Chapter 10 The Muscular System Fall 2024 PDF

Chapter 10 Skeletal The Muscular System Lab Ex 13: Gross Anatomy of the Skeletal Muscle System *Recommended: (FA Davis) – second part of Ch 10 Muscles 10.1 For any movement, muscles can act in one of three ways Three (3) Functional Groupings (specific to a movement) 1. Pr...

Chapter 10 Skeletal The Muscular System Lab Ex 13: Gross Anatomy of the Skeletal Muscle System *Recommended: (FA Davis) – second part of Ch 10 Muscles 10.1 For any movement, muscles can act in one of three ways Three (3) Functional Groupings (specific to a movement) 1. Prime mover (Agonist) Major responsibility for producing specific movement 2. Antagonist “Opposite”- Opposes or reverses that particular movement 3. Synergist helps prime movers Adds extra force to same movement, Reduces undesirable or unnecessary movement Fixator - Synergist that https://external-content.duckduckgo.com/iu/?u=https%3A%2F%2Ftse1.mm.bing.net%2Fth%3Fid%3DOIP.eb5kI3udN_W6z45OIb-gNQHaEo%26pid%3DApi&f=1 10.1 For any movement, muscles can act in one of three ways Elbow Flexion The role of a muscle depends on the movement being discussed. Same muscle may be: Prime mover of one https://cdn.shopify.com/s/files/1/0761/9521/files/CB_Trigger_Point_chapter_2_pdf__page_5_of_10_large.jpg?v=1473239557  ***Tip: Prime Agonist (Prime Mover) vs Antagonist movers Antagonist vs Agonist (Prime Mover) (agonists) and antagonists are located on opposite sides of joint across which they act. https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-0bmL7jJc8TA/UhjWxIHWR3I/AAAAAAAAAII/SLTutKss_kc/s1600/Antagonistic-Muscle-groups-List.png Muscles can only pull; NEVER push Focus Figure 10.1 - Muscle (What one muscle group “does,” another “undoes”) The action of a muscle can be determined by Actions the position of the muscle relative to the joint it crosses. You can determine a muscles action by thinking, “When the fibers of this muscle shorten, how will the insertion move? Abduction of the Glenohumeral Let’s Practice Naming Class Activity 1 (Working with a partner/group) Q – Each of these muscles is Prime mover (agonist) of what specific motion at what specific joint? Q – Name one antagonist to each prime mover? Name one fixator for each prime mover? Q – At what other joint with what movement would each of these muscles be a synergist? https://fitnessprogramer.com/exercise/lying-weighted-lateral-neck-flexion/ Hamstring Biceps https://www.getbodysmart.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/Biceps-Brachii-770x550.png Sternocleidoma https://static.wixstatic.com/media/c77246_249aa55cf7334f45985b6039f3e8b7f0~mv2.jpg/v1/fit/w_600%2Ch_616%2C 10.2 How are Skeletal Muscles Named? A. Muscle location: Temporalis (over temporal bone) B. Muscle shape: Deltoid muscle (deltoid = triangle) C. Muscle size: maximus (largest), minimus (smallest), longus (long) D. Direction of muscle fibers or fascicles: rectus (fibers run straight), transversus (fibers run at right angles), and oblique (fibers run at angles to imaginary defined axis) https://www.custompilatesandyoga.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/deltoid-side.jpg https://www.anatomyqa.