Chapter_2 (1).pdf

Safety DIS.. LCT ue.., After reading this chapter. you shoutd be able 10: -lo explain the importance of safety when working and playing with small animals. -lo -lo -lo list ten diseases that can be transmltted from animals to humans. -lo list guidelines for safety when handling dangerous chemi...

Safety DIS.. LCT ue.., After reading this chapter. you shoutd be able 10: -lo explain the importance of safety when working and playing with small animals. -lo -lo -lo list ten diseases that can be transmltted from animals to humans. -lo list guidelines for safety when handling dangerous chemicals and when working with small animals. describe how to prevent becoming infected by small animals. describe proper restraint procedures when working with small animals. TERMS TO l<NOW carriers cat-scratch fever intermediate hosts ringworm intradcrmal salmonellosis Elizabethan collars or (e-collars) intramuscular sternal recumbency lateral recurnbency streptococcal bacteria evulsions immunosuppressive therapy immune gamma globulin oocyst parasite psittacosis sustenance toxoplasmosis reservoir zoonoses rodents (or zoonotic) 15 C~ c.,~ ;)) ill C~ JAU"IIII, Al! Ri/illll> Re,.,.,..,.,. M•) "'~ t,t,~ N.,0""1.• "'4'~\I.In ,.._4c • ti PJl'I.!Ht'" tWll.-'fll,; 1t•1tw""" \l,"1A'\I'"" >t.) ~I.I ('AC~ • ..,..,. •••!ff.llr•""-<t,a,, _,,1, 1~ "'P.1111""t'(~ ~ I~..-- INlll f'oll) ,i_ "") l>t lO-l'f'«""'l'dU.>1111111 dkul <1th,(~,) ""'°""'"" "~ "'-~ ;i.Jlll•l<'nl ,_., .. ,u} ._., 11 ..~_....., "'1'" """1\•114:i,, ...a,c • Username: Fries, LynneBook: Small Animal Care and Management, 4th Edition. No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form by any means without the publisher's prior written permission. Use (other than pursuant to the qualified fair use privilege) in violation of the law or these Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. Username: Fries, LynneBook: Small Animal Care and Management, 4th Edition. No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form by any means without the publisher's prior written permission. Use (other than pursuant to the qualified fair use privilege) in violation of the law or these Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. CHAPTER 2 Safety 17 Cats play an important role in the spread of toxoplasmosis. They become infected by eating infected rodents, birds, or other small animals. Rodents are members of the order Rodentia; small, gnawing mammals that have a single pair of continuously growing incisors in both the upper and lower jaw. The parasite is then passed in the cat's feces in an oocyst form (an immature egg), which is microscopic. Kittens and cats can shed millions of oocysts in their feces for as long as three weeks after infection. Mature cats are less likely to shed Toxoplasma if they have been previously infected. A Toxoplasmainfected cat that is shedding the parasite in its feces contaminates the litter box. If the cat is allowed outside, it can contaminate the soil or water in the environment, as well. A woman who is newly infected with Toxoplasma during pregnancy can pass the infection to her unborn child. The woman may not have symptoms, but there can be severe consequences for the unborn child, such as diseases of the nervous system and eyes.1 Pregnant women should take extra precautions to prevent infection. Toxoplasmosis can cause miscarriage, premature births, and blindness in the unborn child. Pregnant women should avoid cleaning litter boxes. Daily cleaning of litter boxes is important because the organism in the feces of an infected cat becomes infective after 36 to 48 hours. Rubber disposable gloves should be worn when cleaning the litter box, and hands should be washed thoroughly afterward. A mask should also be worn to prevent inhalation of airborne oocysts. Children's play areas and sandboxes should be prevented from being used as litter boxes. See Figure 2-2. Most humans infected with Toxoplasma organisms will not develop symptoms, because most people carry antibodies against the disease. People with immune system defects or those receiving immunosuppressive therapy (therapy used to correct immune system problems) can develop symptoms, however. Symptoms in humans include fever, headache, swollen lymph glands, cough, sore throat, nasal congestion, loss of appetite, and skin rash. Ringworm is a skin disease caused by a fungus; it is not caused by a parasitic worm, as the name would imply. Dogs, cats, chinchillas, guinea pigs, rats, mice, and rabbits can be infected with ringworm and then transmit the infection to humans. Ringworm is spread by direct contact with a person or animal infected with the fungus. It can also be spread indirectly through