Chapter 14. Personality, sem 231.ppt

Macduff Everton/The Image Bank/Getty Images Chapter Fourteen- Personality Overview  Introduction to Personality and Psychodynamic Theories  Humanistic Theories and Trait Theories  Social-Cognitive Theories and the Self Macduff Everton/The Image Bank/Getty Images Introduction to Personality a...

Macduff Everton/The Image Bank/Getty Images Chapter Fourteen- Personality Overview  Introduction to Personality and Psychodynamic Theories  Humanistic Theories and Trait Theories  Social-Cognitive Theories and the Self Macduff Everton/The Image Bank/Getty Images Introduction to Personality and Psychodynamic Theories  Personality  Is individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting Macduff Everton/The Image Bank/Getty Images Introduction to Personality and Psychodynamic Theories Macduff Everton/The Image Bank/Getty Images Freud’s Psychoanalytic Perspective: Perspective Exploring the Unconscious  Observed patients whose disorders had no clear physical explanations  Concluded their Sigmund Freud (1856–1939) problems reflected unacceptable thoughts and feelings, hidden away in the unconscious mind Macduff Everton/The Image Bank/Getty Images Terms to Learn  Psychoanalysis  Conscious, preconscious, unconscious mind  Free association  Ego, superego, id  Pleasure principle  Reality principle Let’s take a few minutes to review each of these. Macduff Everton/The Image Bank/Getty Images FREUD’S IDEA OF THE MIND’S STRUCTURE  Psychologists have used an iceberg image to illustrate Freud’s idea that the mind is mostly hidden beneath the conscious surface.  Note that the id is totally unconscious, but ego and superego operate both consciously and unconsciously.  Unlike the parts of a frozen iceberg; however, the id, ego, and superego interact. Macduff Everton/The Image Bank/Getty Images Freud’s Personality Structure  Freud believed that personality results from the mind’s three systems.  Id: Operates on pleasure principle; unconsciously strives to satisfy basic drives to survive, reproduce, and aggress  Ego: Operates on reality principle; seeks to realistically gratify id’s impulses to bring long-term pleasure; contains perceptions, thoughts, judgments and memories  Superego: Focuses on ideal behavior; strives for perfections; acts as moral conscious Macduff Everton/The Image Bank/Getty Images Defense Mechanisms  Ego protects itself with tactics that reduce and redirect anxiety by reality distortion (defense mechanisms).  Defense mechanisms function indirectly and unconsciously.  Repression underlies all other defense mechanisms. It is sometimes incomplete and may be manifested as symbols in dreams or slips of the tongue. Macduff Everton/The Image Bank/Getty Images SIX WELL-KNOWN DEFENSE MECHANISMS  Freud believed that repression, the basic mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing impulses, enables other defense mechanisms, six of which are listed above. Macduff Everton/The Image Bank/Getty Images Trait Theories: Describing Personality  Trait theorists  See personality as a stable and enduring pattern of behavior  Describe differences rather than trying to explain them  Use factor analysis to identify clusters of behavior tendencies that occur together  Suggest genetic predispositions influence many traits Macduff Everton/The Image Bank/Getty Images Assessing Traits  Personality inventory  Questionnaire on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors; used to assess selected personality traits  Test items empirically derived, and tests objectively scored  Example  Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI/Hathaway)  Translated into 100+ languages Macduff Everton/The Image Bank/Getty Images The Big Five Factors  The Big Five personality factors (Costa and colleagues, 2011) currently offer the most widely accepted picture of personality  Conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism, openness, and extraversion (CANOE) Macduff Everton/The Image Bank/Getty Images THE “BIG FIVE” PERSONALITY FACTORS Researchers use self-report inventories and peer reports to assess and score the Big Five personality factors. Macduff Everton/The Image Bank/Getty Images Social-Cognitive Theories and the Self  Social-cognitive perspective (Bandura)  Views behavior as influenced by the interaction between people’s traits (including their thinking) and their social context  Emphasizes interaction of our traits with our situations  Applies principles of learning, cognition, and social behavior to personality Macduff Everton/The Image Bank/Getty Images Reciprocal Influences  Reciprocal determinism  Describes interaction and mutual influence of behavior, internal personal factors, and environmental factors  Interaction of individuals and environments: Internal personal factors  Different people choose different environments.  Personalities shape how people interpret and react to events.  Personalities help create situations to which people react. Macduff Everton/The Image Bank/Getty Images Assessing Behavior in Situations  Social-cognitive theorists  Build on concepts of learning and cognition  Contend best way to predict behavior in a given situation is to observe that behavior in similar situations  Underemphasize importance of unconscious motives, emotions, and biologically influenced traits Timothy Large/ Shutterstock and © Trinity Mirror/Mirrorpix/Alamy Macduff Everton/The Image Bank/Getty Images Exploring the Self High self-esteem correlates with less pressure to conform, with persistence at difficult tasks, and with happiness. But the direction of the correlation is not clear. Macduff Everton/The Image Bank/Getty Images Self-Esteem  Some researchers propose two types of self- esteem  Defensive self-esteem is fragile, threatened by failure and criticism, and more vulnerable to perceived threats which feed anger and feelings of vulnerability.  Secure self-esteem is less fragile, less contingent on external evaluations, and more likely to achieve a greater quality of life. 

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