Chapter 18 Notes PDF - History Post Civil War

lOMoARcPSD|51855979 Chapter 18 Notes History Post Civil War (Santa Fe Community College) Scan to open on Studocu Studocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university Downloaded by Amanda Comstock ([email protected]...

lOMoARcPSD|51855979 Chapter 18 Notes History Post Civil War (Santa Fe Community College) Scan to open on Studocu Studocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university Downloaded by Amanda Comstock ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|51855979 Chapter 18 Notes Introduction 1889 Rudyard Kipling visited Chicago and described a city captivated by technology and blinded by greed Described a rushed and crowded city, a “huge wilderness” with “scores of miles of these terrible streets” and their “hundred thousand of these terrible people” “The show impressed me with a great horror” “There was no color in the street and no beauty - only a maze of wire ropes overhead and dirty stone, flagging underfoot” He took a cab “and the cabman said that these things were proof of progress” He visited a “gilded and mirrored” hotel “crammed with people talking about money, and spitting about everywhere” Chicago embodied the triumph of American industrialization The meatpacking industry typified the sweeping changes occurring in American life The last decades of the 19th century saw a formation of large corporations, run by trained bureaucrats and salaried managers, doing national and international business Chicago became America’s butcher The meat processing industry - a cartel of five firms - produced four- fifths of the meat bought by American consumers Kipling described the Union Stock Yards, the nation’s largest meat processing zone, a square mile just southwest of the city whose pens and slaughterhouses linked the city’s vast agricultural hinterland to the nation’s dinner tables: Chapter 18 Notes 1 Downloaded by Amanda Comstock ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|51855979 “Once having see them you will never forget the sight” The meatpacking industry was closely tied to urbanization and immigration 1850 Chicago had a population of about 30k 20 years later it had 300k The Great Chicago Fire leveled 3.5 square miles and left a third of its residents homeless in 1871 By the turn of the century, the city was home to 1.7 million 1870 A quarter of the nation’s population lived in towns or cities with populations greater than 2,500 1920 A majority lived in the city Chicago newcomers mainly were German, British, and Scandinavian By 1890, newcomers were the Poles, Italians, Czechs, Hungarians, Lithuanians, and others from southern and eastern Europe 1990 - 80% of Chicago was foreign-born Industrialization and Technological Innovation Railroad’s vast capital requirements required the use of incorporation, a legal innovation that protected shareholders from losses Federal, state, and local governments offered unrivaled handouts to create the national rail networks Lincoln’s Republican Party - dominated government policy during the Civil War and Reconstruction Passed legislation granting vast subsidies Hundreds of millions of acres of land and millions of dollars worth of government bonds were freely given to build the great transcontinental Chapter 18 Notes 2 Downloaded by Amanda Comstock ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|51855979 railroads New systems of labor New technology meant fewer workers could legitimately aspire to economic independence Stronger/More organized labor unions formed The growing scale of economic enterprises increasingly disconnected owners from their employees and day-to-day business operations Rapidly growing industrialized cities knit together urban consumers and rural producers into a single, integrated national market. 1866-1886 Ranchers drove a million head of cattle annually overland from Texas ranches to railroad depots in Kansas for shipment by rail to Chicago 1885 Large-scale industrial meatpackers in Chicago were producing nearly 500 million pounds of “dressed” beef annually Chicago became the Gateway City 1878 The New York Daily Graphic published a fictitious interview with the celebrated inventor Thomas A. Edison for April Fool’s Day “Biggest invention of the age” - a new Edison machine that could create forty different kinds of food and drink out of only air, water, and dirt “Meat will no longer be killed and vegetables are no longer grown, except by savages” The machine would end “famine and pauperism” for $5 or $6 per machine September 1878 Edison announced a new and ambitious line of research and development Electric power and lighting Chapter 18 Notes 3 Downloaded by Amanda Comstock ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|51855979 He called his Menlo Park research laboratory an “invention factory” Fall 1879 Edison exhibited his system of power generation and electrical light for reporters