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/muscles-of-medial-compartmen  E. Number of origins: Biceps (two origins), Triceps (three origins) F. Location of attachments: (origin named first): Ex: Sternocleidomastoid G. Muscle action: Ex: flexor or extensor H. Several criteria can be combined Ex: Extensor (extends) carpi (wrist) radialis (radius) longus (long) https://remedialmassage-goldcoast.com.au/remedialmassagegoldcoast/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/sterno.jpg https://external-content.duckduckgo.com/iu/?u=https%3A%2F%2Ftse1.mm.bing.net%2Fth%3Fid%3DOIP.yFsMrAUinaE2l4ZR5C8o-QHaFj%26pid%3DApi&f=1 10.3 Fascicle Arrangements help determine muscle shape & force 5 Types - Fascicle Arrangements: 1. Circular: fascicles arranged in concentric rings (like a sphincter) 2. Convergent: broad origin; fascicles converge toward single tendon insertion (like a ponytail) 3. Fusiform: spindle- 10.3 Fascicle Arrangements help determine muscle shape & force 4. Parallel: fascicles parallel to long axis of straplike muscle Long fibers - more ROM (Range of Motion), 5. Pennate: “feather-like” short less power fascicles attach obliquely to central tendon running length of muscle. Three forms Unipennate: Bipennate, Multipennate https://www.shapelog.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/2-3-Muscle-Fiber-Alignment-1024x734.jpg Bipennate, multipennate muscles have most fibers less ROM but are very powerful 10.4 Muscles acting with bones form Lever Systems The Skeletal and Muscular System cooperate in a system of levers to produce movement. Bones – stiff levers Joints – fulcrums Muscles – effort/applied force Load – weight or resistance https://i.pinimg.com/originals/65/81/b7/6581b7f5e33e851dfb7752ac1aab089d.jpg Which do you already recognize? Why are they named that way? Which do you already recognize? Why are they named that way? Which do you already recognize? Why are they named that Which do you already recognize? Why are they named that Four (4) Facts About Any Muscle L2, L3 https://i.pinimg.com/originals/2a/b8/f8/2ab8f8f37f9c03eeefa0a44ce36a8861.jpg 10.5 A Muscle’s Origin and Insertion determine its action Each Muscle has 2 Attachments: 1.Origin: Attachment to the bone which will stay still (fixed or stabilized) during the movement. 2.Insertion: Attachment to the bone being pulled (moving) during the movement. *Often in the Extremities, Origin is located Proximally while Insertion is located Distally, but not always. https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Z4GQfTH5hCc/Uhi7CtBgaLI/AAAAAAAAAHc/UXfq_-hj3x0/s1600/origin+insertion.jpg 10.5 Innervation – Nerve Supply Cranial Nerves Arise from the brain Supply mm of head and some neck mm Peripheral Nerves Arise from Spinal Cord Mingle in Plexi to form new https://nursekey.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/C35-FF1.gif Class Activity 2 (Working with a partner/group) Q – What are some ways a muscle is named? Q – What are the five types of fascicle arrangements? Q – Define origin, insertion, innervation. Q – How do you determine the action of a muscle? Q - Can you correctly identify and spell ALL the superficial muscles?  Muscle Groups of the Head A: Muscles of Mastication (4) NS: CN V (5 – https://c2.staticflickr.com/ 6/5051/5509353163_3fb97663ba_z.jpg Trigeminal) Insertion: Mandible B: Muscles of Facial Expression NS: CN VII (7 - Facial) Insertion: skin or muscle of face/neck C: Muscles of the Tongue (3) NS: CN XII (12 - NS = Nerve Supply or Innervation Hypoglossal) CN = Cranial Nerve  https://www.kenhub.com/thumbor/pl759nsH30G9Wkjxpn4vA4JewOQ=/fit-in/800x1600/filters:watermark(/images/logo_url.png,-10,-10,0)/images/library/5728/ Vc1ICDIQi6PinabT9JHbIA_Temporalis_muscle_01.png.jpeg Two Prime movers of Mandible Elevation (Action): 1.Temporalis Group A: mm of Origin: Temporal Bone mastication (chewing) Common innervation CN V (5 Insertion: Coronoid Process – Trigeminal) Common Insertion: (specifically) Mandible Two Muscles for Grinding: 3.Lateral pterygoid Origin: Sphenoid Insertion: Condylar Process (specifically) 4.Medial pterygoid Origin: Sphenoid and others Group A: mm of Mastication Common innervation CN V (5 – Trigeminal) Common Insertion: Mandible  Head mm Innervat Actio Origin Insertio ion n n Group 1: Muscles of mastication Temporalis Masseter Lateral Pterygoid Medial Pterygoid Q – Could you fill in this Table? https://blog.studentrdh.