Chapter 15 Intro to Transportation PDF

Types of transportation Systems: Land Transportation Water transportation Air Transortations Space transportation Intermodal Transportation Transportation systems: A group of components, including inputs, processes, outputs, and feedback, used together to move people and goods fo...

Types of transportation Systems: Land Transportation Water transportation Air Transortations Space transportation Intermodal Transportation Transportation systems: A group of components, including inputs, processes, outputs, and feedback, used together to move people and goods form one location to another Land Transportation: A transportation system using vehicles on land, including subways, buses, trains, trucks, bicycles, and motorcycles. Water Transportation: A transportation system in which people and cargo are moved on bodies of water. Vessels used include ships, sailboats, barges, tugboats, and submarines. Air Transportation: A transportation system using either lighter than air or heavier than air modes of transportations, including Airplanes, hot air balloons, airships, hang gliders, military fighter jets, and helicopter. ○ Lighter than air: Of less weight than air displaced ○ Heavier than air: Of greater weight than the air displaced Space Transportation: A transportation system in which people and cargo are moved within Near and into outer space. Intermodal Transportation: A transportation system that uses more than one environment or mode of transportation. Transportation System Environment: Land: Rail Highway  Pipeline Recreational On site Air: Lighter than air Heavier than air Water: Inland Transocean Space: Manned Unmanned Components of Transportational Systems: For every type of technological system there are goals, inputs, processes, feedback, an output, and a method of control. Transportation system Inputs: People Capital Knowledge Materials Energy Transportation system inputs:Resources needed in order to begin and maintain the use of the systems, including people, capital, knowledge, energy, and finances. People:They serve as both operators and passengers in transportation. Regardless of the mode of transportation, people are needed for repairs,manual operations, ticket sales, and instrument monitoring. ○ What would any transportation system be without people? People repair broken equipment, drive land vehicles, fly airplanes, and assist travelers. More than 7% of the U.S labor force (9.9million people) Work in a transportation Industry. (United Airlines, U.S postal service)  Capital: Within a transportation system, this includes the assets used to help operate the system and the possessions of a transportation company. Vehicles, roads, and buildings are all forms of capital in transportation systems. Knowledge: Within a transportation system, this is information attained through applications and experience of the various tasks performed by people. Once information is understood, it becomes knowledge and can be applied to jobs in the system. Materials: The raw materials used in the construction and functioning of a transportation system include iron, wood, fuel, plastic, and concrete. New and innovative materials allow transportation engineers to make improvements to new systems. ○ Many Materials are essential in a transportation system. Transportation means more than powering systems. Pathways, such as roadbeds, must be constructed. Railroad beds might require wood, gravel, and steel. Energy: Within a transportation system, This provides power and movement within hte system. Various forms of energy include heat,mechanical, chemical, nuclear, light, and electrical. ○ It takes energy to ride a scooter, pedal a bicycle, drive a truck, fly an airplane, and sail a boat. A scooter moves only with the addition of human power. Take away the power source and the scooter remains still. Green Tech: While the majority of land vehicles may be powered by gasoline, there are several alternatives fuels being researched, such as ethanol, Hydrogen, and electricity. Finances: this includes the money needed to pay for equipment, materials, Personnel, and energy sources. As with any system in our society, finances are needed for the system to function as efficiently and effectively as possible. Transportation System Process: Transportation system process: An action that converts inputs into desired outputs. Production: Receiving Holding Loading Moving Unloading Storing and delivering Production Process: The “on the scene” parts of a transportation system, including receiving, Holding, loading, Unloading, storing and delivering. Receiving: In the receiving phase, the passenger or cargo is physically placed at the location of departure and enters the destination terminal. Paperworks and tickets are processed to ensure the passengers and cargo will be transported to the correct place. Holding: After the receiving phase, people and cargo move to a holding area. Holding area are places for people and cargo to wait for the transportation vehicle. Often, the path to the holding are is determined by by the destination. For example, mail at a post office is sorted and placed in different holding areas, depending on the specified destination. A platform in a subway terminal is an example of a passenger holding area. Loading: Both people and cargo are moved to, or are loaded into the vehicle. Cargo is typically loaded with forklifts and other specilaized vehicles. ○ Luggage is loaded onto the vehicle as part of the production process. Conveyers, forklifts, and other specialized machinery may be used. With most modes of transportations, passengers board the vehicles themselves. Both people and cargo are secured with safety restraints, such as seat belts or cargo straps. Moving: This phase involves the actual transporting of people or cargo. It is often the most recognizable part of any tranpsotation system. During this phase of hte system, cars, planes, and boats are driven, flown, and sailed. Unloading:Once the destination is reached, unloading the vehicle begins. Cargo is removed, and passengers exit the transportation vehicle. Unloading the vehicle usually occurs at a terminal within a station or port. Storing and delivering: These are the final stages within the production process cycle of events. If passengers or cargo have reached their final destination, the transportation process is over. Many times people and cargo must go through the introduction process several times before reaching their final destination. If this is the case, the passenger and cargo start over at the receiving stage and enter the transportation production process again. Management: Management Process: The “behind the scenes” part of a transportation system necessary to plan, organize, and control the system. ○ Management is a necessary part of any transportation system. Even with the most efficient running transportation vehicle, someone must schedule stops to ensure that people or cargo arrive at their intended destination. Plan: In planning the transportation system, people decide what must be done. People plan the best route and decide how the system will run to be the most efficient. During the planning stage of management, goals are set, and a course of action is determined.  