contact with articles ( such as combs or clothing) or surfaces that have been contaminated with the fungus. Symptoms of ringworm are the appearance of round, scaly, or encrusted lesions on the skin; hair is usually absent from these areas. The ringworm is infectious as long as the fungus remains present in the skin lesion. The fungus is no longer present when the lesion starts to shrink. Animals with rashes should be evaluated by a veterinarian. If the animal's rash is caused by a fungus, people should avoid contact with the animal until it heals. Caretakers should change clothing and wash themselves immediately after any contact. Topical and oral antifungal drugs are used to cure the problem in both humans and animals. See Figure 2-3. Psittacosis (also known as ornithosis, parrot fever, and avian chlamydiosis) is caused by the bacterium Chlamydophilia psittaci. The disease can be transmitted to humans from birds. All birds are susceptible; however, pet birds ct> ct> u © Figure 2-2 Toxoplasmosis is usually spread to humans through cat feces and cat litter or contaminated soil. Caution should be taken when disposing of cat litter and cleaning cat litter boxes. Copyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Leaming reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Username: Fries, LynneBook: Small Animal Care and Management, 4th Edition. No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form by any means without the publisher's prior written permission. Use (other than pursuant to the qualified fair use privilege) in violation of the law or these Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. Username: Fries, LynneBook: Small Animal Care and Management, 4th Edition. No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form by any means without the publisher's prior written permission. Use (other than pursuant to the qualified fair use privilege) in violation of the law or these Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. Username: Fries, LynneBook: Small Animal Care and Management, 4th Edition. No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form by any means without the publisher's prior written permission. Use (other than pursuant to the qualified fair use privilege) in violation of the law or these Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. 20 Section I emergency departments for non-fatal dog bite-related injuries, and injury rates are highest among children aged five to nine years. Of the estimated 386,000 people treated for dog bites, 50 percent were children. Approximately 16 people receive fatal injuries each year from dog bites. In 2006, more than 31,000 people underwent reconstructive surgery as a result of being bitten by a dog. Children 9 to 14 years old are the group with the next most bites. 2 The liability for a dog biting someone may vary by local community, county, and state statute. Several states have a "one bite" rule for dogs. Under this rule, a dog's owner is liable for injuries the dog causes if the owner knew or had reason to know that the dog was likely to cause that kind of injury. Liability might also result from negligent handling, or violation of leash or other control laws. Dog owners need to be aware of statutes. Although injuries from animal attacks can become infected and fatalities do occur, the injury is more frequently psychological rather than surgical. Bite wounds can consist of lacerations, evulsions (a tear or a pulled-out wound), punctures, and scratches. The potential for infection varies; although fewer than 5 percent of dog bites become infected, up to 50 percent of cat bites do. This increased rate is attributed to the difficulty in effectively irrigating the puncture wounds that typically occur from cat bites. Generally, animal bites have not been shown to be a high risk for tetanus contaminations; very few cases are reported each year in the United States. However, this may be due in part to the high level of tetanus immunity in the general population. The most important consideration in the treatment of the patient bitten or scratched is whether rabies treatment should be initiated. If rabies is a consideration and the animal cannot be identified with certainty, immunization is recommended. Rabies Except in certain localities near the Mexican border and along the Atlantic Coast where rabies is especially prevalent, domestic dogs and cats in the United States have a low likelihood of rabies infection. Moreover, domestic animals can generally be identified and quarantined for observation or testing. Bats and feral carnivores-particularly fox, coyotes, skunks, bobcats, ferrets, and raccoons-are frequently infected with rabies in the wild and