Chapter 12-14 Review - Dakayla Armstead PDF

10/29/24, 6:20 PM Chapter 12-14 Review-Dakayla Armstead Student: Dakayla Armstead Instructor: D DuBose Assignment: Chapter 12...

10/29/24, 6:20 PM Chapter 12-14 Review-Dakayla Armstead Student: Dakayla Armstead Instructor: D DuBose Assignment: Chapter 12-14 Review Date: 10/29/24 Course: BI 311 Human Physiology Fall_2024 1. Part A The triad of a skeletal muscle cell is formed by what three structures? three transverse tubules two terminal cisternae and one transverse tubule two transverse tubules and one terminal cisternae three terminal cisternae 2. Part A In a relaxed myocyte, where along a sarcomere will you NOT find the regulatory proteins? H-zone and M-line I-band and A-band M-line and I-band A-band only 3. Part A Which of the following structures run parallel to the long axis of a skeletal muscle cell? Z-line, M-line, and T tubules Z-line, M-line, actin, and myosin myofibrils, myosin, and M-line actin, myosin, and myofibrils 4. Part A Why is the middle of the thick myofilament called the "bare zone"? This region is devoid of myosin. This region is devoid of any crossbridges. This region is devoid of any troponin. This region is devoid of any titan protein. 5. Part A Which of the following is a structural protein that extends along each thick filament from M line to Z line? tropomyosin troponin titin myosin actin https://tdx.acs.pearson.com/api/v1/print/highered 1/14 10/29/24, 6:20 PM Chapter 12-14 Review-Dakayla Armstead 6. Part A Which of the following stores calcium to be released for muscle contraction? sarcoplasmic reticulum sarcomeres actin and myosin tendons motor end plate 7. Part A Which of the following transmits action potentials to the interior of the muscle cell to trigger calcium release? sarcomeres actin and myosin T-tubules motor end plate sarcoplasmic reticulum 8. Part A In its energized form, myosin __________. is in a state of rigor is in an "un-cocked" position has a decreased affinity for actin is bound to ADP and Pi 9. Part A The sequence of events that links an end plate potential to the activation of crossbridge cycling is referred to as __________. the neuromuscular junction excitation-contraction coupling the sliding filament mechanism muscle fatigue 10. Part A Which of the following statements is true regarding intracellular calcium regulation in a skeletal muscle cell? At rest, calcium is actively pumped out of the sarcoplasmic reticulum and into the lumen of the T tubules. Once calcium has been released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum into the cytosol, the calcium negatively feeds back on the calcium At rest, calcium is in low concentration within the cytosol. An action potential traveling along the sarcoplasmic reticulum causes calcium to be released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum into the https://tdx.acs.pearson.com/api/v1/print/highered 2/14 10/29/24, 6:20 PM Chapter 12-14 Review-Dakayla Armstead 11. Part A What is the regulatory protein component of the thin filament that binds to calcium, thereby initiating skeletal muscle contraction? titin tropomyosin troponin actin myosin 12. Part A During skeletal muscle contraction, as the muscle shortens, the thick and thin filaments shorten. slide past one another. condense. lengthen. do not interact. 13. Part A Which of the following statements is true regarding intracellular calcium regulation in a skeletal muscle cell? Once calcium has been released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum into the cytosol, the calcium negatively feeds back on the calcium At rest, calcium is in low concentration within the cytosol. At rest, calcium is actively pumped out of the sarcoplasmic reticulum and into the lumen of the T tubules. An action potential traveling along the sarcoplasmic reticulum causes calcium to be released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum into the 14. Part A During skeletal muscle contraction, as the muscle shortens, the thick and thin filaments shorten. lengthen. slide past one another. do not interact. condense. 