Special Considerations in Sports Nutrition PDF

Special Considerations in Sports Nutrition Chapter 15  Which Populations Require Special Considerations? Individuals requiring more than the usual dietary adjustments: – Athletes with diabetes – Athletes who are pregnant – Child and teen athletes – Collegiate athletes...

Special Considerations in Sports Nutrition Chapter 15  Which Populations Require Special Considerations? Individuals requiring more than the usual dietary adjustments: – Athletes with diabetes – Athletes who are pregnant – Child and teen athletes – Collegiate athletes – Masters-level athletes – Athletes who are vegetarians  Diabetes (1 of 2) Affects approximately 29.1 million people in the United States Three quarters are diagnosed; remainder are unaware Metabolic disease – Affects carbohydrate metabolism – Causes hyperglycemia – Ketosis/ketoacidosis – Increases risk for heart and kidney disease – Causes peripheral nerve damage  Diabetes (1 of 2) Involves the hormone insulin – Decreased insulin release – Decreased sensitivity to insulin Figure 15.1 Regulating blood glucose levels. In response to high blood glucose levels, the pancreas releases insulin, which increases the uptake of glucose by cells.  Types of Diabetes (1 of 2) Type 1 diabetes – Diagnosed most often in children and young adults – Constitutes ~5% of diabetes cases – Also known as insulin-dependent diabetes – Pancreas fails to produce enough insulin – Treatment requires insulin injections  Types of Diabetes (2 of 2) Type 2 diabetes – Most prevalent in middle-aged and older adults – Constitutes ~95% of diabetes cases – Known as non-insulin-dependent diabetes – Pancreas produces enough or too much insulin – Cells are insulin insensitive/insulin resistant – Medicine, diet, and exercise can be treatments  Common Symptoms of Diabetes Excessive thirst Unexplained weight Excessive urination loss Excessive hunger Dehydration Poor wound healing Dizziness Headache Blurred vision  Diabetes and Exercise Type 1 Type 2 Requires careful Comparatively easier to manage self-monitoring Requires some self- – Timing of insulin monitoring – Dosage of insulin Insulin not usually – Timing of meals required because – Meal composition exercise enhances glucose uptake Preexercise Glucose Guidelines  Signs and Symptoms: Hypo- and Hyperglycemia  General Nutritional Recommendations for Athletes with Diabetes Follow MyPlate food recommendations. Establish a consistent daily eating schedule. Quantity and type of carbohydrate eaten at meals/snacks should be similar each day. Athletes requiring insulin need to learn best combination of meal timing, carbohydrate intake, and dosage for achieving optimal blood sugar levels before exercise.  Diabetic Athletes and Long-Duration Exercise Carbohydrates should be consumed during and after exercise. Athletes with Type 1 diabetes should consume 15 to 30 grams of carbohydrate every 30 to 60 minutes during exercise: – 8 oz of 6–8% sports drink – 1 single serving of sport gel – 1 fig bar – 8 oz of 1:1 juice to water mix  Avoiding Diabetic Emergencies Closely monitor athlete for signs and symptoms of hypo- and hyperglycemia. Keep insulin and syringes available. Have glucose tablets, juice, or regular soda available. Educate coaches, parents, and teammates to recognize signs and symptoms of hypo- and hyperglycemia.  Considerations for Pregnant Athletes Competition Intensity and volume of exercise Physician recommendations Dietary recommendations  Special Dietary Concerns for Pregnant Athletes Daily caloric intake Protein consumption B vitamins Vitamin C Vitamin A Magnesium Iron  Daily Caloric Intake for Pregnant Athletes Additional calories are needed – Average 300 kcals/day – Range 25 to 800 kcals/day – Varies with type of athlete and energy expended in training Particularly important during second and third trimesters Weight gain can help monitor caloric intake – 25 to 35 lbs over the course of the pregnancy  Protein Requirements for Pregnant Athletes Protein needs are slightly increased. Extra 20 to 25 grams of protein are needed each day – 3 cups of skim milk – 3 oz of beef, chicken, or fish – 1.5 cups of beans, lentils, or other legumes – 3 oz of nuts Protein needs usually are easily met if caloric intake is appropriate.  