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This document appears to be educational notes or exercises for a subject like language or literature. It contains text in a language likely to be Hindi. There are numbered sections, likely chapters or exercises.
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nksgs fVIi.kh 2 nksgs fiNys ikB esa vkius ,d dgkuh isa fVIi.kh 2.2.1 va'k&1 nksgk&1...
nksgs fVIi.kh 2 nksgs fiNys ikB esa vkius ,d dgkuh isa fVIi.kh 2.2.1 va'k&1 nksgk&1 vkb,] dchjnkl dk izFke nksgk ,d ckj fQj irs gSaSA dgus fp=k 2.1 dk eryc gS fd ftl izdkj lksus dk ?kM+k Hkh vius vanj 'kjkc tSlh oLrq Hkjh gksus ds dkj.k viuh egÙkk [kks nsrk gS vkSj cqjkbZ dk ik=k curk gS] mlh izdkj vPNs dqy ;k ifjokj esa tUe ysus okys O;fDr dk vkpj.k vxj vPNk u gks] rks og Hkh yksxksa dh rkjhQ+ dk ugha] cfYd fuank dk ik=k cu tkrk gSA bl nksgs esa dfo us crk;k gS fd vkneh dh igpku mlds ?kj&[+kkunku ls] mlds o.kZ vkSj tkfr ls] mlds /kuoku vkSj fu/kZu gksus ls ugha( cfYd mlds vkpj.k] mlds O;ogkj vkSj pky&pyu ls gksrh gSA vPNs deZ djus okys O;fDr dh iz'kalk dh tkrh gS vkSj cqjs deZ djus okys dh fuank gksrh gSA fVIi.kh 1- euq"; ds ckjs esa viuh ckr dks vf/kd Li"V djus ds fy, dchj us bl nksgs esa lksus ds dy'k dk mnkgj.k fn;k gSA tc fdlh ckr dks le>kus ds fy, thou&txr~ ds fdlh nwljs O;ogkj dks mnkgj.k ds :i esa izLrqr fd;k tkrk gS] rks mls n`"Vkar dgrs gSaA vr% ;gk¡ n`"Vkar vyadkj dk iz;ksx gSA 30 fganh nksgs 2- euq"; dk ru lksus ds ?kM+s tSlk gSA ,slk ru ikdj mlesa vPNkbZ dk fodkl djus dh txg mls cqjkb;ksa dk ?kj cukuk fdlh Hkh rjg iz'kalk dh ckr ugha gks ldrhA fVIi.kh 3- cgqr vklku rjhds ls vPNs deZ djus dh ckr dgh xbZ gSA nksgk&2 vkb, nwljk nksgk fQj ls iwBs tkudj gh dfo us dgk gS fd lPph ckr rks vk¡[ksa gh dg ldrh gSa( blhfy, lp dks O;Dr djus ds fy, gh Hkxoku us ;s uSu fn, gSaA dfo bl nksgs esa crkuk pkgrk gS fd vk¡[ksa euq"; ds ân; ds Hkkoksa dks izdV dj nsrh gSaA ge mUgsa ns[kdj le> ldrs gSa fd og O;fDr gekjs izfr dSlk Hkko j[krk gSA fVIi.kh 1- ^uSuk* 'kCn laLÑr ds u;u ls cuk gS] ;g rn~Hko :i gSA fgr ls gsr vkSj vfgr ls vgsr Hkh ,sls gh iz;ksx gSaA 2- n`"Vkar vyadkj gSA fganh 41 nksgs ikBxr iz'u&2.3 fVIi.kh lokZf/kd mi;qDr fodYi pqudj iwNs x, iz'uksa ds mÙkj nhft, % 1- vH;kl djus dk vFkZ gksrk gSµ ¼d½ fdlh dke dks tYnh djus yxuk ¼[k½ dk;Z&dkj.k laca/k lh[k tkuk ¼x½ fujarj dk;Z djds mlesa dq'kyrk ikuk ¼?k½ cgl djds lh[k tkuk 2. fganh dh fdl miHkk"kk dks lafo/kku dh vkBoha vuqlwph esa Lora=k Hkk"kk dk ntkZ izkIr gS\ ¼d½ czt ¼[k½ Hkkstiqjh ¼x½ eSfFkyh ¼?k½ dqekm¡uh 2-3 nksgk Nan dk ifjp; uke fpg~u ek=kk vkidks dqN nksgs ;kn gSa u\ vki ;g tkurs gSa fd igys dfork fy[kus ds fy, dfo âLo ¼y?kq½ 1 1 nh?kZ ¼xq#½ · 2 Nanksa dk iz;ksx djrs Fksµ vkt Hkh djrs gSaA Nan ;k rks ek=kkvksa] ;k o.kks± ij vk/kkfjr gksrk Fkk vkSj fuf'pr ek=kkvksa ;k o.kks± ds ckn mlesa ;fr ¼Bgjko ;k fojke½ vkSj rqd dk ikyu fd;k tkrk FkkA fganh esa vf/kdka'kr% ekf=kd Nanksa dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSA nksgk Hkh ,d ekf=kd Nan gSA ek=kk dk vFkZ gSµ mPpkj.k esa fy;k x;k le;A mPpkj.k≤ ds vk/kkj ij âLo vkSj nh?kZ bdkb;k¡ gksrh gSaA âLo dks ^y?kq* Hkh dgrs gSa vkSj bldh ,d ek=kk fxurs gSa rFkk blds fy, ^A* fpg~u dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA nh?kZ dks ^xq#* Hkh dgrs gSa vkSj bldh nks ek=kk,¡ fxurs gSa rFkk blds fy, ^·* fpg~u dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA bls gkf'k, ij fn, x, pkVZ ls vklkuh ls le> ldrs gSaA rks vkb,] vc ge ek=kk fxuuk lh[ksaA fganh esa v] b vkSj m âLo Loj gSa] 'ks"k lHkh ;kuh vk] bZ] Å] ,] ,s] vks] vkS nh?kZ Loj gSaA blfy, tgk¡ v] b] m vFkok budh ek=kkvksa okys O;atu ¼d] fd] dq vkfn½ gksaxs] ogk¡ âLo vFkkZr~ ,d ek=kk gksxhA tgk¡ vk] bZ] Å] ,] ,s] vks] vkS vFkok budh ek=kkvksa okys O;atu ¼dk] dh] dw] ds] dS] dks] dkS] vkfn½ gksaxs] ogk¡ nh?kZ vFkkZr~ nks ek=kk,¡ gksaxhA blds vykok la;qDr O;atuksa ls iwoZ âLo ¼y?kq½ Hkh nh?kZ gks tkrs gSa( tSls ^vH;kl* esa ^v* dh nks ek=kk,¡ gksaxhA blh j{kd] iaFkh] oDrk esa Øe'k% j] ia vkSj o Hkh xq# gksaxsA 42 fganh nksgs vc bl nksgs ij xkSj dhft, % A· A· · · A· = 13 cM+k gqvk rks D;k gqvk] fVIi.kh · · ·A A · A = 11 tSls isM+ [ktwj ·A A · ·· A· = 13 iafFku dks Nk;k ugha] A A · · A A ·A = 11 Qy ykxs vfr nwj vkius ns[kk fd bl nksgs esa nks iafDr vkSj pkj pj.k gSaA igys pj.k esa 1 $ 2 $ 1 $ 2 $ 2 $ 2 $ 1 $ 2 ¾ 13 ek=kk,¡ gSaA nwljs pj.k esa 2 $ 2 $ 2 $ 1 $ 1 $ 2 $ 1 ¾ 11 ek=kk,¡ gSaA rhljs pj.k esa 2 $ 1 $ 1 $ 2 $ 2 $ 2 $ 1 $ 2 ¾ 13 ek=kk,¡ gSaA pkSFks pj.k esa 1 $ 1 $ 2 $ 2 $ 1 $ 1 $ 2 $ 1 ¾ 11 ek=kk,¡ gSaA vFkkZr~ 13] 11] 13] 11 ek=kkvksa okys pkj pj.k gSaA ge nksgs dk okpu djrs le; nksgk Nan dh igpku Hkh blh fglkc ls Bgjko nsrs gSaA igys 13, fQj 11, fQj 13 vkSj fQj 11 ek=kk,¡A 1- nks&nks pj.kksa okyh nks iafDr;k¡ ;g nksgs dks ius okys gksaA 6- izse vkSj 'k=kqrk ds Hkko fNik, ugha tk ldrsA 7- fujarj vH;kl ls euq"; dh cqfn~/k dk fodkl gksrk gS vkSj og Kkuh cu tkrk gSA 8- vk¡[kksa ls euq"; ds eu ds Hkkoksa dk irk py tkrk gSA 9- nksgk Nan esa 13, 11, 13, 11 ek=kkvksa dh ;fr ds lkFk pkj pj.k gksrs gSa rFkk nwljs vkSj pkSFks pj.k ds rqd leku gksrs gSaA 10- dchj] jghe vkSj o`an us nksgksa esa vklku 'kCnksa esa vkSj mnkgj.kksa ds ek/;e ls uhfr vkSj lkekftd O;ogkj dh xwkus vkSj ml ij cy nsus ds fy, muds mins'kijd nksgksa dk iz;ksx vkt Hkh fd;k tkrk gSA fganh Hkk"kk ;ksa rks iwjs Hkkjr esa gh le>h vkSj cksyh tkrh gS] ij fo'ks"kr% mu {ks=kksa dks] tgk¡ ds jgus okyksa dh ekr`Hkk"kk fganh ;k mldh miHkk"kk,¡ gSaµ fganhHkk"kh izns'k dgrs gSaA fganhHkk"kh izns'k gSaµfgekpy izns'k] gfj;k.kk] fnYyh] mÙkjk[kaM] mÙkj izns'k] fcgkj] >kj[kaM] jktLFkku] e/;izns'k vkSj NÙkhlx