and investors Middle 1883 Edison had overseen the construction of 330 plants powering over 60 thousand lamps in factories, offices, printing houses, hotels, and theaters around the world September 1882 New York’s Pearl Street Central Station opened and powered a square mile of downtown Manhattan Electricity powered the Second Industrial Revolution Immigration and Urbanization Manufacturing needed the labor pool and the infrastructure America’s urban population increased sevenfold in the half-century after the Civil War 1920 census A majority of Americans lived in urban areas 1870-1920: 25 million immigrants arrived in the U.S Italians, Poles, and Eastern European Jews made up a larger percentage of arrivals than the Irish and Germans A young husband and wife living in Sweden in the 1880s and unable to purchase farmland might read an advertisement for inexpensive land in the American Midwest and immigrate to the U.S. Industrial capitalism was the most important factor that drew immigrants to the U.S. between 1880 and 1920 Chapter 18 Notes 4 Downloaded by Amanda Comstock ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|51855979 Labored in large industrial complexes producing goods such as steel, textiles, and food products, replacing smaller and more local workshops 1890 Immigrants and their children accounted for roughly 60% of the population in most large northern cities Immigrants from specific countries often clustered together in ethnic neighborhoods They formed organizations such as the Italian Workmen’s Club, Eastern European Jewish mutual aid societies, and Polish Catholic churches New York City’s Democratic Party machine, known as Tammany Hall, drew the greatest ire from cities and seemed to embody all of the worst of city machines, but it also responded to immigrant needs 1903 William Riordan published “Plunkitt of Tammany Hall” Chronicled the activities of ward heeler George Washington Plunkitt “I made my pile in politics, but, at the same time, I served the organization and got more big improvements for New York City than any other livin’ man” Riordan revealed the hard work Plunkitt undertook on behalf of his largely immigrant constituency Plunkett was awakened at two a.m. to bail out a saloonkeeper who stayed open too late, was awakened again at 6 a.m. because of a fire in the neighborhood and spent time finding lodgings for the families displaced by the fire, and, after spending the rest of the morning in court to secure the release of several of his constituents, found jobs for four unemployed men, attended an Italian funeral, visited a church social, and dropped in on a Jewish wedding. He returned home at midnight. Tammany Hall’s corruption, especially under the reign of William “Boss” Tweed, was legendary, but the public works projects that funded Tammany Hall’s graft Chapter 18 Notes 5 Downloaded by Amanda Comstock ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|51855979 also provided essential infrastructure and public services for the city’s rapidly expanding population Water, sewer, and gas lines; schools, hospitals, civic buildings, and museums; police and fire departments; roads, parks (notably Central Park), and bridges (notably the Brooklyn Bridge): all could be credited to Tammany’s reign Kenyon Butterfield “Agriculture does not hold the same relative rank among our industries that it did in former years” Liberty Hyde Bailey A botanist and rural scholar selected by Theodore Roosevelt to chair a federal Commission on Country Life in 1907 The New South and the Problem of Race 1886- Henry Grady “There was a South of slavery and secession” Grady captured the sentiment of many white southern business and political leaders who imagined a New South that could turn its back to the past by embracing industrialization and diversified agriculture He promoted the region’s economic possibilities and mutual future prosperity through an alliance of northern capital and southern labor The Confederacy’s failed insurrection wreaked havoc on the Southern economy and crippled Southern prestige Property was damaged Lives were lost Political power vanished Emancipation unsettled the Southern social order When Reconstruction regimes attempted to grant freedpeople full citizenship rights, anxious whites struck back Chapter 18 Notes 6 Downloaded by Amanda Comstock ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|51855979 Ku Klux Klan White southerners took back control of state and local governments and used their reclaimed power to disenfranchise African Americans and pass “Jim Crow” laws segregating schools, transportation, employment, and various public and private facilities White mobs murdered roughly five thousand African Americans between the 1880s and 1950s Lynching was a ritual rich with symbolism Victims were mutilated, burned alive, and shot Lynching became carnivals The rail line ran special cars to accommodate the rush of participants