15. Part A When a skeletal muscle is passively stretched, that cell has a tendency to spring back once the force that was stretching the muscle is removed due to actin and myosin acting as a spring using the energy stored by the stretching. the elastic connective tissue that surrounds the muscle cells and fascicles. the active interaction between actin and myosin (energy required). titin acting as a spring using the energy stored by the stretching. the passive interaction between actin and myosin (no energy required). https://tdx.acs.pearson.com/api/v1/print/highered 3/14 10/29/24, 6:20 PM Chapter 12-14 Review-Dakayla Armstead 16. Part A The repeated, oscillating interaction between actin and myosin which results in the generation of force by a skeletal muscle cell is called what? crossbridge cycling Z line interaction titin cycling sarcomeric facilitation the sliding-filament model 17. Part A What converts the myosin head into the high-energy state? the condensation of ATP binding to titin binding to actin the hydrolysis of ATP binding to ATP only 18. Part A What is a motor unit? a muscle fiber and all the motor neurons that innervate it all the muscle fibers in a fascicle a spinal nerve and all the muscle fibers it innervates a motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates all the myofibrils in a muscle fiber 19. Part A Which of the following extends the length of the thick filaments? I band Z line M line H zone A band 20. Part A The decreased ability of a muscle to maintain a constant force of contraction during repetitive stimulation is called what? wasting treppe tetanus fatigue O2 depletion https://tdx.acs.pearson.com/api/v1/print/highered 4/14 10/29/24, 6:20 PM Chapter 12-14 Review-Dakayla Armstead 21. Part A Closure of the atrioventricular valve occurs when the valve contracts. the papillary muscle contracts. pressure inside the ventricle is greater than pressure inside the atrium. pressure inside the ventricle is less than pressure inside the atrium. the atrium contracts. 22. Part A The opening and closure of the atrioventricular and semilunar valves is driven by differences in pressure across the valve. contraction of the valve. contraction of the ventricle and atria that pull the valves into place. contraction and relaxation of the valve. contraction of muscles attached to the valves. 23. Part A Where is the SA node located? left ventricle right ventricle right atrium AV bundle (bundle of His) left atrium 24. Part A During isovolumetric contraction, which chamber has the greatest pressure? left atrium right atrium AV bundle (bundle of His) left ventricle right ventricle 25. Part A Which of the following is true regarding electrical activity in pacemaker cells of the heart? Opening Na+ channels and closing K+ channels causes the pacemaker cells to depolarize to threshold. Closing of K+ channels terminates the action potential. Activation of voltage-gated Ca++ channels are necessary for the cell to reach threshold. At the initiation of depolarization, funny channels are closed. https://tdx.acs.pearson.com/api/v1/print/highered 5/14 10/29/24, 6:20 PM Chapter 12-14 Review-Dakayla Armstead 26. Part A Pacemaker cells of the heart __________. generate action potentials more quickly in the AV node than the SA node are cardiac myocytes function to transmit action potentials from one part of the heart to another part are more heavily concentrated in the interventricular septum than anywhere else 27. Part A Which of the following would remove the QRS complex from an ECG recording? damage to the Purkinje fibers innervating the papillary muscles only damage to the AV valves complete removal of the SA node complete removal of the bundle of His 28. Part A The QRS complex represents a(n) __________ event, which precedes a(n) __________ event of the heart. atrial; ventricular pulmonary; systemic volume; pressure electrical; mechanical 29. Part A Whereas the contractile activity of skeletal muscle is called ________, that of cardiac muscle is ________ because the contraction originates within the musculature itself. voluntary : involuntary neurogenic : myogenic somatic : autorhythmic somatic : autonomic extrinsic : intrinsic 30. Part A Which of the following is the correct conduction pathway through the heart? SA node, Purkinje fibers, AV node, bundle of His, bundle branches Bundle of His, bundle branches, Purkinje fibers, SA node, AV node AV node, SA node, bundle branches, bundle of His, Purkinje fibers SA node, AV node, bundle of His, bundle branches, Purkinje fibers Purkinje fibers, bundle of His, bundle branches, SA node, AV node https://tdx.acs.pearson.com/api/v1/print/highered 6/14 10/29/24, 6:20 PM Chapter 12-14 Review-Dakayla Armstead 31. Part A Normal resting heart rate is around 70 beats per minute due to the SA node. If the SA node fails, what would you expect the heart beats per minute to be? 10-20 beats per minute 30-40 beats per minute 50 beats per minute If the SA node fails the individual will go into heart failure and therefore there will be no heart rate. 70 beats per minute as the AV node takes over for the SA node 32. Part A Which of the following is responsible for the rapid depolarization phase of an action potential within the pacemaker cells? an increase in PNa a decrease in PNa a decrease in PK an increase in PCa an increase in PK 33. Part A During repolarization (phase 3) of a contractile cell action potential, only sodium permeability is increased. only calcium permeability is increased. only potassium permeability is increased. sodium and calcium permeability are both increased. sodium and potassium permeability are both increased. 