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Which-one-is-NOT-a-muscle-of-mastication-1.jpg http://www.rxpgonline.com/modules.php?name=Mnemonics&file=mnemonic&mid=2353 Head mm: Group B - Muscles of Facial Expression ALL are innervated by cranial nerve VII (7 - Facial Nerve) ALL Insertion: Skin or Muscle of Face/Neck - Important in nonverbal communication https://i.pinimg.com/564x/6f/cd/ 44/6fcd44a185871ffc024f40d6991eeea9.jpg  Epicranius (occipitofrontalis): Two bellies connected by the epicranial aponeurosis Origin: Occipital Action: Frontal Belly – raises eyebrows, Occipital Belly – Head scalp pulls mm: Group 3 - Muscles of Facial posteriorly Expression - Common innervation Platysma: CN VII (7 - Facial Origin: Fascia of Nerve) - Common Insertion: chest Skin/Muscle of Face/Neck  Head mm: Group 3 - Muscles of Facial Expression - Common innervation CN VII (7 - Facial Nerve) Orbicularis - Common Insertion: Skin/Muscle of Oculi: Face/Neck Origin: Maxilla/ Frontal Orbicularis Oris: Action: Closes Origin: Maxilla/ eyes Mandible Action: Closes lips, also purses and protrudes (“kissing and whistling”) https://s3.amazonaws.com/libapps/accounts/47049/images/Orbicularis_obis.png Above the Mouth: Origin: Zygomatic Bone Actions: Zygomaticus major and minor –produce smile  Head mm: Group 3 - Muscles of Facial Expression - Common innervation CN VII (7 - Facial Nerve) - Common Insertion: https://www.earthslab.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/070817_0733_Orbicularis1.jpg Skin/Muscle of  Below the Mouth: Origin: Mandible Actions: Depressor anguli oris– produces frown  Mentalis – protrudes lower lip,mm: Head wrinkles Group 3chin - Muscles of Facial Expression - Common innervation CN VII (7 - Facial Nerve) https://www.earthslab.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/070817_0733_Orbicularis1.jpg - Common Insertion: Beside the Mouth: Risorius Origin: Masseter mm Actions: Draws corners of lips laterally (fake smile) Buccinator deep to Risorius and masseter principle cheek muscle Origin: Head mm: Group 3 Maxilla/Mandible - Muscles of Facial Actions: Expression Compresses cheek to - Common innervation CN VII (7 - Facial hold in food while Nerve) chewing https://mobilephysiotherapyclinic.in/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/FEATURE-IMAGE-403x351.jpg - Common Insertion: Class Activity 3 (Working with a partner/group) Q – Identify all muscles of mastication and facial expression. Which are visible in these pictures, and which are not? Q – Name the Origin, Insertion, Innervation, Action for each muscle? What patterns do you see in these facts? Commonalities? Differences? Q – For what motions do these muscles act as agonists, antagonists, synergists? Study Tip Q – Could you draw the 4 muscles of mastication on these skulls? Q – Could you draw 10 muscles of facial expression https://i.pinimg.com/originals/4a/b5/5d/4ab55d11a297b7c93ed2faca14090f8f.png http://getcolorings.com/images/axial-skeleton-coloring-pages-4.jpg Head mm: Group C - Muscles of The Tongue ALL 3 are innervated by cranial nerve XII (12 - Hypoglossal Nerve) ALL 3: Insertion: Tongue ALL 3: Action: Move Tongue (assisting in mastication – chewing) Hyoglossus Origin: Hyoid Bone Genioglossus Origin: Mandible Styloglossus Origin: Styloid Process (Temporal) Mnemonic: Hot Ginger Snaps https://geekymedics.