Animal Diversity And Anatomy Lab 13 PDF

Lab species most closely related to humans is ________________________ 13 Animal Diversity The animal kingdom is incredibly diverse. Scientists have studied and named approximately 2 million species, but no o...

Lab species most closely related to humans is ________________________ 13 Animal Diversity The animal kingdom is incredibly diverse. Scientists have studied and named approximately 2 million species, but no one really knows how many species of animals exist. Some animals are familiar to us; everyone knows cats, dogs, horses, elephants, dolphins, turtles, etc. Other animals are less familiar, and some animals are so different that sometimes they are confused with plants. How can we make sense of all this diversity? Scientists in a branch of biology, called systematics, name and classify species according to their evolutionary relationships which are reflected in their anatomy, physiology and DNA. Species that are closely related are grouped together into genera (singular: genus). Closely related genera are grouped into Families, families are grouped into Orders, orders into Classes and classes into Phyla (singular: phylum). Related phyla are grouped into kingdoms, and kingdoms belong to larger categories called domains. The kingdom Animalia belongs to the domain Eukarya. The scientific name of a species consists of 2 words, both in Latin. The first word names the genus and the second word identifies the species. Humans belong to the genus Homo and our species epithet is sapiens. Therefore, the scientific name of humans is Homo sapiens. By convention, the genus name is always capitalized and the specific epithet is always in lower case. The entire scientific name should be in italics or underlined. Which of the following scientific names are written correctly? Mark the names that are correct. _____ Canis Familiaris _____ Zea Mays _____ Melanoplus femurrubrum _____ Cedrus libani _____ Eschiarichia coli _____ pinus densifolia _____ drosophila melanogaster _____ Larrea Tridentata _____ Caenoharbditis elegans _____ Ferocactus cylindraceus 225 The Classification of Animals The animal kingdom is divided into many phyla. As with all scientific knowledge, new discoveries lead to changes, including the creation of new phyla. Also, newly discovered species are frequently added to the existing classification. In this lab, you’ll learn about some of the major animal phyla. Your task is to learn the characteristics that define each phylum. Some of the characteristics that distinguish one phylum from another are: A) Symmetry: some animals lack symmetry; others have different types of symmetry. Types of symmetry: Radial symmetry Bilateral symmetry - What type of symmetry do humans have? _______________________ - What type of symmetry do jellyfish have? _______________________ B) Type of skeleton: internal or external. Humans have an internal skeleton; the bones are inside the body. Insects are hard on the outside; their skeleton is external. Other animals have a hydrostatic skeleton; instead of bones or hard material they use fluid pressure to maintain and change their shape. C) Appendages: some animals, like humans, have appendages that usually occur in pairs (2 arms and 2 legs, for example). Other animals such as snakes do not have appendages. D) Type of digestive system: (a) one opening - gastrovascular cavity (b) two openings – alimentary canal - What type of digestive system do you have? _______________________ Observe the display for each of the phyla and complete the following information and the table at the end of this section. 226 Phylum Porifera How many species of Porifera are there? __________________ Members of this phylum are called __________________ What are the major characteristics of members of this phylum? 1. ________________________________________________ 2. ________________________________________________ 3. ________________________________________________ 4. ________________________________________________ 5. ________________________________________________ 6. ________________________________________________ 7. ________________________________________________ What is a choanocyte? _________________________________________________ Do sponges have organs or tissues? __________ Where does digestion take place in sponges? ______________________________ Do sponges have a nervous system? __________ Sponges reproduce:  Sexually  Asexually  both sexually and asexually The phylum porifera is divided into 3 classes: i. ____________________________ ii. ____________________________ iii. ___________________________ Examples of the economic importance of sponges include: i. ________________________________________________ ii. ________________________________________________ iii. ________________________________________________ iv. ________________________________________________ 227 Interesting facts about the Porifera i. ________________________________________________ ii. ________________________________________________ iii. ________________________________________________ iv. ________________________________________________ v. ________________________________________________ Phylum Cnidaria How many species of cnidarians are there? __________________ Common names for members of this phylum include _______________________________ What are the major characteristics of members of this phylum? 1. ________________________________________________ 2. ________________________________________________ 3. ________________________________________________ 4. ________________________________________________ 5. ________________________________________________ 6. ________________________________________________ 7. ________________________________________________ What is a cnidocyte? _________________________________________________________ What is a nematocyst? _________________________________________________________ What type of digestive system do cnidarians have? _______________________ Do cnidarians have brains? __________ 228 The two stages in the life cycle of cnidarians are called _______________ and ______________ Which life-cycle stage can move? _______________ The phylum Cnidaria is divided into 4 major classes. Name the classes and a species that belongs to it. i. ___________________________: ________________________________ ii. ___________________________: ________________________________ iii. ___________________________: ________________________________ iv. ___________________________: ________________________________ Examples of the economic importance of cnidarians include: i. ________________________________________________ ii. ________________________________________________ iii. ________________________________________________ iv. ________________________________________________ Interesting facts about the Cnidarians i. ________________________________________________ ii. ________________________________________________ iii. ________________________________________________ iv. ________________________________________________ v. ________________________________________________ vi. ________________________________________________ vii. ________________________________________________ viii. ________________________________________________ 229 Phylum Platyhelminthes How many species of Platyhelminthes are there? __________________ Common names for members of this phylum include _______________________________ What are the major characteristics of members of this phylum? 