B Vitamin Requirements for Pregnant Athletes B vitamins are critical for energy production and tissue development. Of particular concern is folate: – DNA synthesis – Red blood cell production – Development of nervous system Recommended intake is 600 µg/day.  Vitamin C Requirements for Pregnant Athletes Critical for collagen formation, hormone synthesis, and immune function. Improves absorption of iron. Increase intake to 80 to 85 mg/day.  Vitamin A Requirements for Pregnant Athletes Needed for cell differentiation and immune function. Increase intake to 750 to 770 µg (RAE)/day. Obtain extra from foods, not supplements: – Spinach – Broccoli – Tomato juice – Carrots  Magnesium Requirements for Pregnant Athletes Required for muscle contraction and energy production. Increase by 40 mg to 350 to 360 mg/day. Sources overlap with others: – Whole wheat, tofu, yogurt, beans, nuts, some fish, spinach Iron Requirements for Pregnant Athletes Required for red blood cell production, oxygen delivery, energy level. Increase to 27 mg/day. Sources include beef, poultry, fish, legumes, and iron-fortified grains. Supplementation may be needed.  Nutritional Considerations for Child and Teen Athletes (1 of 3) Caloric intake must provide for growth. Caloric intake must meet sport needs. Nutrient intake must be adequate to maintain “growth channel” of child.  Nutritional Considerations for Child and Teen Athletes (2 of 3) Fluid Requirements Children are less tolerant of heat Reminders to drink fluids are needed Improve intake through fluid availability and flavor  Nutritional Considerations for Child and Teen Athletes (3 of 3) Vitamin/Mineral Requirements Calcium recommendations: 1,300 mg/day for children and teens (9 to 18 years) Iron recommendations: – 8 mg/day for teens 9 to 13 years – 11 mg/day for males, 14 to 18 years – 15 mg/day for females, 14 to 18 years  Nutritional Considerations for College Athletes First exposure to meal planning Caloric needs may increase Make a meal plan – No skipped meals Avoid alcohol Life after graduation  Why Athletes Should Avoid Alcohol Use is banned Can be illegal (age) Safety issues (driving) Nutritionally “empty” Poor carbohydrate source Can increase body fat Stimulates appetite Figure 15.4 Metabolizing alcohol. Alcohol is converted to acetyl CoA and either metabolized further for energy or converted to fat and stored in the body. Preparing College Athletes Nutritionally for Life After Graduation Calorie needs will likely decline Continue to acquire nutritional self-care skills – Meal planning, cooking, and grocery shopping Manage business/social life – Alcohol intake – Dining out – Travel nutrition  Special Considerations for Masters Athletes Altered caloric needs? Altered vitamin and mineral needs – Decrease chromium – Decrease iron – Increase vitamin D – Increase calcium – Increase magnesium Chronic diseases Food‒drug interactions  Famous Vegetarian Athletes Figure 15.5 Past and present vegetarian athletes and coaches. Data from Happy Cow’s Famous Vegetarians. Available at: www.happycow.net. Accessed April 19, 2016.  Special Considerations for Vegetarian Athletes Plant-based diet Types of vegetarians – Semi, pesco, lacto-ovo, lacto, ovo, vegan Protein intake – Complementing Vitamin D and B12 Zn, Ca, and Fe intake Eating out on the road  Complementing Proteins for Vegetarians Figure 15.7 Complementary proteins for vegetarians. Because animal and soy products contain high levels of all essential amino acids, they can be consumed with any grain, legume, or nut/seed. Grains are complemented by legumes, and legumes are complemented by nuts/seeds. Grains are not a complementary match to nuts/seeds, but the two make a tasty combination in recipes.  Vegetarian Dining Resources Figure 15.9 Vegetarian athletes who travel throughout the United States and abroad can obtain information about vegetarian restaurants and their locations online.