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/Muscles-of-the-tongue-styloglossus-hyoglossus-genioglossus.jpg  Muscle Groups of the Head A: Muscles of Mastication (4) NS: CN V (5 – https://c2.staticflickr.com/ 6/5051/5509353163_3fb97663ba_z.jpg Trigeminal) Insertion: Mandible B: Muscles of Facial Expression NS: CN VII (7 - Facial) Insertion: skin or muscle of face/neck C: Muscles of the Tongue (3) NS: CN XII (12 - NS = Nerve Supply or Innervation Hypoglossal) CN = Cranial Nerve Useful Terms for Describing Muscle Action https://bodybuilding-wizard.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/bilateral-versus-unilateral-training.jpg Two Main Branches of Any Spinal Nerve 1. Posterior (Dorsal) Ramus Smaller Provides Sensory and Motor to Skin and Muscles of Posterior 2.Thorax. Anterior (Ventral) Ramus Longer Provides Sensory and Motor to Intercostal Region and merge to form the Plexuses that supply the limbs, etc. Torso: True (Deep or Intrinsic) Back Muscles Back Muscles Acting on Spine/Ribs/Pelvis NOT “Back” Muscles Actions: Acting on the Upper Extremity Important for Posture Bilaterally - extend head/spine unilaterally – rotate and/or laterally flex head/spine Innervation: Segmental innervation (level by level) from posterior rami of spinal nerves Muscle Layers (from deep to superficial) Segmental Muscles, Semispinalis, https://i.pinimg.com/originals/40/91/a3/4091a3b2cfd2df09a4079debb3ff9a51.jpg Erector Spinae, Splenius https://laurengleisberg.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/back-muscles.jpg Muscle Layers (deep to superficial) A. Segmental Muscles: Important in proprioception. Specific Group: Suboccipital Muscles (can play a role in headaches) B. Semispinalis C. Erector Spinae Large group of Three (3) Vertical Muscles together spanning from pelvis to head: (from lateral to medial - I Love Spaghetti): 1. Iliocostalis 2. Longissimus 3. Spinalis D. Splenius Anterior (Ventral) Rami of the Spinal Nerves Most of them emerge and first mingle and recombine in a plexus before traveling out to supply the muscle 1.Cervical Plexus (Ventral Rami of C1 through C5) Muscles of Shoulder, Neck and Diaphragm 2.Brachial Plexus (Ventral Rami of C5 through T1) Upper Extremity 3.Intercostal Nerves – T2-T12 – NO Plexus 4.Lumbar Plexus (Ventral Rami of L1-  When assessing spinal cord injury, myotomes (muscles supplied by a certain spinal level) are assessed. When assessing peripheral injury, the clinician may assess areas supplied by major nerves that emerge from plexi. https://www.drjayanthealinghands.com/images/motos.jpg https://www.smartdraw.com/cmsstorage/exampleimages/7e9c210f-a38e-4cad-a065-2d31a178ec22.png Class Activity 4 (Working with a partner/group) Q – Define unilateral, bilateral, true back muscles, and myotome. Q – Name 3 tongue What are muscles the 2 main and their branches origin, insertion, of any action,nerve? spinal innervation. What are the functions of each main branch? Q – Name and describe the 4 layers in the true back muscle group. Q – Name the 4 main plexi. What are their spinal levels? What main areas do they innervate?  