34. Part A Which of the following components of an ECG represents atrial depolarization? P wave QRS complex TQ segment T wave PQ interval 35. Part A In an ECG recording, the RR interval is 0.5 seconds. What is the heart rate? 120 beats/min 100 beats/min 50 beats/min 60 beats/min 30 beats/min https://tdx.acs.pearson.com/api/v1/print/highered 7/14 10/29/24, 6:20 PM Chapter 12-14 Review-Dakayla Armstead 36. Part A Which of the following is true of the ventricular filling phase of the cardiac cycle? Ventricular pressure is decreasing. Ventricular filling occurs during systole. Ventricular pressure is less than aortic pressure. All valves in the heart are open. Ventricular pressure is greater than atrial pressure. 37. Part A The end-diastolic volume minus the end-systolic volume is the ejection fraction. cardiac output. total atrial volume. total ventricular volume. stroke volume. https://tdx.acs.pearson.com/api/v1/print/highered 8/14 10/29/24, 6:20 PM Chapter 12-14 Review-Dakayla Armstead 38. Click on the link or the image below to launch Exercise 5 > Activity 6: Studying the Effect of Stroke Volume on Pump Activity. Complete the Experiment and then answer the Post-lab Quiz Part A questions to the right. Increase in stroke volume is a result of _______. Exercise 5 > Activity 6: Studying the Effect of Stroke Volume on Pump Activity1 increased contractility of the heart increased preload increased EDV increased contractility of the heart, increased EDV and increas Part B Which variable was altered in this activity? flow rate blood pressure stroke volume vessel radius Part C An increase in venous return _______. decreases EDV results in decreased preload occurs with severe blood loss occurs during exercise Part D The flow rate in this activity _______. stayed constant, because pump rate decreased as the stroke v stayed constant, because pump rate increased as the stroke v stayed constant, because pump rate decreased as the stroke v varied with stroke volume https://tdx.acs.pearson.com/api/v1/print/highered 9/14 10/29/24, 6:20 PM Chapter 12-14 Review-Dakayla Armstead 39. Read the introduction and then answer the Pre-lab Quiz questions to the right. Part A Exercise 5 > Activity 6: Studying the Effect of Stroke Volume on Pump Activity2 An increase in venous return will _______. increase EDV and therefore, increase stroke volume decrease the contractility of the heart increase stroke volume only increase EDV only Part B The overlap length of cardiac muscle in the healthy heart is _______. decreased as the heart is stretched less than optimum for maximum tension production optimum for maximum tension production optimized when the length of the sarcomere is decreased Part C Afterload is the pressure threshold that must be exceeded to open _______. the tricuspid valve the pulmonary semilunar valve and the tricuspid valve the pulmonary semilunar valve the aortic semilunar valve and the pulmonary semilunar valve the aortic semilunar valve Part D In a normal heart, an increase in EDV would result in decreased stretch on the heart wall. an increase in preload. a decrease in stroke volume. a decrease in heart contractility. 40. Part A Which of the following decreases heart rate? increase in venous pressure increase in parasympathetic activity increase in stroke volume increase in filling time increase in sympathetic activity https://tdx.acs.pearson.com/api/v1/print/highered 10/14 10/29/24, 6:20 PM Chapter 12-14 Review-Dakayla Armstead 41. Part A Which of the following is NOT an extrinsic control mechanism regulating heart muscle contraction activity? adrenal medulla sympathetic nervous system end-diastolic volume (EDV) parasympathetic nervous system 42. Part A If an increase in end-diastolic volume (EDV) occurs, the force of ventricular contraction rises. This will produce an increase in which of the following? preload stroke volume only cardiac output and stroke volume cardiac output only 43. Part A The primary mechanism for exchange of substances across the capillary wall is mediated transport. vesicle transport. active transport. bulk flow. diffusion. 