are the most common source of human rabies in the United States. Successful vaccination programs that began in the 1940s caused a decline in rabies among domestic animals; however, as the number of cases of rabies in domestic animals decreased, the number in wild animals increased. In 1997, 49 states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico reported 8,509 cases of rabies in animals and 4 cases in humans to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Total cases reported to the CDC in 2010 declined to 6,153 cases and only two cases were reported in humans. Wild animals accounted for 92 percent of the reported cases and domesticated animals eight percent.3 See Table 2-1 and Figures 2-6 through 2-11. Copyright 2016 Cengage Learning.All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Leaming reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequentrights restrictions require it. Username: Fries, LynneBook: Small Animal Care and Management, 4th Edition. No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form by any means without the publisher's prior written permission. Use (other than pursuant to the qualified fair use privilege) in violation of the law or these Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. CHAPTER 2 TABLE 2-1 Safety Number of Cases of Rabies in Animals 2010 Species Number of Cases Percent of Reported Cases Raccoons 2,246 36.5 -3.5% Skunks 1, 148 23.5 -9.1% Bats 1,430 23.2 -12.0% Fox 429 7.0 -14.9% Other wild animals* including rodents 33 1.8 -13.2% Dogs 69 1.1 -14.8% 303 4.9 +1.0% Cats Percent Change Over 2009 *This category includes woodchuck or ground hogs, rabbits, and hares. Source: Information from Centers for Disease Control Prevention (CDC), 1600 Clifton Rd., Atlanta, GA 30333, USA. Number of Rabies Cases by State, United States-2009 "' "' u CD Cl N @ Figure 2-6 The number of rabies cases by state, United States in 2009. Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Rabies in Wild Animals, 1961-2011 6,000 -r-------------------------, Raccoons Skunks Skunk variant Bats Fox 5,000 4,000 ------- (/) ~ 3,000 o 2,000 1,000 0, "' u o~~.ee:=:~:::::;::~:::::::,,e:,:==:::::::::;:~~~:::.,.~~~~~~~~ 1961 1966 1971 1976 1981 1986 Year 1991 1996 2001 2006 CD 2011 ~ @ Figure 2-7 Cases of rabies in skunks spiked in the late 1970s and early 1980s, and then declined. Cases of rabies in raccoons spiked in the early 1990s and then declined. Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Copyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Leaming reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. 21 Username: Fries, LynneBook: Small Animal Care and Management, 4th Edition. No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form by any means without the publisher's prior written permission. Use (other than pursuant to the qualified fair use privilege) in violation of the law or these Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. JI'' c.,,,,ip 6d110MI I'\"\ It.-.' :'.1ll6(".-r1rillC' 1.cW!'INlr Atl RiJh, Rc"'('nnl M11y •11 ~ <".itMied ...._._,1<"J o.:d.,.,ail41CJ. in 111htrlt o, .. p,in Ooc k>l'lcl"1rmirriJl"h iw1m.t thi,J r1fl)'l'Uflll'III"'4) bl- ,-,1rpn:-,""'d (nm'l lhu:Tii••\. a,.J,.:w ~r(,) hit dtl-.nt'd t'hnl M)' ~H.ed ('Ol'lltftl dot~ 1'11111 IIUll'li.JJI) lff''-'"tek ~\\·ntlllti',.!l'IIS t\rrh•'Ai."t ("'t,11p~l.tnffl•ftJ rt~t'\ tht flJM 10 tt-mO\.: add1h011nl 11.'0fUt'tll • lfl) u•t I( \.Uh'""'1Wfllt1lf'h ~fl('IJIIWh rtqQlff It Username: Fries, LynneBook: Small Animal Care and Management, 4th Edition. No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form by any means without the publisher's prior written permission. Use (other than pursuant to the qualified fair use privilege) in violation of the law or these Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. • C"vt')1is)M 2116 C"cnr11JC' 1..c.-riie., All Rirh1, R(~~cJ M,y ...- hii' '-'Ufl'l"I. ..:-«..! ord11rl"-•1cJ. ill 11,ht-k "' i•p,1r1 fNr, 11,('l«in»ic riih,.. ••ntr tliird J'W1)'C•""'11t ..,_.> hr ~rt,"f'd (n:·"'1111he dluul.anJA,.- nh•s•nN dttl'ntd dt- I fin) ~iitel C'llMt'ft! dot~ •oe"' "t"tl.111)' atT'r<1 ow ~trall ltaretflS t\f'l"(ltfl('t C"t..pJt l ..t1t'l'llfl.Sfi'"lwl.'r\c .. 1ht ,,,11110 ~e aJdiuoaal ('(Wlrtt111 MP) 1ll'l'lt ~~utas,IJhhrt\J'.flC1!10fl\ ttqulrt ii E4t&or11I ft'\it,.. h~, 1, Username: Fries, LynneBook: Small Animal Care and Management, 4th Edition. No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form by any means without the publisher's prior written permission. Use (other than pursuant to the qualified fair use privilege) in violation of the law or these Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. C\lf'),i£)M .;'116 C"cnti~ I.A"~ All Aith:, Rc°"'ocJ M•) • be \...,_.d ~-.M"+J ..