Torso: Muscles of Neck/Throat Neck/Throat mm: The Divider: Sternocleidomastoid Origin: Manubrium and Clavicle Insertion: Temporal Bone (Mastoid Process) Actions: Bilaterally– flex neck Unilaterally– Rotate head to opposite side Innervation: In a lateral view, the Cranial Nerve XI (11 - muscles of the neck can be Accessory Nerve) divided into 2 Triangles by the Sternocleidomastoid. https://thumbor.kenhub.com/k9uGNsZ50rH0ZB2oq_0idtFaLjY=/fit-in/800x1600/filters:watermark(/images/logo_url.png,-10,-10,0):background_color(FFFFFF):format(jpeg)/images/article/en/triangles-of-the-neck/ vKbQaTyi3KBMcdOj1fWUw_Screen_Shot_2017-02-28_at_12.06.33.png Posterior Triangle 1. Scalenes (Anterior, Middle, Posterior) Origin: Cervical Vertebrae Insertion: Ribs 1 and 2 Actions: Elevate ribs 1 and 2, Accessory mm of respiration 2. Splenius 3. Levator Scapulae https://i.ytimg.com/vi/hcDHwSs9DI0/maxresdefault.jpg Torso: Muscles of Neck/Throat Anterior Triangle: (MOST insert onto Hyoid Bone) 1.Suprahyoid Muscles 2.Infrahyoid Muscles Action: Move Hyoid and other structures in Swallowing https://www.earthslab.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/070517_0537_StyloidGear1.jpg Torso: Muscles of Respiration (breathing) Diaphragm: Dome-shaped when relaxed, flattens with contraction Origin: Inferior Ribs and Sternum, Lumbar Vertebrae Insertion: Central Tendon Action: Prime mover of inspiration Innervation: Phrenic Nerves (from Cervical Plexus) (C3, C4, C5) *** C3, C4, C5 keeps the diaphragm alive Can be injured in a broken https://avenueacu.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/diaphragmatic_breathing-300x199.jpg Torso: Muscles of Respiration (breathing) Intercostals Origin and Insertion: Between Ribs, Antagonists to each other Innervation: Intercostal nerves (from Anterior Rami of Spinal Nerves) Actions: External Intercostals – Pull ribs towards one another to elevate rib cage, synergist in inspiration Internal Intercostals – Torso: Abdominal Muscles Actions: MOST Flex and Rotate Vertebral Column, fix ribs/pelvis for upright activities (except TA) ALL compress abdominal contents Innervation: Intercostal Nerves & Four Lumbar(4) Muscles Plexus 1.Rectus Abdominus “Six-pack”, enclosed in a sheath by other 3, Linea Alba runs down center 2. External Oblique (Fiber Direction: “hands in pocket”) 3.Internal Oblique (Fiber Direction: “fold hands to pray”) 4.Transversus Abdominis A: Fibers run horizontally, VERY Torso: Abdominal Muscles (memory tip) - TIRE Acronym https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/52a51932e4b02f079a917c8c/1413847935755-A8WZDBAEKIWGMJF6KU2V/?content-type=image%2Fpng https://www.necksolutions.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/transabd-l-768x444.jpg http://www.carrettiworld.net/fitforever/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/External-and-Internal-Obliques.jpg https://www.yoganatomy.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/transverse-abdominis-45.png Quadratus lumborum (Posterior Abdominal Wall) Action: fix rib 12 (posture) Part of Posterior Abdominal Wall Can also extend lumbar spine. Innervation: Intercostal Nerves & Lumbar Plexus Origin: Iliac Crest Insertion: Lumbar Vertebrae, Rib 12 Torso: Abdominal Muscles Class Activity 5 (Working with a partner/group) Q – Could you name the Origin, Insertion, Innervation, and Action of the: Sternocleidomastoid? Diaphragm? Internal/External Intercostals? Quadratus lumborum? Q – Name and describe the contents of the 2 triangles of the neck. Q – Name and describe the 4 anterior abdominal muscles, make sure to include action and innervation. Q – For what motions do these muscles act as agonists, Muscles of the Upper Extremity General Rule: In the Extremities, the BULK of the muscle is usually PROXIMAL to the joint it moves Superficial Layer of Back muscles move shoulder Brachial muscles move elbow Antebrachial mm move wrist/digits Also, the more movements that can happen at a joint the more muscles are needed to https://www.kenhub.com/thumbor/3B59aVzO77kaMswkM3QtLT2xpww=/fit-in/800x800/filters:watermark(/images/logo_url.png,-10,-10,0)/images/library/4037/ WA1TfpXgoF4XlB9iHA6zA_XxdyQ488vB_M._flexor_digitorum_superficialis_2-2.png https://media.sciencephoto.com/image/f0019891/800wm/F0019891-The_muscles_of_the_upper_limb.jpg “Back” Muscles Acting on the Upper Extremity Layered on top of True (Deep/Intrinsic) Back Muscles Acting on Back Muscles) Spine/Ribs/Pelvis https://laurengleisberg.