Organize: Organizing a transportation system involves the preparations made for transporting people or cargo. This may be assigning jobs and related personnel or determining a schedule of maintenance for the machinery used in the system. Control: In controlling a transportation system, records are kept, computers are used, and systems are monitored. Computers may be used to control the flow of oil through a pipeline. Controlling a transportation system also includes the signs and signals used within the system itself. ○ The flow of traffic is controlled by various signs and signals. This helps to keep transportation systems safe and functioning properly. A guard with a stop sign at a school crossing controls the flow of vehicles when children are present. Transportation System Outputs: Transportation System Oututs: The relocation of people or cargo. This output is the result of successful inputs and processes. Upon Achieving the output in a transportation system, many events may occur that bring about change. Fuel is needed to power the truck A person is needed to operate the truck, read the map, and follow directions. Money is needed to operate the truck. Once the inputs are gathered, the truck enters the processes of the transportation system. ○ These logs are being transported to their final destination, the sawmill. Upon arriving at the sawmill, the truck’s participation in the transportation system is complete. A Functioning Transportation System Any type of system is developed based on goals and expected outcomes and is monitored through feedback. This is also true of a transportation system. Goals Systemic Goals: The goal of an entire transportation system, regardless of the mode of transportation in use, is to relocate people and cargo to the proper destination at the proper time. Personal Goals: The goals of individuals affect transportation when, for example selecting a personal automobile. Some vehicles may indicate higher socioeconomic status than others. A personal goal for others may be to purchase some type of recreational vehicle when they retire. Economic Goals: These goals consider the potential profits for business and possible income oppurtunities for the people in the immediate area. Access to highways, railways, airports, and docks can increase property values and allow resources to be imported and exported. Societal Goals: These goals are outcomes from transportation systems that effect the entire society, such as an improved standard of living due to the implementation of a local transportation system. As more communities become accessible by roads and highways, new people and ideas begin to fill the communities. The safe and expedient transport of people and cargo is another important goal of transportation system. ○ Any type of transportation system has several different goals. Goals of a transportation system Economics Societal Systemic Personal Feedback: Feedback is essential to efficiently operate, maintain, and improve a successful transportation system. Feedback allows the operator or monitor to evaluate how well the system is running, based on the information returned. When driving down the highways, for example, the speedometer provides feedback as you accelerate or decelerate the vehicle. The speedometer helps you determine if you are driving too fast or too slowly, relative to the road conditions and posted speed limit. An instrumental panel and various gauges provide feedback needed in the control of a transportation system. ○ The instrument panel on this aircraft provides feedback to the pilot on how the aircraft is functioning. Control: Like all technological and mechanical systems, a transportation system must have devices in place to control it. Imagine a plumbing system in a house without any controls. Water would flow, but no one would be able to shut the water off. Without controls, transportation system would not operate efficiently or safely. Most of the controls in a nation’s transportations system comes from the county’s governmental regulations, which help control how the system is used. In the united states, the department of transportation is the organization that sets federal transportation regulations. Within the department of transportation, there are several administration that create and monitor the regulations specific to each mode of transportation. Investigators from some of these agencies study crash tests, vehicle accidents, and normal transportation operations to determine legislative changes for transportation system. Industry regulations and limitations are set and enforced by these various agencies. Some of the agencies that regulate transportation systems within the U.S Department of transportation. ○ U.S Department of transportation Agencies  Federal Aviation Admnistration (FAA) Federal highway administration (FHWA) Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) Federal Transit Administration (FTA) Maritime Administration (MARAD) National HIghway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) State governments participate in controlling transportation system by issuing driver’s licenses and handling the construction of new roads. Key Words Air transportation Heavier-than-air Intermodal transportation Land transportation Lighter-than-air Management process Production process Transportation system Space transportation Transportation system output Transportation system Input Transportation system process Water transportation Test Your Knowledge 1.Define transportation system. 2. List the five categories of transportation systems. 3. ____ transportation includes highway, rail, and pipeline transport. 4. Space transportation systems are commonly used for ______ and _____ 5. ______ transportation makes use of more than one transportation environment. 6. Name the six transportation system inputs. Provide an example of each. 7. The ______ phase is the portion of the production process cycle in which people and cargo wait for the transportation vehicle. 8. Describe the difference between production and management processes in a transportation system. 9. Management processes are needed to ______, ______, and ______ the transportation system. 10. Write two sentences describing the expected outcome of a transportation system. 11. Identify the four types of goals that affect transportation systems. 12. Give three examples of societal goals for any type of transportation system. 13. What is the main purpose of feedback within a transportation system? 14. Briefly discuss an agency that creates government regulations regarding transportation systems.