1. ________________________________________________ 2. ________________________________________________ 3. ________________________________________________ 4. ________________________________________________ 5. ________________________________________________ What type of digestive system do Platyhelminthes have? _______________________________ What type of nervous system do Platyhelminthes have? ________________________________ Do Platyhelminthes have brains? __________ Platyhelminthes reproduce:  Sexually  Asexually  both sexually and asexually What animals are infected by eggs of the beef tapeworm? _____________ and _____________ How can humans become infected with beef tapeworm? ________________________________________________________________________ The phylum Platyhelminthes is divided into 4 major classes. Name the classes and give a brief description of each. i. ___________________________: ________________________________ ii. ___________________________: ________________________________ iii. ___________________________: _______________________________ iv. ___________________________: _______________________________ 230 Examples of the economic importance of Platyhelminthes include: i. ________________________________________________ ii. ________________________________________________ iii. ________________________________________________ iv. ________________________________________________ Interesting facts about Platyhelminthes i. ________________________________________________ ii. ________________________________________________ iii. ________________________________________________ iv. ________________________________________________ v. ________________________________________________ Phylum Arthropoda How many species of arthropods are there? __________________ Common names for members of this phylum include _______________________________ What are the major characteristics of members of this phylum? 1. ________________________________________________ 2. ________________________________________________ 3. ________________________________________________ 4. ________________________________________________ 5. ________________________________________________ 6. ________________________________________________ 7. ________________________________________________ 231 What type of digestive system do arthropods have? _______________________________ What type of nervous system do arthropods have? ________________________________ Do arthropods have brains? __________ What type of circulatory system do arthropods have? ______________________________ How do arthropods acquire oxygen? ____________________________________________ How do arthropods reproduce? ________________________________________________ The 4 major stages of the life cycle of arthropods are: 1. ___________________________ Is this stage sexually mature?  Yes  No 2. ___________________________ Is this stage sexually mature?  Yes  No 3. ___________________________ Is this stage sexually mature?  Yes  No 4. ___________________________ Is this stage sexually mature?  Yes  No Some of the classes in the Phylum Arthropoda include the following (name the class and some of the animals that belong to that class): 1. ___________________________: ________________________________ 2. ___________________________: ________________________________ 3. ___________________________: ________________________________ 4. Crustacea: are further divided into: a. _________________________________________ b. _________________________________________ c. Malacostraca: with over 20,000 species, it’s the largest group of crustaceans. It is further divided into: i. ____________________________________ ii. ____________________________________ iii. ____________________________________ 232  5. Hexapoda: 6-legged arthropods, these are the insects a. Odonata: example: _________________________ b. Orthoptera: example: _______________________ c. Hemiptera: example: ________________________ d. Coleoptera: example: ________________________ e. Diptera: example: ___________________________ f. Hymenoptera: example: ______________________ Examples of the economic importance of arthropods include i. ________________________________________________ ii. ________________________________________________ iii. ________________________________________________ iv. ________________________________________________ v. ________________________________________________ vi. ________________________________________________ Interesting facts about arthropods i. ________________________________________________ ii. ________________________________________________ iii. ________________________________________________ iv. ________________________________________________ v. ________________________________________________ Name 4 arthropods that people eat: _______________________ _______________________ _______________________ _______________________ 233 Phylum Chordata How many species belong to the phylum Chordata? __________________ What are the major characteristics of members of this phylum? 1. ________________________________________________ 2. ________________________________________________ 3. ________________________________________________ 4. ________________________________________________ 5. ________________________________________________ One of the groups of chordates that is of special interest is the subphylum Vertebrata. Humans belong to this group. What are the major characteristics of members of the Vertebrata? 1. ________________________________________________ 2. ________________________________________________ 3. ________________________________________________ 4. ________________________________________________ 5. ________________________________________________ 6. ________________________________________________ 7. ________________________________________________ 8. ________________________________________________ Classification of Chordates: 1) Subphylum __________________: Number of species: _________________ Example of a member of this group: _________________ 234 2) Subphylum __________________: Number of species: _________________ Example of a member of this group: _________________ 3) Subphylum __________________: a. Superclass __________________: Number of species: _________________ Example of a member of this group: _________________ b. Superclass __________________: jawed fishes and tetrapods i.  