Chapter 0 Hardware PDF

0 Hardware 1. Identify the major hardware components of a computer system. 2. Discuss strategic issues that link hardware design to business strategy. 3. Describe the hierarchy of computers according to power and their respective roles. 4. Differentiate the various types of input and ou...

0 Hardware 1. Identify the major hardware components of a computer system. 2. Discuss strategic issues that link hardware design to business strategy. 3. Describe the hierarchy of computers according to power and their respective roles. 4. Differentiate the various types of input and output technologies and their uses. 5. Describe the design and functioning of the central processing unit. 6. Discuss the relationships between microprocessor component designs and performance. 7. Describe the main types of primary and secondary storage. 8. Distinguish between primary and secondary storage along the dimensions of speed, cost, and capacity. 1. Introduction 2. Strategic Hardware Issues 3. Computer Hierarchy 4. Input and Output Technologies 5. The Central Processing Unit Introduction Hardware Consists of the Following: – Central Processing Unit – Primary Storage – Secondary Storage – Input Technologies – Output Technologies – Communication Technologies  IT Infrastructure IT infrastructure is the set of physical devices and software required to operate enterprise IT Infrastructure provides platform for supporting all information systems in the business. Its five major components are: – Computer hardware – Computer software – Data management technology Organizes, manages, and processes business data concerned with inventory, customers, and vendors – Networking and telecommunications technology – Technology services E.g. consultants for systems integration  IT Infrastructure Components A firm’s IT infrastructure is composed of hardware, software, data management technology, networking technology, and technology services.  A computer needs hardware and software to work. The mechanical, magnetic, electronic, and electrical devices comprising a computer system. The physical, touchable, material parts of a computer or other system. Hardware is the physical equipment used to process information. It includes all the components inside the box that we call a computer. It also includes peripheral devices, those devices attached to a computer, such as keyboards, video screens, printers and scanners, that collect, display, communicate and store data.  A computer needs hardware and software to work. Written programs or procedures or rules and associated documentation pertaining to the operation of a computer system Software refers to the instructions that, with the help of people, command the hardware to perform desired tasks. Sometimes we use the terms program, package, and application to refer to software products, although each has a slightly different meaning. Strategic Hardware Issues To Exploit Computer Hardware for Competitive Advantage You Must Address the following: – Rapid price reductions and performance advancements in Hardware – Need for new hardware infrastructures – How will new work styles enabled by portable computers and advanced communication technologies benefit employees and the organization? Computer Hierarchy Supercomputers Mainframe computers Midrange Computers (aka Minicomputers Microcomputers Wearable Computers It’s Personal: Purchasing a Computer Microcomputers Desktop PC’s Thin-Client / Fat Client Systems Laptop and Notebook Computers Netbooks Tablet Computers It’s Personal: Purchasing a Computer Major Considerations for Purchasing a Personal Computer – What do you plan to do with your computer? – Where do you plan to use your computer? – How long do you need service from this computer? Input and Output Technologies Multimedia Technology Input Devices Output Devices Input Devices Human Data-Entry Devices Gesture-Based Input Source-Data Automation Input Devices Input Devices – Human Data-Entry Devices Keyboards Mouse Optical Mouse Trackball Pointing Stick Touchpad Graphics Tablet Input Devices – Human Data-Entry Devices Joystick Touch Screen Stylus Digital Pen Web Camera (Webcam) Voice-Recognition Input Devices – Gesture-Based Input Gesture Recognition Wii Microsoft Kinect Leap Motion Controller Input Devices – Source Data Automation Devices Automatic Teller Machine (ATM) Magnetic Strip Reader Point-of-sale Terminals Barcode Scanners Optical Mark Reader Input Devices – Source Data Automation Devices Magnetic Ink Character Reader Optical Character Recognition Sensors Cameras Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) Output Devices Monitors Printers Voice Output Output Devices - Monitors Monitors – Cathode Ray Tubes (CRT) – Liquid Crystal Displays (LCD) – Flexible Displays – Organic Light-Emitting Diodes (OLED) – Retinal Scanning Displays Output Devices - Printers Printers – Laser – Inkjet – Thermal – Plotters Output Devices – Voice Output Voice Output – Electronic Book Reader – Pocket Projector The Central Processing Unit (CPU) – Microprocessor – Control Unit – Arithmetic-Logic Unit (ALU) How the CPU Works Computer Memory PC Components/Cost Compared Hardware for Processing Data The Central Processing Unit (CPU) is the most important element in a computer’s hardware configuration. All data processing involves the CPU, which consists of three subunits. Control Unit: Examines instructions contained in computer programs and carries the out Arithmetic/Logic Unit: Performs addition, multiplication, etc. And makes comparison of data elements. Registers: Memory locations that are built into the CPU How the CPU Works Inputs come into the CPU from random access memory (RAM) Data and instructions travel in the chip via electrical pathways called buses. The Control Unit directs the flow of data and instructions within the chip How the CPU Works (Con’t) The ALU receives the data and instructions from the registers and makes the desired computation The data in their original for an the instructions are sent to storage registers and then are sent back to a storage place outside the chip. Computer Memory Memory Capacity Primary Storage Secondary Storage  Computer Memory Capacity Hierarchy Kilobyte = 210 byte ~1000 byte (B) Megabyte = 210 Kbyte ~1000 KB ~ 1.000.000 B Gigabyte = 210 MB ~1000 MB ~ 1.000.000.000 B Terabyte = 1000 GB Petabyte = 1000 TB Exabyte = 1000 PB Zettabyte = 1000 EB =1milyar x 1 milyar B 32 Computer Memory – Memory Capacity Hierarchy Bit Byte Kilobyte Megabyte Gigabyte Computer Memory – Memory Capacity Hierarchy Terabyte Petabyte Exabyte Zettabyte Computer Memory – Primary Storage Primary Memory (aka Main Memory) Four Main Types of Primary Storage – Register Memory – Cache Memory – Random Access Memory (RAM) – Read-Only Memory (ROM) Computer Memory – Secondary Storage Magnetic Tape Magnetic Discs Solid State Drives (SSD) Optical Storage Devices Flash Memory PC Components / Cost Compared Year Chip RAM Hard Monitor Cost Drive 1997 Pentium II 64 MB 4 GB 17-inch $4,000 2007 Dual-core 1 GB 250 GB 19-inch $1,700 2013 Quad- 16 GB 2 TB 27-inch $1,700 core 2022 Intel I7 64 GB 4 TB 27-inch $1,700 12th Gen