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/back-muscles.jpg https://i.pinimg.com/originals/40/91/a3/4091a3b2cfd2df09a4079debb3ff9a51.jpg UE – Pectoral Girdle (SC Joint) Trapezius: Origin: Occipital bone, Nuchal Ligament, C7-T12 Spinous Processes Insertion: Clavicle and Scapula Innervation: Actions Many! Cranial importantNerve in XI (11 - scapulae stabilizing Accessory) Upper Trap – elevate scapula Middle Trap – Retract https://coachingthebody.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/Trapezius_Anatomy.jpg scapula LowerGroup: Posterior Trap – Depress Action: Scapular scapula https://els-jbs-prod-cdn.jbs.elsevierhealth.com/cms/attachment/ea026cde-d256-4637-8a89-cd360fdd80de/gr3_lrg.jpg UE – Pectoral Girdle (SC Joint) Deep to Trapezius Innervation: Brachial Plexus (C5-T1) Insertion: ALL 3 Scapula A. Levator Scapulae: Origin: Vertebrae Action: Elevate Scapulae B. Rhomboids (Major and Minor): Origin: Vertebrae Action: Retract Scapulae UE Joint – Pectoral Girdle (SC Joint) 1. Serratus Anterior Origin: Ribs 1-8 Insertion: Scapula (Medial Border) Action: Prime Mover of Protraction and holds scapula against chest wall Weakness/Injury - Scapular Winging, “Push Up Plus” Strengthens it The lower part of its origin on the ribs intertwines with the External Oblique Anterior Group: Action: Scapular Protractors Innervation: Brachial https://m5p4f8u4.stackpathcdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/scapular-push-ups.jpg https://orthofixar.com/wp-content/uploads/Scapular-Winging-test.jpg https://external-content.duckduckgo.com/iu/?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.precisionmovement.coach%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2019%2F06%2Fserratus-anterior-muscle-anatomy.png&f=1&nofb=1 UE Joint – Pectoral Girdle (SC Joint) Anterior Group: Action: Scapular Protractors Clinical Note: Pec Innervation: Brachial Minor is a possible 2. Pectoralis Plexus Minor (C5-T1) impingement site for Origin: Ribs 3-5 Thoracic Outlet Insertion: Scapula (Coracoid Syndrome (scalenes and clavicle can also Process) cause this) https://3.bp.blogspot.com/_1bxSYwptn-0/Sf7Jvgz88kI/AAAAAAAAAew/oWnVX5o6RnA/w1200-h630-p-k-no-nu/brachialis,+pec+minor+and+cococabrachialis.jpg https://overhaultraining.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/thoracic-outlet-syndrome-2-638.jpg UE – Glenohumeral (GH Joint) Deep Group: Action: Stabilize GH Joint and Rotation Innervation: Brachial Plexus 4 Rotator Cuff (C5-T1) Muscles: Origin: Scapula Insertion: Humerus 1.Subscapularis 2.Supraspinatus 3.Infraspinatus 4.Teres Minor SITS https://osipt.com/blog/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/photo2.jpg Acronym UE Joint – Glenohumeral (GH Joint) Posterior Group: Action: GH Extension Innervation: Brachial Plexus (C5-T1) 1. Latissimus Dorsi (prime mover): Origin: T6 – L5 Spinous Processes, Ribs, Iliac Crest Insertion: Humerus (Intertubercular Teres 2.Sulcus) Major (synergist) https://www.kingofthegym.com/image-files/teres-major.jpg https://www.verywellhealth.com/thmb/_7Az-A23hDMGC36Uj0D1rSy6Jkc=/768x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-4991581 UE Joint – Glenohumeral (GH Joint) Anterior Group: Action: GH Flexion Innervation: Brachial Plexus (C5-T1) 1. Pectoralis Major (prime mover): Origin: Clavicle, Sternum, Ribs Insertion: Humerus Coracobrachialis 2.