Chapter_17-review_sheet (1).docx

Chapter 17 : The Urinary System Label the diagram below: How does the male urethra differ from the female urethra? It transports both urine and semen from the body Ureter – transports urine from kidneys to bladder Urinary bladder – stores urine Urethra – transports urine from urinary bladder to outs...

Chapter 17 : The Urinary System Label the diagram below: How does the male urethra differ from the female urethra? It transports both urine and semen from the body Ureter – transports urine from kidneys to bladder Urinary bladder – stores urine Urethra – transports urine from urinary bladder to outside the body Give at least 4 functions of the kidney. Produces urine Conserves water Regulates pH Stimulates production of red blood cell Transforms vitamin D into active form Filters blood & process Urine Removes waste from the body Help regulate blood pressure Release erythropoietin which stimulates red blood cell production Help maintain pH of body fluids Regulate the amounts of water in the blood Where are the kidneys located? Just above the waist on the posterior wall of the abdomen Embedded in a protective layer of fat Covered with a tough outer membrane, the renal capsule What is the function of renal artery and the renal vein? Renal artery brings oxygenated blood to kidney Renal vein drains the kidney, carries deoxygenated blood away from the kidney Hilus- opening in the kidney where the renal artery, renal vein and the ureter enter and exit Define the renal capsule. Outer connective tissue covering Differentiate between the renal cortex, renal medulla and renal pelvis. Renal cortex – outermost layer of the kidney Renal medulla – inner most layer of the kidney Renal pyramids – fan shaped structures inside the medulla Renal columns – extensions of the renal cortex Renal pelvis – expanded part of the ureter inside the kidney Label the diagram below: Describe the flow of fluid through a nephron. Yellow graph in picture above, Loop of henley-ascending, descending Define nephron. Filtering device inside the kidney Each kidney contains about 1 million nephrons Location of a nephron Part of the nephron is in the cortex and part of it is in the medulla Define glomerular capsule and glomerulus. Glomerular Capsule – blind end of the nephron that contains the glomerulus Glomerulus – ball of capillaries Give the functions of the following: afferent arteriole; efferent arteriole and peritubular capillaries. Afferent arteriole – carry blood to the glomerulus Efferent arteriole – takes blood from the glomerulus to the peritubular capillaries Peritubular capillaries – blood capillaries wrapped around the outside of the nephron What is the formation of glomerular filtrate? 25% of the blood pump out of the heart goes directly to the kidneys Blood pressure produces glomerular filtrate 48 gallons of filtrate formed a day, but only 1-2 quarts of urine formed Out of 48 gallons of filtrate formed in a day, how many quarts of urine are released from the body? 1-2 quarts Proximal tubule – first coiled part of the kidney tubule Loop of Henle – u shaped part of the nephron Distal tubule – second coiled part od kidney tubule that leads to the collecting ducts Steps in Urine Formation Formation of glomerular filtrate Water, salts, nutrients, hormones & waste are forced across the wall of the glomerulus into glomerular capsule Tubular reabsorption Occurs in the proximal tubule Water, nutrients, ions, hormones, and salts are returned to the body Obligatory water reabsorption occurs in the proximal tubule due to pressure Tubular secretion Occurs at the distal tubule Waste products and substances that are in excess in the blood into the kidney tubule at the distal end to become a part of urine Facultative water reabsorption Occurs at the distal tubule & collecting ducts ADH secreted by the hypothalamus causes cells in the lining the distal tubule & collecting ducts to become permeable to water Concentration of urine The concentration of urine occurs in the collecting ducts due to the high salt concentration in the interstitial fluid How does the kidney regulate blood pressure? Angiotensin – protein made by liver Angiotensinogen to Angiotensin I to Angiotensin II Rennin Lung Enzymes How does angiotensin II raise blood pressure? Constricts blood vessels in the body Stimulates the adrenal cortex to release Aldosterone which cause the kidney tubules to absorb salt and water and return it to the body Define ADH. Antidiuretic hormone Hormone released by the hypothalamus Causes the kidney to conserve water in the body Alcohol blocks the effect of ADH List the three hormones that play important roles in adjusting kidney function. Antidiuretic hormone – ADH, conserve water Aldosterone Atrial Natriuretic Peptide – ANP, release water What is the function of ANP? Released from the heart in response to increase blood volume and pressure Causes increased urine output by inhibiting ADH and Rennin How does the kidney help to regulate the pH of body fluids? Kidney removes excess hydrogen ions from the body and conserves bicarbonate Ions - Acidic Kidney removes excess bicarbonate ions from the body and conserves Hydrogen Ions – Basic or alkaline Urinalysis – analysis of the volume and properties of urine Normal urine is protein free Contains urea, creatine, uric acid, fatty acids, enzymes and hormones Kidney Stones – crystallized masses usually made from uric acid or calcium oxalate When is dialysis necessary? How does it work? Dialysis therapy is used when the kidneys are not able to filter the blood Separation of large solutes from smaller ones by a selectively permeable membrane Blood flows through tubing surrounded by dialysis solution Cleansed blood flows back into the body