Class __________________: Number of species: _________________ Example of a member of this group: _________________ ii.  Class __________________: Number of species: _________________ Example of a member of this group: _________________ iii.  Class __________________: Number of species: _________________ Example of a member of this group: _________________ iv.  Class Amphibia: # of species: _________________ v.  Class Reptilia: # of species: _________________ vi.  Class Aves: # of species: _________________ vii.  Class Mammalia: # of species: _________________ 235 Unknown specimens: based on what you have learned, identify the unknown specimens. Write the name of the phylum each animal belongs to. The dichotomous key at the unknown specimen’s station may be helpful. Check your spelling. Tag # Phylum Tag # Phylum Which phylum has the most species? _______________________ Do humans belong to that phylum? ______ 236 Animal Anatomy Anatomy is the branch of biology that studies the structure of organisms. In this part of the lab you will learn about the heart and the circulatory system, the digestive system, the reproductive system, and the skeletal system. You will also dissect a frog and compare its anatomy to that of humans. The circulatory system The circulatory system pumps blood which circulates throughout the body transporting nutrients and wastes. The main components of the circulatory system are: Structure Function Heart Artery Vein Capillary Identify the structures above on the display of the circulatory system. The Heart The heart is a muscular pump that propels blood throughout the body. The human heart is divided into 4 chambers: right and left atria (singular: atrium), and right and left ventricles. Blood from the body returns to the heart and enters the right atrium, and passes to the right ventricle. The right ventricle pumps blood to the lungs where it releases CO 2 and picks up oxygen. The blood returns from the lungs to the heart entering the left atrium, then passing to the left ventricle. The left ventricle pumps the blood to the rest of the body. 237 Use the displays at the heart station to learn about the structure and function of the heart. In the diagram of the heart identify and label the following parts. Also, draw arrows indicating how the blood flows through the heart. 1. right and left atria 5. superior and inferior vena cava 2. right and left ventricles 6. right and left pulmonary arteries 3. septum 7. right and left pulmonary veins 4. atrioventricular and semilunar valves 8. aorta What are coronary arteries and veins? _____________________________________________________ What happens if a coronary artery is blocked? _______________________________________________ 238 The Digestive System The digestive system breaks down food and absorbs nutrients. In the diagram of the human digestive system, identify the following structures: 1. esophagus 4. appendix 7. pancreas - ascending 2. stomach 5. rectum and anus 8. colon - descending - transverse 3. small intestine 6. liver 9. gall bladder Structure Function Stomach Pancreas Liver Small intestine Large intestine 239 The Reproductive System Use the displays in the classroom to learn about the structure and function of the reproductive system. In the diagrams that follow, identify and label the following structures in both the frontal and lateral views. Female Reproductive System Male Reproductive System 1. Ovaries 1. Testicles 2. Fallopian tubes 2. Epididymis 3. Uterus 3. Vas deferens 4. Cervix 4. Prostate 5. Vagina 5. Seminal vesicles 6. Bladder* 6. Bladder 7. Urethra* 7. Penis 8. Clitoris* 8. Urethra 9. Rectum* 9. Rectum* 10. Anus* 10. Anus* * In lateral view only Reproductive system: frontal view 240 Reproductive system: lateral view Label the structures of the reproductive system listed in the previous page. 241 The Skeletal System Identify the following bones of the human skeleton: 1. Sternum 6. Pelvis 2. Scapula 7. Coccyx 3. Ribs 8. Humerus 4. Clavicle 9. Femur 5. Vertebra 10. Manubrium 242 In the diagrams below, identify the major bones of the extremities. 1. Humerus 2. Radius 3. Ulna 4. Carpals 5. Metacarpals 6. phalanges 1. Femur 2. Patella 3. Tibia 4. Fibula 5. Metatarsals 6. Phalanges 243 Frog Dissection Obtain a preserved frog and place it in a dissection pan. Before you begin the dissection, identify the following: - Eardrum (tympanic membrane) Show the eardrum to your instructor before proceeding. Dissect the frog following your instructor’s directions. As you dissect the frog, identify each of the following structures. Show the structure to your instructor. Your instructor will initial your group’s checklist. Respiratory and Digestive system Other Circulatory systems Small and large Mouth Heart Kidneys intestines Tongue Liver Lungs Testis or ovaries Stomach Gall bladder Spleen Eggs (female only) Pancreas Cloaca Oviduct (female only) Fat bodies Urinary bladder Comparative anatomy Compare the human skeleton with the frog skeleton. - What similarities can you observe? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ - What differences can you observe? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 244 The similarities between the anatomy of humans and frogs are not limited to their skeletons. How do biologists explain the similarities in the anatomy of different species such as humans and frogs? Review 1) __________________________ - the branch of biology that classifies species according to their evolutionary relationships. 2) The first word of the scientific name of a species is the name of the _________________ the species belongs to. 3) The scientific names for humans is (spell correctly) __________________________. 4) Which of the following is not an arthropod? a. shrimp b. crab c. lobster d. fish 5) Name the 3 classes of fish: 1) ______________________________ 2) ______________________________ 3) ______________________________ 6) What is the function of blood in the circulatory system? a. To distribute nutrients b. To remove wastes c. To produce nutrients d. Both A and B e. All of the above 245 7) Which ventricle pumps blood to the lungs? a. Left ventricle b. Right ventricle c. Neither. The right atrium pumps blood to the lungs. 8) The _______________ transports sperm from the _________________. a. Vans deferens, epididymis b. Fallopian tubes, ovaries c. Urethra, epididymis d. Epididymis, vans testicles 9) What are the corresponding structures of the male and female reproductive systems? a. Males have ____________ : females have ovaries b. Males have a penis: females have ____________ c. Males have vas deferens : females have ____________ 246