(Intertubercular Sulcus) (synergist) 3. Biceps brachii (synergist) UE Joint – Glenohumeral (GH Joint) Medial Group: Action: GH ADduction Innervation: Brachial Plexus (C5-T1) 1. Pectoralis major 2. Latissimus dorsi 3. Teres Major “A Lady between 2 Majors” All 3 attach to the Intertubercular Sulcus of the Humerus They ALL Adduct at the GH joint (synergists) During which motions are the same muscles antagonists to each other? https://i.pinimg.com/originals/4e/ec/c3/4eecc375d695bdd00f86b74e29e45b30.jpg UE Joint – Glenohumeral (GH Joint) Lateral Muscle: Action: GH ABduction Innervation: Axillary Nerve of Brachial Plexus (C5-T1) Deltoid (prime mover): Intramuscular injection site, Origin: Clavicle and Scapula Insertion: Humerus https://everipedia-storage.s3.amazonaws.com/ProfilePicture/en/Deltoid_muscle__174513/Deltoideus.png__98272.png https://www.custompilatesandyoga.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/deltoid-side.jpg Class Activity 6 (Working with a partner/group) Q – Identify all muscles moving the Sternoclavicular (SC) joint, and all muscles moving the Glenohumeral (GH) joint. Which four muscles are called Q – Forthe Rotator what Cuff? motions at what joints do these muscles act as agonists, antagonists, synergists? Q – Name Origin, Insertion, Innervation, Action for all muscles in each group? What patterns do you see in these facts? Commonalities? Differences? Q – Could you draw these muscles onto a skeleton? Brachial Plexus (Ventral Rami of C5 through T1) 1.Smaller Branches: ○ Latissimus dorsi, Rhomboid Major/Minor, Pectoralis Major, Pectoralis Minor, Serratus Anterior, Teres Major, Rotator Cuff. 2.Specific Branches Axillary Nerve (Deltoid) Musculocutaneous Nerve ○ 2 Elbow Flexors Median and Ulnar Nerves ○ Anterior forearm mm ○ Intrinsic Hand mm Radial Nerve ○ Brachioradialis ○ Elbow Extensors ○ Posterior Forearm muscles UE – Elbow Joint Anterior Group: Action: Elbow Flexion Innervation: Brachial Plexus 1.Biceps Brachii (prime (C5-T1) mover): Origin: Scapula (coracoid https://www.rehabmypatient.com/media/uploads/articles/brachialis.jpg process and supraglenoid tubercle) Insertion: Radius Inn: Musculocutaneous N. 2. Brachialis (prime mover): Origin: Humerus Insertion: Ulna https://www.rehabmypatient.com/media/uploads/articles/brachioradialis.jpg Inn: Musculocutaneous https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e3/Biceps_brachii_muscle02.png UE – Elbow Joint Posterior Group: Action: Elbow Extension 1. Triceps Brachii (prime Innervation: mover) Radial Nerve of Brachial Origin: Scapula (1 – inferior Plexus (C5-T1) glenoid Three B’s Trotted cavity) & Humerus (2 heads) Away Insertion: Ulna (Olecranon) 2.Anconeus (synergist) Small but stabilizes joint https://i.ytimg.com/vi/D-seT6jkME4/maxresdefault.jpg https://www.gymguider.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/tricep-3-heads.jpg Muscles in the Forearm and Hand have Names with 2, 3 or 4 Separate Words in them…They often follow a specific pattern (with some exceptions) Second Word: First Third Fourth Joint/ Word: Word: Word: Descriptio Action Location Length n Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus https://cdn.pixabay.com/photo/2014/04/02/11/10/puzzle-piece-305449_960_720.png UE – Forearm mm moving Forearm, Wrist & Fingers Flexor-Pronator Group: Action: specifics in name Inn: Median & Ulnar Nerves of Brachial Plexus (C5-T1) Origin: Medial Superficial Group Epicondyle of (4) Humerus 1. Pronator Teres (most) 2. Flexor Carpi Radialis (FCR) 3. Palmaris Longus 4. Flexor Carpi Ulnaris (FCU) Middle Group (1) Flexor Digitorum Superficialis (FDS) More Free Pens  UE – Forearm mm moving