-.t11pliu1c+J. RI ,.h,,k u, iap,n ~ 1odoc1n.- rish, 1•nl'!\\"lltird fwtyc,-.,1r111 ,,..) be ~n:-~""d (t\.'Wl'I lhl'db~I. •ndhlf r("l111•nN ~4t.lOrud~1c .. Im dttlfttd rtw,, •) ~;,,td('ll915t'ftloot~IIOI,. -e,1..11, lffM Uw ~tra11 lt&.'911'Jt\f'(',ltlltt C"t.Ct l.tlffllfl.Jr~'-t'f\(, ,two •'Jiilh) ~·\('aJd1h011il('(WlftM. lfl) (lri.t If ~1~rlph n'W11.·1.01h ,rqultt ii Username: Fries, LynneBook: Small Animal Care and Management, 4th Edition. No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form by any means without the publisher's prior written permission. Use (other than pursuant to the qualified fair use privilege) in violation of the law or these Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. CHAPTER 2 Safety Number of Rabies Cases Among Dogs and Cats, United States-2008-2010 350 300 - 303 300 2~4 250 f--- 200 f--- 150 f--- 100 50 0 75 ~- ->---- 2008 f--- 01 2009 69 II © f--- j "' 2010 D Dogs D Cats (_) (.0 c, N @ Figure 2-13 The chart shows the number of cases of rabies among dogs and cats in the United States for the years 2008-2010. Source: Centers for DiseaseControl and Prevention (CDC). • the circumstances surrounding the bite (Was the animal provoked or was it an unprovoked attack?) • the behavior of the biting animal • whether the animal can be quarantined and observed • whether the animal's head (in the case of a wild animal) can be sent in for laboratory examination of the brain.4 Animal care workers should be alert to animals that are vicious or potentially hazardous. These workers can protect themselves against rabies. Preexposure vaccinations can be given either intramuscularly or intradermally and consist of three injections, one injection per day on days 0, 7, and 21 or 28.5 Intramuscular injections are given within the muscle and intradermal injections are given within the layers of skin. Workers who have received these injections would then need only two intramuscular boosters if they become exposed. Unprotected workers will require a much more expensive series of five intramuscular injections of rabies vaccine and one rabies immune gamma globulin (antibodies) injection over a 28-day period. Current vaccines are relatively painless and are given in the arm. In general, proper treatment of animal bites and scratches is very important in preventing infection and more serious complications. First-aid procedures for bites and scratches include immediately and thoroughly washing the area with soap and water. This should be followed by medical attention; most doctors will give a tetanus shot if none has been received within the past ten years. Proper bandaging of the wound and appropriate antibiotics will also be given. Proper handling of animals is also important to prevent injury to workers; all animal care workers should be instructed in proper techniques. To prevent animal bites, children should be taught to avoid unfamiliar animals, and be cautioned that any animal may bite if frightened, ill, or injured. Familiar animals may bite when startled or disturbed when sleeping or eating, or if Copyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Leaming reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. 25 Username: Fries, LynneBook: Small Animal Care and Management, 4th Edition. No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form by any means without the publisher's prior written permission. Use (other than pursuant to the qualified fair use privilege) in violation of the law or these Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. 26 Section I they are handled roughly. Small children should always be supervised when handling or playing with animals. The proper handling of animals is covered in each chapter; for information on a specific species of animals, refer to that chapter. The following steps can be taken to protect yourself and family members from rabies: 1. Do not feed, touch, or adopt wild animals or stray dogs and cats. Children should be taught to stay away from stray animals, even though the animal may appear friendly or tame. One of the signs of rabies is behavior change. An animal may appear unusually aggressive or unusually tame. If a wild animal is on your property, leave it alone. If the animal exhibits unusual behavior, contact your local animal control authorities. 2. Be sure your pets have up-to-date rabies vaccinations. Check with your local veterinarian about when and how often to get the shots needed to protect your pets. 3. Family pets should be kept indoors at night. Pets should not be allowed to roam the neighborhood unattended. 