Vendors sold goods and keepsakes Perpetrators posed for photos and collected mementos 1899 Georgia Accused of killing his white employer and raping the man’s wife Sam Hose was captured by a mob and taken to the town of Newman Four thousand visitors from Atlanta came to witness Members of the mob tortured Hose for an hour The last years of the 19th century Southerners lynched 2-3 African Americans every week Lynchings were more frequent in the Cotton Belt of the Lower South Mississippi and Georgia had the greatest number of recorded lynchings from1880-1930 Mississippi lynch mobs killed over 500 African Americans Late 19th and early 20th centuries Southerners openly supported lynching Chapter 18 Notes 7 Downloaded by Amanda Comstock ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|51855979 Argued that it was a necessary evil to punish Black rapists and deter others Late 1890s Rebecca Latimer Felton Endorsed extrajudicial killings “If it takes lynching to protect women’s dearest possession from drunken, ravening beasts, then I say lynch a thousand a week” Opponents argued that lynching violated victims’ constitutional rights South Carolina governor Coleman Blease angrily responded “Whenever the Constitution comes between me and the virtue of the white women of South Carolina, I sat to hell with the Constitution” Black activists and white allies worked to outlaw lynching Ida B. Wells An African American woman born into the last years of slavery and a pioneering anti-lynching advocate Published “Southern Horrors: Lynch Law in All Its Phases” The Tuskegee Institute and the NAACP both compiled and publicized lists of every reported lynching in the U.S. 1918 - Representative Leonidas Dyer of Missouri introduced federal anti- lynching legislation that would have made local counties where lynchings took place legally liable for such killings 1920s The Dyer Bill was the subject of heated political debate, but, fiercely opposed by southern congressmen and unable to win enough northern champions, the bill was never enacted Populist insurgency created new opportunities for black political activism White Democrats responded in fear Chapter 18 Notes 8 Downloaded by Amanda Comstock ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|51855979 In North Carolina, Populists and Republicans “fused” together and won stunning electoral gains in 1896 White Democrats formed “Red Shirt” groups Paramilitary organizations dedicated to eradicating black political participation and restoring Democratic rule through violence and intimidation 1898 - Launched a self-described “white supremacy campaign” of violence and intimidation against black voters and officeholders They took back the state government After manning armed barricades blocking black voters from entering the town to vote in the state elections, the Red Shirts drafted a “White Declaration of Independence” Declared “that we will no longer be ruled a will never again be ruled, by men of African origin” 457 white Democrats signed the document They issued a 12-hour ultimatum that the editor of the city’s Black daily paper flee the city The editor left 12-hours later, hundreds of Red Shirts raided the city’s armory and ransacked the newspaper office Dozens of Black people were killed and hundreds fled The mob held the mayor, the city’s aldermen, and the police chief, at gunpoint to resign Southern states and municipalities enforced racial segregation in public places and in private lives 1880s Separate coach laws were some of the first to appear in Tennessee 1890-1908 Chapter 18 Notes 9 Downloaded by Amanda Comstock ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|51855979 Southern states implemented de jure, or legal, disfranchisement They passed laws requiring voters to pass literacy tests and pay poll taxes A civic religion known as the “Lost Cause” glorified the Confederacy and romanticized the Old South White Southerners looked forward while simultaneously harking back to a mythic imagined past inhabited by contented and loyal slaves, benevolent and generous masters, chivalric and honorable men, and pure and faithful southern belles Lost Cause champions overtook the South The United Daughters of the Confederacy joined the Confederate veterans to preserve a pro-Confederate past They built Confederate monuments and celebrated Confederate veterans on Memorial Day Towns erected statues of General Robert E. Lee and other Confederate figures 1905 - North Carolina Thomas F. Dixon published a novel “The Clansman” which depicted the KKK as heroic defenders of the South against the corruption of African American and northern “carpetbag” misrule during the Reconstruction 1915 David W. Griffith adapted Dixon’s novel into a groundbreaking film “Birth of a Nation” At the turn of the twentieth century, nearly one-fourth of southern mill workers were children aged 6-16 Chapter 18 Notes 10 Downloaded by Amanda Comstock ([email protected])