Chapter 15 Nutrition, Activity, and Wellness Lecture Notes PDF

Chapter 15 Nutrition, Activity, and Wellness How Can We Live a Healthy Lifestyle? From Bozzone, Biology for the Informed Citizen, © 2014 by Oxford University Press  Learning Objectives 15.1 Identify and describe the components of a healthy...

Chapter 15 Nutrition, Activity, and Wellness How Can We Live a Healthy Lifestyle? From Bozzone, Biology for the Informed Citizen, © 2014 by Oxford University Press  Learning Objectives 15.1 Identify and describe the components of a healthy diet. 15.2 Trace the path that food travels from the mouth to the bloodstream, and identify the key places where nutrients are extracted. 15.3 Explain the process and chemistry of cellular respiration. 15.4 Describe how a person’s basal metabolic rate can be used to maintain a healthy lifestyle. From Bozzone, Biology for the Informed Citizen, © 2014 by Oxford University Press  Learning Objectives (continued) 15.5 Assess the various dangers associated with eating disorders that commonly afflict individuals. 15.6 Describe the components of the motor system and the ways muscles and bones work together to enable us to move. 15.7 Discuss the safety and efficacy of various methods for getting and staying in shape. 15.8 Distinguish between the value of looking good and feeling healthy. From Bozzone, Biology for the Informed Citizen, © 2014 by Oxford University Press  Case Study: Dying for the “Perfect Body” Heidi Guenther wanted to be a professional ballerina Pressure to maintain a specific body size led Heidi to use diet pills She died at age 22 from cardiac arrest From Bozzone, Biology for the Informed Citizen, © 2014 by Oxford University Press  Case Study: Dying for the “Perfect Body” (continued) Taylor Hooton used steroids to help him bulk up Steroids caused Taylor have severe mood swings and outbursts Unsuccessful in his attempts to quit, Taylor committed suicide From Bozzone, Biology for the Informed Citizen, © 2014 by Oxford University Press  15.1: How Does What You Eat Influence Your Well Being? We extract energy from the food we eat Food quality is important A balanced diet helps us achieve energy and nutrient requirements From Bozzone, Biology for the Informed Citizen, © 2014 by Oxford University Press  Carbohydrates Simple carbohydrates: composed of one or two sugars Complex carbohydrates: chains of sugars linked together From Bozzone, Biology for the Informed Citizen, © 2014 by Oxford University Press  Proteins Made from amino acids Important for structure and regulating chemical reactions We produce 12 amino acids We must ingest the other 8 essential amino acids in our diet From Bozzone, Biology for the Informed Citizen, © 2014 by Oxford University Press  Lipids Fats are an important energy source Lipids provide insulation and serve as building blocks for hormones From Bozzone, Biology for the Informed Citizen, © 2014 by Oxford University Press Vitamins, Minerals, and Dietary Fibers Vitamins: coenzymes that regulate chemical pathways Minerals: inorganic compounds important for bone and tooth development, muscle contraction, nerve impulses, and fluid balance Fiber: indigestible carbohydrate that cleanses digestive system From Bozzone, Biology for the Informed Citizen, © 2014 by Oxford University Press From Bozzone, Biology for the Informed Citizen, © 2014 by Oxford University Press  Scientist Spotlight: Linus Pauling Stressed importance of maintaining ideal “reaction conditions” in the body Argued that generous amounts of vitamins improve human health From Bozzone, Biology for the Informed Citizen, © 2014 by Oxford University Press  15.2: How Does the Body Extract Nutrients from Food? From Bozzone, Biology for the Informed Citizen, © 2014 by Oxford University Press  The Stomach and Small Intestine Swallowed food moves toward the stomach by peristalsis The sphincter regulates the opening between the esophagus and the stomach From Bozzone, Biology for the Informed Citizen, © 2014 by Oxford University Press  The Stomach and Small Intestine (continued) The small intestine absorbs nutrients into the bloodstream From Bozzone, Biology for the Informed Citizen, © 2014 by Oxford University Press The Pancreas and the Liver From Bozzone, Biology for the Informed Citizen, © 2014 by Oxford University Press From the Intestine to the Bloodstream From Bozzone, Biology for the Informed Citizen, © 2014 by Oxford University Press  15.3: How Do Cells Extract Energy from Food? Cellular respiration: process through which cells extract energy from food Involves series of controlled chemical reactions that release energy from food and store it in other molecules These molecules are like the cell’s batteries, supporting all the functions of the cell From Bozzone, Biology for the Informed Citizen, © 2014 by Oxford University Press The Chemistry of Cellular Respiration From Bozzone, Biology for the Informed Citizen, © 2014 by Oxford University Press 15.4: What Can a Person Do to Maintain a Healthy Weight? Energy consumed in food Calories must balance energy spent Basal metabolic rate: amount of Calories required to support life functions Calorie requirements are sensitive to the amount of physical exercise Losing weight safely means decreasing Calories (while maintaining balanced nutrients) and increasing exercise From Bozzone, Biology for the Informed Citizen, © 2014 by Oxford University Press Physical Activity and Calories Burned From Bozzone, Biology for the Informed Citizen, © 2014 by Oxford University Press  Average Dimensions Definitions of “attractive” change over time, vary by culture How do we define what is healthy? From Bozzone, Biology for the Informed Citizen, © 2014 by Oxford University Press  Body Mass Index Tool for determining healthy weight range based on height and weight From Bozzone, Biology for the Informed Citizen, © 2014 by Oxford University Press  15.5: What If Weight Becomes an Obsession? Obsessions with body image can lead to eating disorders such as anorexia and bulimia Negative impacts to health may result in death From Bozzone, Biology for the Informed Citizen, © 2014 by Oxford University Press  Steroid Abuse Steroids are drugs that mimic the functions of male sex hormones like testosterone, which increase muscle mass Side effects include: shrinkage of testicles, reduced sperm count, kidney and liver damage, heart disease, and psychological problems From Bozzone, Biology for the Informed Citizen, © 2014 by Oxford University Press  Life Applications: Drunkorexia Some women skip meals to save Calories for alcohol consumption This is a dangerous combination of an eating disorder and a substance abuse problem From Bozzone, Biology for the Informed Citizen, © 2014 by Oxford University Press  15.6: How Do Muscles and Bones Keep Us Active? Skeleton composed of 206 bones Provides support Protects soft parts Stores minerals such as calcium Produces blood cells From Bozzone, Biology for the Informed Citizen, © 2014 by Oxford University Press  Muscles Movement is possible due to muscles and ligaments, which connect bones together Joints provide range of motion Tendons connect bones to muscles From Bozzone, Biology for the Informed Citizen, © 2014 by Oxford University Press  Moving Muscles Muscle fibers are controlled by neurons, which send signals to contract The sliding action is powered by ATP From Bozzone, Biology for the Informed Citizen, © 2014 by Oxford University Press Muscle Contraction From Bozzone, Biology for the Informed Citizen, © 2014 by Oxford University Press  15.7: How Can You Keep in Shape? Exercise allows muscles to grow and increase in strength Aerobic exercise strengthens the heart From Bozzone, Biology for the Informed Citizen, © 2014 by Oxford University Press  Technology Connection: “Guaranteed” Six-Pack Abs Ab machines can strengthen abdominal muscles, but unless the person is already thin, the muscles won’t be visible The only way to reduce weight in one area is to lose weight everywhere through exercise and diet From Bozzone, Biology for the Informed Citizen, © 2014 by Oxford University Press  Supplements Many athletes take supplements: – Diuretics – Creatine – Vanadium – Boron – Stimulants Supplements can have side effects and may contain impurities From Bozzone, Biology for the Informed Citizen, © 2014 by Oxford University Press  15.8: How Do We Balance Looking Good with Being Healthy? Social media can skew our perception of what is normal and healthy Maintaining a healthy body requires – Balanced and varied diet – Regular physical activity – Adequate sleep – Effective stress management From Bozzone, Biology for the Informed Citizen, © 2014 by Oxford University Press  How Do We Know?: Stress Weakens the Immune Response Exposure to virus produced colds in stressed individuals in greater frequency than low- stressed subjects Stressed subjects with infections tend to have suppressed immune response From Bozzone, Biology for the Informed Citizen, © 2014 by Oxford University Press