4. Don't leave pet food outside that will attract stray and wild animals. Keep lids on garbage cans. 5. Make sure there are no openings to the attic, basement, porch, or garage. Make sure screens on doors and windows are in good repair so bats and other animals can't enter the house. If your pet has been bitten by another animal, the following steps should be taken: 1. Wear gloves when handling your pet. Rabies can be spread from the saliva of an infected animal. Saliva from an infected animal can enter a scratch or cut and can also be transferred to the eyes or mouth. 2. Isolate your pet from other animals and people. 3. Call your veterinarian. Vaccinated pets will need a booster shot. 4. Report the bite to local animal control authorities. 5. Unvaccinated pets will need to be isolated for a period of 10 to 14 days or longer for observation. Ticks and Lyme Disease Ticks are frequent carriers of diseases that can cause illness in people and animals. Although an animal that has been infected through a tick bite will not pass the disease on to a person, the animal may carry disease-bearing ticks into households and yards, where the tick may later bite a human. Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF) is found in all areas of the country and is primarily transmitted by the American dog tick (Dermacentor variabitis), the Rocky Mountain wood tick (Dermacentor andersoni), and the brown dog tick (Rhipicephalus sanguineus), although other species of tick may also be carriers. See Figure 2-14. The organism that causes the disease is Rickettsia rickettsii. The Rickettsia organism multiplies in the cells of the small peripheral blood vessels. Fever, Copyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Leaming reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Username: Fries, LynneBook: Small Animal Care and Management, 4th Edition. No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form by any means without the publisher's prior written permission. Use (other than pursuant to the qualified fair use privilege) in violation of the law or these Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. CHAPTER 2 Safety Cases per million D NN oo D D D 0.2-1.5 1.5-19 19-63 Figure2-14 This map shows the geographic distribution of Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (RMSF) incidence in 2010. Source: Centers for DiseaseControl and Prevention (CDC). headache, nausea, vomiting, and skin rash are symptoms of Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Early diagnosis and treatment with antibiotics is important. Anyone who experiences these symptoms within two weeks of a possible tick bite or exposure should see a doctor immediately. If not treated, Rocky Mountain spotted fever can cause death. Normal grooming of animals after they have been outside will help locate and eliminate ticks. Attached ticks should be removed carefully; one must avoid breaking off the mouthparts in the skin because they may cause infection. Forceps and gloves should be used to avoid contamination of the fingers, and the area should be treated with antiseptic. Lyme disease is a tick- transmitted disease affecting both humans and animals. In 1969, a grouse hunter in Wisconsin developed a strange red rash around a tick bite; this is believed to be the first documented case of the rash that is often the first symptom of the disease. In 1977, doctors observed arthritis-like symptoms in a group of children in the town of Lyme, Connecticut. These doctors are credited with giving the disease its present name. Lyme disease was reported in 31 states in 1989 and in 47 states in 1992. In 1982, 492 cases were reported to the CDC, and more than 7,000 cases were reported in 1989. By 1998, 49 states and the District of Columbia had reported cases of Lyme disease. Almost 17,000 cases were reported in 1998. In 2011, nearly 24,364 cases were reported to the CDC. Based on reported cases, during 2011, 96 percent of Lyme disease cases occurred in 13 states: New York, Connecticut, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Wisconsin, Maryland, Massachusetts, Minnesota, Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Virginia, and Delaware.6 See Figure 2-15. Copyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Leaming reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. 