CHAPTER_14-review_sheet (1).docx

CHAPTER 14 – The Respiratory System: Movement of Air What is the respiratory system responsible for? Responsible for the exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen between the body’s cells and the environment Name the 3 processes involved in respiration. Pulmonary Ventilation – breathing, moving air in a...

CHAPTER 14 – The Respiratory System: Movement of Air What is the respiratory system responsible for? Responsible for the exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen between the body’s cells and the environment Name the 3 processes involved in respiration. Pulmonary Ventilation – breathing, moving air in and out of the lungs Internal Respiration – exc of O2 and CO2 at the pulmonary capillaries External Respiration – exchange of O2 and CO2 at the body’s capillaries Label the parts of the upper respiratory tract in the image above: Name the three parts of the nasal cavity and tell how each one helps to filter inhaled air. Nares – opens into the nasal cavity, external Nasal cavity – contains hairs, concha and nasal mucosa that assist in filtering inhaled air Hairs – trap dust and debris Mucosa – secretes mucus It contains a blood vessel that help warm the air Concha – bony masses that cause the inhaled air to swirl in the nasal cavity Name the 3 parts of the pharynx and define each one. Called the throat Nasopharynx – part of the pharynx behind the nasal cavity, contains the pharyngeal tonsils, adenoids The eustachian tube – auditory tube, connects the nasopharynx and middle ear. This connection allows infections from the nasal cavity to spread to the ear. Oropharynx – part of the pharynx behind the oral cavity. It contains the palatine tonsils Laryngopharynx – located near the top of the larynx What is the function of the Eustachian tube? The eustachian tube – auditory tube, connects the nasopharynx and middle ear. This connection allows infections from the nasal cavity to spread to the ear. Label the diagram below: Define larynx, thyroid cartilage, and epiglottis. Larynx - cartilaginous structure at the top of the trachea Commonly called the voice box Divides the upper and lower respiratory tracts Thyroid cartilages – large cartilage on the front of the larynx. It is commonly called the adam’s apple. Epiglottis – cartilage flap the covers the top of the larynx during swallowing 9 cartilages on the larynx 3 single cartilages Epiglottis – Flap that covers the opening in the larynx, glottis Thyroid – adam’s apple, largest laryngeal cartilage, front of larynx Cricoid – floor of larynx 3 paired cartilages Corniculate – 2, pitch of sound Arytenoid – 2, pitch of sound Cuneiform – 2, What are the 2 types of vocal cords? True cords – vocal folds, vibrate and produce sound False cords – ventricular folds, do not make sound but help close off the airway, keeps food out Glottis – opening in the larynx between the vocal cords Heimlich Maneuver – removing obstructions from vocal cords Trachea – tube that extends from the neck to midway the chest cavity It contains cartilage rings that are open on the backside called C-rings It lined with a cilated mucus membrane that traps dust and debris Cilia sweeps mucus away from the lungs toward the throat Splits into two tubes called right and left primary bronchus Define primary bronchi and name the structure it is similar to. Part of the airway that enters the lungs The structure of the primary bronchi is similar to the trachea Right primary bronchus enters the right lung Left primary bronchus enters the left lung Branches several times – primary, secondary, tertiary Bronchioles – Tiny tubes inside the lungs Next passage way after the bronchi 1mm in size and do not contain cartilage in their walls Terminal bronchioles lead into the alveolar ducts Apex – Superior tip of the lungs, located above the clavicle Right lung – 2 fissures, 3 lobes Left lung – 1 fissure, 2 lobes. It also contains an indentation on the medial surface called the cardiac notch. Hilus – Area of the medial surface of the lung where primary bronchi, pulmonary vessels, lymphatic vessels and nerve fibers enter and exit the lung Pleural membranes – Cover the lungs and line the thorax Visceral pleura – membrane covering the outer surface of the lung Parietal pleura – membrane lining the wall of the thorax Label the diagram below: Define alveoli – Air sacs at the end of the airway They are covered on the outside by the pulmonary capillaries Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the lungs occur across the wall of the alveoli Which two walls make up the respiratory membrane? Made up of the wall of the alveolus and wall of the pulmonary capillary Oxygen diffuses out of the alveolus, air sacs, into the pulmonary capillaries Carbon dioxide diffuses out of the pulmonary capillary into the alveolus What are the cell types that make up the alveoli? Type I – epithelial cells lining alveolus wall Type II – septal, secrete surfactant Surfactant – substance that decrease surface tension and prevent the collapse of the alveolus Alveolar macrophage – engulf bacteria Explain what happens when you inhale and exhale. Inhalation - Respiratory control center signals respiratory muscles (external intercostal and diaphragm) which contract External intercostal contract moving the ribcage up and out Diaphragm contracts dropping down Chest expand so the lungs expand Pressure in the lungs drop below atmospheric pressure Air moves into the lungs During labored breathing the sternocleidomastoid, scalenes, and pectoralis minor are also used Exhalation – Respiratory control center stop sending signals to the respiratory muscles which relax External intercostal relax moving the ribcage down and in Diaphragm relaxes moving up Chest decreases in size, so the lungs deflate Pressure in the lungs rise above atmospheric pressure Air moves out of the lungs During forced exhalation, the abdominal and internal intercostal muscles are also used What is the most important chemical that influences the breathing rate? Changes in depth and rate of breathing is affected by chemoreceptors located in the medulla Central chemoreceptors – brain, monitor H+ concentration in cerebrospinal fluid Peripheral chemoreceptors – blood vessels, montor CO2 levels in aortic and carotid bodies Carbon dioxide – the most important chemical influencing breathing rate Describe how 02 and C02 transports through the blood. Transport of O2 98% of oxygen is carried bound to hemoglobin 2% of oxygen is dissolved in the plasma Transport of CO2 70% of coarbon dioxide is carried in the blood as bicarbonate, HCO3 23% bound to hemoglobin 7% is dissolved in plasma Describe carbonic acid HCO3 is turned into carbonic acid to be safely carried out through the blood then turned into carbon dioxide and water CO2 binds with H2O = H2CO3 = HCO3 and H Spirometer – Respirometer, a device used to measure air volume exchange during breathing Total lung capacity(6000ml) – maximum amount of air in the lungs Tidal volume(500ml)- amount of air moving in & out of lungs during normal breathing Inspiratory reserve(3100ml)- additional air brought into the lungs during deep breathing Expiratory reserve(1200ml)- a forced exhalation (beyond normal exhalation) can blow out an extra 1200ml of air Residual volume(1200ml) – amount of air that is always in the lungs unless the lungs are damaged. Vital capacity(4800ml) – the total lung capacity minus the residual volume Name three respiratory diseases. The upper respiratory tract is susceptible to infection and inflammation of the nasal passages, sinuses, and larynx Bronchitis – airways are inflamed due to infection (acute) or due to an irritant (chronic) Coughing brings up mucus and pus Asthma – airways are inflamed due to irritation, and bronchioles constrict due to muscle spasms Emphysema – The alveolar walls rupture and there is a decrease in the surface area for gas exchange An increase in the dead air space Thickening of the alveolar walls Tuberculosis – This tiny bacterium can pass from person to person in airborne droplets generated by a cough or sneeze