Post-Civil War/Reconstruction Era PDF

11- Post - Civil war/reconstruction era Post-Civil War/Reconstruction Era The Reconstruction Era Time period following the Civil War, when the southern states where we organized and re- integrated back into the union. Marked by the military occupation of the south,...

11- Post - Civil war/reconstruction era Post-Civil War/Reconstruction Era The Reconstruction Era Time period following the Civil War, when the southern states where we organized and re- integrated back into the union. Marked by the military occupation of the south, attempts to remove a president, and major constitutional amendments. Withdrawal of federal troops from the south marked the end of reconstruction in the United States. Lincoln’s Plan for Reconstruction Primary goal was to restore southern representation at Congress. The union should be restored as quickly as possible. The formal confederate states are treated as if they had never actually left the union. Reject the idea of harsh punishments for the south. Forgive the Southerners and welcome them back into the union. Radical Republicans Group of Republicans that wanted harsh punishments for the south. Opposed Lincoln’s plan for reconstruction because the plan offered amnesty (official forgiveness) told nearly all confederates who would sway all allegiance to the United States. Believed that reconstruction should be used to force, political and social reform in the southern States. A major goal was to gain boating rights for the newly freed enslaved Africans. Did not want to admit southern states into the union unless they ratified the 14th amendment. 1 Solid South Nickname given to the form of confederate states after reconstruction because they consistently supported (voted for) the Democratic party. Lincoln is Assassinated Lincoln’s Death allowed the radical Republicans to control the reconstruction policy. President Andrew Johnson Takes over for Lincoln after his assassination. Supported Lincoln’s policy if reconstruction wanted to allow the southern states to re- enter into the nation as quickly as possible. (wanted southern states back in Congress). The radical Republicans in congress disagreed with Johnson about how to handle reconstruction, which led to the impeachment of Johnson. Johnson was officially impeached because he fired the secretary of war, Edwin M. Stanton, without Senate approval, but the impeachment failed, and Johnson remained in office. Constitutional Amendments During Reconstruction The 13th, 14th and 15th amendments were all passed during the reconstruction era and showed the federal powers could be expanded to protect the rights of minorities. The 13th Amendment (1865) Law that formally abolished slavery in the United States. The 14th Amendment Law that officially gave citizenship to African Americans, and legally protected them under the Bill of Rights and the United States Constitution. Extends the protections of the Bill of Rights to include actions of state governments. Allowed the national government to place more restrictions on the actions of state governments. 2 Jim Crow Laws 1870s, 1880s up until the 1960’s The Jim Crow laws were a set of laws and ordinances that enforced racial segregation in the United States from the 1880s to the 1960s. The laws were named after a character in minstrel shows where a performer would blacken their face to mock Black people. Jim Crow laws were designed to separate Black and white people in public and private spaces, including: Schools Housing Jobs Public facilities like hotels and restaurants Public restrooms Churches Cemeteries Hospitals Prisons Jim Crow laws also made it illegal to intermarry and allowed local governments to punish people for associating with members of another race. In practice, Jim Crow laws led to inferior treatment and facilities for Black people. The term "Jim Crow" came to represent segregation and discrimination against Black people in the late 19th century Attempts by state and local governments to restrict the freedoms of African Americans after the end of the Civil War. Lead to an increase in violations of the rights of African Americans. Limited the effectiveness of the 13th, 14th and 15th Amendments. Provided the legal basis for ratio segregation in the late 19th century and late 1800s in the United States. Court Case that Supported Jim Crow laws Plessy versus Ferguson (1896) – the Supreme Court case that upheld the Jim Crow law based on the idea that the Lord provided separate but equal public facilities for African American spirit this was based on a narrow interpretation of the 14th amendment. Jim Crow laws would not be ended until the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 which later outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin: 3 Black codes and the Ku Klux Klan Attempted to restrict the rights of former enslaved Africans and limit the effectiveness of the 14th and 15th Amendments. Sharecropping Was an arrangement where a tenant would work a landowner's land in exchange for a share of the crops produced. Some critics of sharecropping called it "slavery with a paycheck". Sharecropping could keep tenants tied to the land and unlikely to leave for other opportunities. Tenants could also be poorer than landless laborers. It was a common economic system in the United States after the Civil War and lasted until the mid-twentieth century. Newly freed Africans still needed the same farms to survive, even though they were no longer enslaved. How it worked Sharecroppers would rent land, supplies, and equipment from a farmer, usually a plantation owner. In exchange, they would give the farmer a share of their harvest or the proceeds from selling their harvest. Sharecroppers would then use the remaining income to pay back the supplies and equipment, plus interest. The New South Term that described changes in the southern economy. Industrial development and agricultural diversification (growing different types of crops) were encouraged. In the decades, following the civil war, overproduction which led to lower prices of farm goods, caused economic hardship for farmers. Carpetbaggers Northerners who moved down south to participate in reconstruction governments. 4 1. What was the common goal of the 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments to the United States Constitution? A. Punishing the south for seceding from the union. B. Granting basic rights to formally enslaved Africans. C. Allowing the states to veto federal laws. D. Creating a “separate but equal” society. 2. After the Civil War, a significant cause of the conflict between President Andrew Johnson and the radical Republicans and Congress was disagreement over A. the plans were restoring southern states to the union. B. A proposal to repeal the emancipation proclamation. C. Reduction of the army and the Navy to pre-war levels. D. Congressional efforts to pay the confederate war debt. 3. After the Civil War, many owners of large plantations in the south responded to the loss of enslaved the labor by A. Hiring Irish immigrants to do the work of Freed men. B. Selling their plantations to formally enslaved Africans. C. Creating tenant forms and sharecropping. D. Paying wages to fan farm workers who had migrated from the north. 