27 Username: Fries, LynneBook: Small Animal Care and Management, 4th Edition. No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form by any means without the publisher's prior written permission. Use (other than pursuant to the qualified fair use privilege) in violation of the law or these Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. Username: Fries, LynneBook: Small Animal Care and Management, 4th Edition. No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form by any means without the publisher's prior written permission. Use (other than pursuant to the qualified fair use privilege) in violation of the law or these Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. • .. . Username: Fries, LynneBook: Small Animal Care and Management, 4th Edition. No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form by any means without the publisher's prior written permission. Use (other than pursuant to the qualified fair use privilege) in violation of the law or these Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. 30 Section I Black-legged tick I. scapularis I. neotomae Western black-legged I. pacificus tick Figure2-19 In the Northeast and Upper Midwest, the white-footed mouse serves as a reservoir for the Lyme disease bacteria. In Western areas, the dusky-footed woodrat serves as one of the reservoirs for the bacteria. skin; these lesions may itch and burn. Variations of the distinctive symptoms may appear, including measles-like eruptions or hives; these lesions usually disappear in about three weeks. Flu-like symptoms, including aching muscles, stiff neck, fatigue, fever, chills, painful joints, nausea, coughing, sore throat, loss of appetite, swollen lymph glands, irritated eyes, and aversion to light, may also be present. These symptoms too may disappear within three weeks; however, the fatigue and muscle aches may last for several months. If treatment with antibiotics is not started, the bacteria can spread throughout the body and cause severe damage to the organs of the body. Arthritis conditions, with severe joint pain and swelling, and neurological problems may occur, with shooting pains, numbness, or tingling in the hands or feet if untreated. These type conditions may develop months to years after the tick bite. Anyone experiencing Lyme disease-like symptoms should contact a doctor as soon as possible for diagnosis and treatment, which usually consists of antibiotics. A Lyme disease vaccine (Lymerix) was approved in 1998; however, the vaccine was pulled from the market in 2002 because of poor sales and concerns about the safety and effectiveness of the drug. Lyme disease can affect a variety of species besides humans, including dogs and cats. Up to 95 percent of dogs and many cats will not exhibit any symptoms. Symptoms may be temporary or last for three to four days and then return days or weeks later. Symptoms may include fever, decreased appetite, swollen, painful joints, and lameness. Another symptom may be limping, which can be mild at first, then worsen, and may shift from one leg to another. Ticks can also spread a microscopic parasite of the Babesia species. Baesia microti usually infects white-footed mice and other small mammals. In recent years, Babesia microti has also have been found in humans. The parasite is spread by black-legged ticks or deer ticks (Ixodes scapularis). Humans may also become infected by receiving contaminated blood through a blood transfusion, or a baby from an infected mother during pregnancy or delivery. Tick-borne transmission of B. microti primarily occurs in the Northeast and Upper Midwest, particularly in parts of New England, New York state, New Jersey, Wisconsin, and Minnesota. [See Figure 2-20.] Many people who are infected with Babesia micro ti feel fine and do not have any symptoms. Some people develop flu-like symptoms, such Copyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Leaming reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Username: Fries, LynneBook: Small Animal Care and Management, 4th Edition. No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form by any means without the publisher's prior written permission. Use (other than pursuant to the qualified fair use privilege) in violation of the law or these Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. C\19,y,ip 2'116 Cr•r11Jl( IL•nint All Aiih1-,. ~oC'J M.-) o,-. k co,~,._.11n,-,.! uulllpliu1rJ. Al ._holr '-"' in r-,n 0111t 111 l'k'limnic ri1hl, ,.. o1111.• 1httd !111'1)' ..:ontcAI m•) bl' :i.....-c,..-d fn'lffl lhC' C'llllil. a.Jh,r t<"b.lpkff,) Bd1SONIr-1'."\ It 'IN h.l\ dti"!Wdtl\...l Ill} '*fP'\"\\td C'f\Mt'ft1d~ ftOII rnall'fl.llllyllftt·I U~ 0\ cr•llltl•ftJ t,rttle~""t C"tnptt I 4"111'111nj ,~·"'4.'f\C'~ lht n1M10 rtffil.l\(' •kh{iOft.J('(lf'l1C'MM In) thl'lit1( l,UthtqUtMrii.llh tt'!Jfl4.'IIOl'h ttq1tlrt '1 Username: Fries, LynneBook: Small Animal Care and Management, 4th Edition. No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form by any means without the publisher's prior written permission. Use (other than pursuant to the qualified fair use privilege) in violation of the law or these Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. ....