and people from Africa; diseases led to the death of many native peoples in the Americas Spanish Exploration & Conquest in the Americas 1515 Spain had controlled several islands in the Caribbean ○ conquests gave them land & people to enslave BUT did not bring them riches Juan Ponce de Leon was a Spanish explorer ○ came to Americas with Columbus on 2nd voyage ○ once governor of Puerto Rico 1513 de Leon landed in La Florida (full of flowers) & claimed it for Spain looking for gold & a Fountain of Youth 1521 returned to Florida to start a Spanish settlement ○ injured in fight with native peoples & dies of wounds Spanish Exploration & Conquest in the Americas Hernan Cortes was a Spanish conquistador ○ searching for gold & riches in lands west of Caribbean islands 1430s Aztec empire controlled central Mexico ○ capital city was Tenochtitlan 300,000+ people lived in the city 1502 Aztec Empire ruled by Moctezuma II ○ first to rule whole empire; people began to rebel 1519 Cortes and soldiers pushed into Tenochtitlan ○ took Moctezuma prisoner & he was killed in a riot ○ Aztecs drove Cortes out Cortes with help of native peoples who were against Aztecs attack Aztecs & destroy the capital ○ had swords & weapons the Aztecs did not have Spanish built Mexico City on the ruins ⇒ capital of New Spain Spanish Exploration & Conquest in the Americas Francisco Pizarro was a Spanish conquistador ○ sailed to west coast of South America ○ following rumors of an empire rich in treasures ○ traveled high into the Andes Mountains to find the Incan Empire Incan Empire had over 12 million people ○ lived in stone cities ○ did not fear the Spanish, but Spanish had a weapon they’d never seen, gunpowder from China Pizarro captured Atahualpa & killed 1,500 of his followers ○ Atahualpa offered up gold & silver in exchange for freedom Pizarro had him killed anyway 1533 Spanish conquered Inca & captured capital of Cuzco What seems to have been the strongest motive, or reason, for Spanish exploration and conquest? What advantages did the Spanish have to help them conquer the Aztecs and Incas? Motive: land, gold and other riches they didn’t find in the Caribbean islands Advantages: military strength and weapons the Aztecs and Incas had never seen before New Spain Expands 1525 New Spain included most of present-day Mexico and Central America 1528 Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca & Estevanico explored coast along Gulf of Mexico ○ shipwrecked in present-day Texas & lived among Native Americans for 4 years Alvar Nunez walked through parts of New Mexico & Arizona to Cabeza de Vaca return to Mexico urged king of Spain to treat Native Americans better Hernando de Soto explored southeastern US in 1538 ○ found no riches BUT first Europeans to see Mississippi River Hernando de Soto New Spain Expands 1540 Francisco Coronado searched for the Seven Cities of Gold ○ never found the cities ○ Became the first Europeans to see the Grand Canyon ○ claimed large part of Southwest US for Spain ○ Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo made first Spanish claims on Francisco California Coronado ○ explored coast near San Diego Spain continued to claim land in Florida ○ Pedro Menendez de Aviles built a fort named St. Augustine Which sections of what is now the United States did the Spanish explore? How often did they find what they were looking for? Parts of US: Texas, Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado, Florida, California Found: Spanish rarely found the riches that they were searching for, but did claim large amounts of land for Spain 03 How did European Exploration Affect the Americas? What is this a map of? The Search for a Northwest Passage European countries other than Spain also looking for shorter route to Asia ○ Spain searching southern part of North America England, France, Netherlands, Portugal & Sweden all send explorers ○ explored east coast of North America all looking for a water route through North America to Asia = Northwest Passage The Search for a Northwest Passage John Cabot crosses Atlantic Ocean in 1497 ○ Italian explorer who is sailing for England Cabot reaches Newfoundland (Canada) ○ does not find anyone to trade with ○ finds large quantities of fish English merchants excited by this because dried fish was important food source Cabot disappears in his 2nd voyage Portugal starts a small colony in Newfoundland for fishing ships The Search for a Northwest Passage Giovanni da Verrazzano was an Italian who sailed for France Verrazzano’s 1st voyage: explored New York Harbor & mouth of the Hudson River ○ had friendly encounters with Native Americans Verrazzano’s 2nd voyage: explored Brazil ○ discovered a wood used to create dyes for fabrics (textiles) Verrazzano’s discoveries overlooked because happened when Spain was conquering the Aztecs & bringing home gold The Search for a Northwest Passage Henry Hudson explored present-day New York in early 1600s Hudson was English and sailed for England and the Netherlands (Dutch) 1608 Hudson hired by Dutch East India Henry Hudson Company to find shorter route to Asia ○ company created to increase trade with Indonesia 1609 reached NY Harbor & sailed up Hudson River ○ realized not a Northwest Passage because it became shallow & was fresh water not salt water The Search for a Northwest Passage Hudson explores for England in 1610 ○ continuing to search for Northwest Passage sailed into Hudson Bay in Canada ○ becomes stuck for the winter ○ he & crew forced to eat spoiled food Hudson’s crew took over ship in spring ○ put Hudson, son, & some crew in row boat and abandon them Hudson never heard from again Why did European explorers want to find a Northwest Passage? Why do you believe they were unable to find a Northwest Passage? To find a faster water route to Asia → didn’t want to have to sail around southern tip of South America. New Netherland 1621 Dutch West India Company started ○ created colony of New Netherland earliest European settlement in present-day New York setup here because land claimed by Henry Hudson settlements setup along Hudson River ○ settlers traded with native peoples & used the rich resources 1626 Peter Minuit becomes first governor of the colony ○ builds profitable trading post and settlement - New Amsterdam - on Manhattan Island Minuit purchased Manhattan Island from native peoples for about $700 (today’s money) ○ native peoples didn’t realize they were selling the land, thought they were sharing New Netherland New Netherland was one of the most diverse colonies in North America ○ people from different religious & ethnic backgrounds allowed to live there ○ one of first to bring enslaved Africans to North America 1640s fighting started between native peoples and colonists William Kieft ○ native peoples moving into northern part of New (governor of New Netherland) Netherland trying to escape attacks by other groups from Northeast Woodlands governor sent military to attack native villages ○ many Dutch settlers returned to Europe because of violence New Netherland 1647 Peter Stuyvesant becomes leader of New Netherland ○ has a conflict with Swedish colony along Delaware River believed colony was on Dutch territory built a fort that the Swedish took over Stuyvesant sent force to take over colony England begins to develop colonies in North America Peter Stuyvesant ○ become interested in New Netherland (leader of New Netherland) ○ England & Netherlands fight in Europe in 1600s 1664 England sent 4 warships to New Amsterdam’s harbor ○ troops demanded that Stuyvesant surrender entire Dutch colony Stuyvesant wants to fight, but colonists surrender Was a Northwest Passage Ever Found? Yes! There is a passage route from the Atlantic Ocean to Pacific Ocean. HOWEVER, during the 1500 - 1600s it would have been almost impossible to pass through because it’s usually covered with arctic ice. Because this arctic ice is gradually melting, the Northwest Passage is nearly ice-free during the summer. Ships can now pass through during summer months. Today’s Northwest Passage Why did Dutch settlers choose to settle in what is now New York state? They hoped to benefit from trade and they had a claim on the land because of Hudson’s exploration.  The Founding of New France 1534 Jacques Cartier sent by King of France to search for Northwest Passage & explored Canada and the St. Lawrence River ○ “Canada” comes from Huron word “kanata,” or village Jacques Cartier King Henry VI of France appointed Samuel de Champlain governor of French settlements in North America ○ made 4 voyages to North America Samuel de Champlain ○ established the colony of Quebec (governor of New France) Champlain had friendly relations with native peoples ○ allowed French to expand trade 1615 Etienne Brule searched for passage to Asia & explored Lake Ontario, Lake Erie & Lake Superior French unable to find passage or gold; few settlements thrive ○ focus on fur trade In your opinion, why did French rulers not make a greater effort to expand the size of colonies in New France? No gold was found Couldn’t find a Northwest Passage Become interested in fur trade which doesn’t need large settlements  The Lost English Colony England stopped exploring until 1580s after voyages of Cabot & Hudson 1580s Sir Walter Raleigh asks Queen Elizabeth I to start a Sir Walter Raleigh colony in North America ○ create bases for exploring for treasure & to attack Spanish ships Queen Elizabeth I 1585 Raleigh granted a charter and sends group of men to start colony ○ choose Roanoke island off coast of North Carolina ○ not skilled at farming; tried to trade with native peoples end up stealing food = fighting ○ return to England in 1586  The Lost English Colony 1587 John White returns to Roanoke with group that included women & children ○ had difficulty finding enough food John White John White sails back to England to get more supplies ○ war between England & Spain breaks out ○ unable to return to Roanoke for 3 years Roanoke was abandoned upon White’s return ○ word CROATOAN carved on a tree Croatoan were a local group of native people ○ still a mystery as to what happened to the settlers What do you think happened to the people in the “lost colony”?