4. As the Civil War ended, which action was supported by President Abraham Lincoln and the radical Republicans? A. Abolishing the institution of slavery by a constitutional amendment. B. Passing Black Codes to guarantee equality for formally enslaved Africans. C. Putting confederate leaders on trial for war crimes. D. Ending the military occupation of the south immediately. 5. After the Civil War, which development, limited economic opportunities for African Americans in the south? A. Creation of military districts. B. Establishment of the Freedmen’s bureau. C. Use of the sharecropping system. D. Ratification of the 14th amendment. 5 6. Literacy tests, grandfather, clauses, and pull taxes were enacted by southern states to A. Limit the movement of African Americans. B. Restrict the voting rights of African Americans. C. Improve the social status of African Americans. D. Expand educational opportunities for African Americans. 7. Black Codes were established in the south immediately after the Civil War in an effort to A. Integrate freed men into American society. B. Enforce the emancipation proclamation. C. Expand educational opportunities. D. Limit the rights of newly freed African Americans. 8. After 1877, racial segregation became widespread in the south primarily as a result of the A. Decline of the Ku Klux Klan. B. Activities of the Freedman’s Bureau. C. Stationing of federal troops in the south. D. Passage of Jim Crow laws. 9. Which form of agriculture was created, and became dominant in the south in the decades immediately following the civil war? A. Homesteading. B. Sharecropping. C. Ranching. D. Cooperative farming 10. The “separate but equal” doctrine established by the Supreme Court in Plessy versus Ferguson (1896) upheld the legality of A. Women’s suffrage in the state elections. B. The activities of the Ku Klux Klan. C. Racial segregation in public facilities. D. Restrictions on voting rights of African Americans. 6 11. President Abraham Lincoln’s play for reconstruction after the Civil War included A. Restoring the social conditions that existed before the war began. B. Conducting trials for former confederate leaders. C. Destroying the economic and social power of the southern planters. D. Reuniting the nation as quickly as possible. 12. After the Civil War, Freed men in the south had difficulty improving their economic condition because A. Literacy for former enslaved Africans was prohibited. B. Migration of factory workers from Northern cities had created competition for jobs. C. The federal government confiscated their 40 acre grants. D. The system of sharecropping kept them in a cycle of poverty. 13. Which statement best describes how the status of African Americans in the south changed soon after the end of reconstruction in 1877? A. The Supreme Court consistently supported civil rights for African Americans. B. Poll taxes and literacy tests were eliminated for African Americans. C. Increasing numbers of African Americans were elected to public office. D. African Americans faced, increasing discrimination, and segregation. 14. The Supreme Court decision in Plessy versus Ferguson (1896) affected African Americans by A. Granting voting rights. B. Expanding civil rights. C. Racial segregation. D. Guaranteeing equal wages. 15. After the Civil War, white southern landowners used sharecropping to A. Set up schools to educate formally enslaved Africans. B. Encourage Freed men to migrate north. C. Maintain a cheap labor supply. D. Sell their plantations to formally enslaved Africans. 7 16. After the Civil War, the sharecropping system emerged in the south primarily as a way to A. Diversify agricultural production. B. Provide a labor supply to plantation owners. C. Give 40 acres of land to freed men. D. Guaranteed economic equality for African Americans. 17. Jim Crow laws passed in the south during the late 1800s were designed to A. Support civil rights for African Americans. B. Create a system of legal segregation. C. Give free land to formally enslaved Africans. D. Compensate landowners for damage done during the Civil War. 18. Which argument was used by President Abraham Lincoln, to explain his policy of leniency toward the south after the Civil War? A. Most Southerners have remained loyal to the union during the war. B. Most Southerners are willing to grant equality to formally enslaved Africans. C. The federal government has no authority to punish states for secession. D. Healing the nations wounds quickly is essential. 19. In the compromise of 1877 that ended Reconstruction, Republicans agreed to A. Withdraw federal troops from the south. B. Support the Black Codes. C. Award the presidency to Democrat, Samuel Tilden. D. Except the Supreme Court decision in Dred Scott versus Sanford. 20. After the Civil War, southern state, legislatures attempted to restrict the rights of formally, enslaved Africans by A. Passing Black Codes. B. Ratifying the 15th amendment. C. Supporting the goals of the radical Republicans. D. Enacting legislation to strengthen the freed men’s bureau. 8 21. Before the former confederate states could be readmitted to the union, the congressional plan for reconstruction required them to A. Ratify the 14th amendment. B. Imprison all former confederate soldiers. C. Provide 40 acres of land to all freed men. D. Help rebuild Northern industries. 22. In the late 1800s, Southern State governments used literacy tests, Poll, taxes, and grandfather clauses to A. Ensure that only educated individuals voted. B. Require African Americans to attend school. C. Prevent African Americans from voting. D. Integrate public facilities. 23. “The right of citizens of the United States to vote, shall not be denied or abridged by the United States, or by any state on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude…” – 15th amendment, section one, United States Constitution, 1870 Which actions to southern states take to keep African Americans from exercising the rights guaranteed in above amendment? A. Suspending habeas corpus and denying women the right to vote. B. Collecting poll taxes and requiring literacy tests. C. Establishing religious and property-holding requirements for voting. D. Passing Black Codes and establishing segregated schools. 24. The Supreme Court decision in Plessy versus Ferguson (1896) had a major impact on the lives of African Americans because they ruled that A. Segregation was illegal in educational institutions. B. Voting was right guaranteed by the constitution. C. But equal public facilities were legal. D. Military occupation of the south was unconstitutional. 25. In the 10 years following the civil war, a large number of former enslaved Africans earned a living by becoming A. Conductors on the underground railroad. B. Workers in northern factories. C. Sharecroppers on Southern Farms. D. Gold miners in California. 9