~, 5_ Adult 1apeworms release egg-liled segments and. inbeated, U1& cycle beglrs -, \ 1. Pet passes egg-fined ure cycie or: Echinococcus multilocularis (doglcat-roden1 tapeworm) MOST COMMON INTERMEDIATE HOST: 4. Pol eats Infected rodenl Mouse and tapewormsmah•e In pet 3. Rodenl IBls tapeworm eoos tapeworm &egl11efU In laces ~# tJ~ 61 2' Individual ta~ eggs aro released as segmentsrupture Username: Fries, LynneBook: Small Animal Care and Management, 4th Edition. No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form by any means without the publisher's prior written permission. Use (other than pursuant to the qualified fair use privilege) in violation of the law or these Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. 5.. MM tapeworm releases egg·lllled segments and. unheated, can spread to hosts kldudi(ig lunans 0U1e1 I ~~...,,-..-.;:.. i' ., 1. Pet passes egg llled tapewo,m &egm'311IS lnfeoes ~ (av~ #~• : 2. lrdvldual tapeworm eggs are released as segments ,uptOfe I 1;1· os@ 3. Shoopl1oden1 eats """'"' tapewoim eggs and u,e eggs lofm a cyst Username: Fries, LynneBook: Small Animal Care and Management, 4th Edition. No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form by any means without the publisher's prior written permission. Use (other than pursuant to the qualified fair use privilege) in violation of the law or these Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. 34 Section I zippered-type canvas bag with its head exposed. To hold the cat's head, place the palm of the hand on the back of the head and grasp the head between the thumb and fingers. Cats can be transported in small cages or cat carriers. Care should be taken when removing the cat from the carrier to prevent injury to the cat or the handler. If you need to take an unhappy cat out of a carrier, get a more experienced handler to show you how to do it safely. You may need to use gloves when reaching into the carrier. Some cats are able to bite through heavy leather gloves, and the gloves can inhibit your ability to get a good grip on the cat. The cat should be grabbed by the scruff of the neck with one hand and then grabbed by the rear legs with the other hand. The cat can then be lifted up and removed from the carrier. Cats can be caught and restrained by a catch pole, which is a device that consists of a five- or six-foot pole with a rope and noose attached. The noose should be slipped over the animal's head and front legs and around the chest. This tool should be used only when all other methods of restraint have failed. Improper use of a catch pole can injure or even kill an animal. Cloth muzzles for cats can be used to keep a cat from biting during procedures. In addition to holding the mouth shut, these muzzles cover the eyes of the cat, helping to calm it. Dogs can be restrained while the animal is in a standing or sitting position by placing one arm under the dog's neck with the forearm holding the head. The other arm is placed around the animal's body, and the animal is held close to the handler's body. This procedure is referred to as sternal recumbency and allows the handler to keep the dog on its belly. Dogs can be placed in a lying position by reaching over the back of the animal and grabbing the front legs with one hand and the rear legs with the other hand. The animal should be gently lifted and the animal's body allowed to slide down into a lying position. The handler's forearms can be lowered to rest against the animal's head and body to restrain the animal. This procedure is referred to as lateral recumbency. Muzzles can be used to prevent bites. Muzzles are placed over the dog's mouth. Different sizes are available, and care must be taken to ensure that the muzzle fits snugly and comfortably. A muzzle can be made from a narrow strip of gauze or cloth as follows: 1. Make a loop in the material and slip the loop over the dog's nose and mouth. 2. Tighten the loop by pulling on the ends. 3. Then cross the ends under the dog's jaw and bring them up behind the ears and tie them in a bow. See Figures 2-23 and 2-24. 