44. Part A Exchange between blood and interstitial fluid occurs across capillaries and, to a lesser extent, veins. arterioles. metarterioles. arteries. venules. 45. Part A Under normal conditions, which Starling forces favor filtration? interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure and plasma oncotic pressure capillary hydrostatic pressure and plasma oncotic pressure capillary hydrostatic pressure and interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure capillary hydrostatic pressure and interstitial fluid osmotic pressure interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure and interstitial fluid osmotic pressure https://tdx.acs.pearson.com/api/v1/print/highered 11/14 10/29/24, 6:20 PM Chapter 12-14 Review-Dakayla Armstead 46. Part A Which of the following would increase blood flow through a capillary bed? contraction of precapillary sphincters in the capillary bed constriction of the arteriole leading into the capillary bed contraction of smooth muscle in the metarterioles bypassing the capillary bed increase in venous pressure decrease in blood pressure in the arteriole leading into the capillary bed 47. Part A The total cross-sectional area is greatest in which blood vessels? capillaries veins arterioles venules arteries 48. Part A Which of the following equations correctly relates flow, pressure, and resistance? resistance = flow × pressure pressure = flow × resistance flow = pressure - resistance flow = pressure + resistance flow = pressure × resistance 49. Part A In comparison to the systemic circuit, the pulmonary circuit has lower resistance to blood flow. transports deoxygenated blood. is under greater pressure. has lower blood flow. has an equal pressure gradient to drive blood flow. 50. Part A Which type of vessel provides the greatest amount of resistance to blood flow? capillaries veins arterioles the aorta https://tdx.acs.pearson.com/api/v1/print/highered 12/14 10/29/24, 6:20 PM Chapter 12-14 Review-Dakayla Armstead 51. Part A Which of the following statements best defines blood vessel compliance? A large increase in blood volume is necessary to cause any change in blood pressure. Compliance is the relative ease of which a blood vessel expands or distends. The combined resistances of all the blood vessels within the circuit. Compliance is the pressure within the aorta. 52. Part A The elastic nature of the largest artery's walls allows them to act as a ________, maintaining the driving force for blood flow while the heart is relaxed during diastole. volume reservoir non-compliant structure pressure reservoir contractile force non-distensible structure 53. Part A The blood vessels of largest diameter are the ________, and the blood vessels with the thickest walls are the ________. arteries : veins arteries : arteries veins : veins veins : arteries arteries : arterioles 54. Part A In the circulatory system, the largest pressure drop occurs across which blood vessels? capillaries arterioles venules arteries veins 55. Part A Which of the following has the regulation of its radius determining blood flow through specific organs? artery venule capillary arteriole vein https://tdx.acs.pearson.com/api/v1/print/highered 13/14 10/29/24, 6:20 PM Chapter 12-14 Review-Dakayla Armstead 56. Part A In response to a decrease in the stretch of a baroreceptor, sympathetic nervous activity will ________ while parasympathetic nervous activity will ________. decrease : increase increase : decrease not change : remain constant decrease : remain constant not change : increase 57. Part A An increase in the stretch of a baroreceptor will cause venomotor tone to ________ while ventricular contractility will ________. increase : decrease increase : not change remain constant : not change decrease : decrease increase : increase 58. Part A The high compliance of veins allows them to provide the driving force for the movement of blood through the vasculature during diastole. hold only small volumes of blood. rapidly change central venous pressure with small changes in blood volume. accommodate large volumes of blood with little change in pressure. act as pressure reservoirs. 59. Part A Which of the following would decrease central venous pressure? activity of skeletal muscles increased sympathetic activity increased blood volume increased respiratory activity standing up https://tdx.acs.pearson.com/api/v1/print/highered 14/14