4. The bow can be untied quickly by pulling on the ends. Elizabethan collars, or e-collars, are protective devices that are used to prevent an animal, usually a dog or cat, from licking or biting at its body or scratching at its head or neck while wounds or injuries heal. E-collars can be purchased from veterinarians or pet stores. The collars are usually made from a nonbrittle plastic. They are shaped like a cone and look like a lampshade. The collar slips over the animal's head and is fastened to the Copyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Leaming reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Username: Fries, LynneBook: Small Animal Care and Management, 4th Edition. No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form by any means without the publisher's prior written permission. Use (other than pursuant to the qualified fair use privilege) in violation of the law or these Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. • Username: Fries, LynneBook: Small Animal Care and Management, 4th Edition. No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form by any means without the publisher's prior written permission. Use (other than pursuant to the qualified fair use privilege) in violation of the law or these Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. 36 Section I common portal of entry into the body. To prevent absorption through the skin, the worker must wear protective clothing and equipment. Gloves should be worn by workers when handling chemicals. Plastic or rubber unlined gloves that are liquid-proof are commonly used when handling chemicals. Canvas, cotton, or leather gloves should not be worn, because they can be soaked with the chemicals and provide a continuous source of exposure. For handling animals that may bite or scratch, leather and Kevlar gloves are available. Closed-toe shoes or boots are required for working safely around animals. Boots with no-slip soles should be worn when working on wet floors. Shoes with steel toes may be beneficial to workers handling large cages and heavy equipment. Workers' eyes should be protected at all times when working with chemicals. Tight-fitting goggles with anti-fog lenses and ventilation holes are recommended as the best protection; however, full-face shields also provide protection against chemicals splashed into the face. Some jobs may require workers to obtain a pesticide license to utilize pesticides in the workplace. Workers in areas of high noise levels should wear ear protectors; damage to hearing can result from prolonged exposure to loud noises. Uniforms, overalls, lab coats, or other personal protective equipment (PPE) should be worn when working with animals that may be sick, or when working with potentially toxic substances. Protective clothing should be laundered daily and not worn outside the facility. Respirators provide protection from inhaling toxic substances; workers should read labels to determine proper use of respirators. An important component of workplace safety is Safety Data Sheets (SDS). Safety Data Sheets are forms that contain data regarding the properties of a particular substance. The sheets provide workers and emergency personnel with safe procedures for handling or working with a particular substance. Other information in an SDS includes physical properties of the substance, toxicity, health effects, first-aid precautions, reactivity, storage requirements, proper disposal procedures, proper protective equipment to use when handling the substance, and safe handling procedures. GENERAL GUIDELINES FOR SAFETY No safety guidelines can cover all situations, so it is extremely important for workers and students to follow all instructions from supervisors and teachers and on all labels when handling chemicals. The proper procedures in treating and reporting accidents should be taught. The following are some general guidelines to follow for safety in the workplace or school laboratory. 1. Always wear protective clothing and equipment when the job requires it. 2. Always wash protective clothing and equipment after use to prevent contamination. Copyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Leaming reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Username: Fries, LynneBook: Small Animal Care and Management, 4th Edition. No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form by any means without the publisher's prior written permission. Use (other than pursuant to the qualified fair use privilege) in violation of the law or these Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. Username: Fries, LynneBook: Small Animal Care and Management, 4th Edition. No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form by any means without the publisher's prior written permission. Use (other than pursuant to the qualified fair use privilege) in violation of the law or these Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. Username: Fries, LynneBook: Small Animal Care and Management, 4th Edition. No part of any book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form by any means without the publisher's prior written permission. Use (other than pursuant to the qualified fair use privilege) in violation of the law or these Terms of Service is prohibited. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law.