Forearm, Wrist and Fingers Flexor-Pronator Group: Action: specifics in name Inn: Median & Ulnar Nerves of Brachial Plexus (C5-T1) Origin: Medial Epicondyle of Superficial Humerus Group (4) (most) Middle Group (1) Deep Group (3) Flexor Digitorum Profundus (FDP) Flexor Pollicis Longus (FPL) Pronator Quadratus More Free https://upperlimbanatomy.weebly.com/uploads/4/7/7/8/4778848/7232830.png?405 Pens UE – Forearm mm moving Forearm, Wrist and Fingers Extensor-Supinator Group: Less Egg Action: Specifics in Name Salad Inn: Radial Nerve of Brachial Plexus (C5-T1) Origin: Lateral Epicondyle of Superficial Group (4) Humerus ECU – Extensor Carpi Ulnaris ECRL – Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus ECRB – Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis Extensor Digitorum Deep Group (4) Supinator Intrinsic Muscles of Hand: Inn: Median and Ulnar N from Brachial Plexus (C5-T1) Lumbricals (Lumbrical Grip) Lost In The Interossei (Abduct and AdductHand Fingers) Thenar Eminence - Specific mm for Digit I (1- Thumb) Hypothenar Eminence - Specific mm for Digit V (5-little finger) https://o.quizlet.com/i/ eWgHo559Bxd9I_7jIHfpZA_m.jpg ALL Add Dexterity to Hand https://i.pinimg.com/originals/6a/be/28/6abe28c2906cc226e97cf9bb5d6d977a.jpg https://image.slidesharecdn.com/muscles-of-the-hand-1222637943153966-8/95/muscles-of-the-hand-3-728.jpg?cb=1222612777 Muscles of the Upper Extremity Antagonist Groups Joint: Elbow Anterior – Elbow Flexors Pectoral Girdle (SC Posterior – Elbow Joint) Extensors Anterior – Protractors Posterior – Retractors Forearm Anterior - Flexor Pronator Glenohumeral Group Joint Posterior - Extensor Anterior – GH Flexors Supinator Group Posterior – GH Intrinsic Hand Extensors Lateral – GH Muscles https://media.sciencephoto.com/image/f0019891/800wm/F0019891-The_muscles_of_the_upper_limb.jpg  Class Activity 7 Q – Identify all muscles moving the Elbow joint, and all muscles moving the Q –Forearm, For what Wrist motionsand at Fingers? what joints do these muscles act as agonists, antagonists, synergists? Q – Name Origin, Insertion, Innervation, Action for all muscles in each group? What patterns do you see in these facts? Commonalities? Differences? Q – Could you draw these muscles onto a skeleton?  Muscles of the Lower Extremity Lumbar Plexus: Sacral Plexus: Ventral Rami of L1 Ventral Rami of L4 - S4 - L4 Pudendal Nerve Obturator Nerve (Perineal mm) (Adductor mm) Gluteal Nerves – Gluteal Femoral Nerve mm (Anterior mm) Sciatic Nerve (Posterior mm) Tibial N Common Fibular N https://www.purposegames.com/images/games/background/235/235075.png https://teachmeanatomy.info/wp-content/uploads/Overview-of-the-Anatomical-Course-of-the-Tibial-Nerve.jpg LE - Hip & Knee Joints Anterior Group: Inn: Femoral Nerve {Lumbar Plexus (L1-L4)} 1. Iliopsoas (Prime Mover of Hip Flexion): Two-part muscle made of iliacus and https://i.ytimg.com/vi/cHWjpQ06-cE/maxresdefault.jpg psoas major Origin: Iliacus (Ilium), Psoas Major (T12/Lumbar Vert.) Insertion: Femur (Lesser Trochanter) 2. Sartorius: “Tailor’s Muscle” (synergist) Origin: ASIS Insertion: Tibia https://visitcore.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/tailors-mus https://thumbor.kenhub.com/1Vmp6ccGWAxFAmQODzyZUbbf2CE=/fit-in/800x1600/filters:watermark(/images/logo_url.png,-10,-10,0):background_color(FFFFFF):format(jpeg)/images/library/1082/ LE – Hip and Knee Joints Anterior Group: Inn: Femoral Nerve {Lumbar Quadriceps Femoris Plexus (L1-L4)} Prime Mover of Knee Extension Origin: AIIS, Femur Insertion: Patella and Tibia Four parts of the same muscle: 1.Rectus Femoris only one crossing hip 2.Vastus Lateralis 3.Vastus Intermedius deep to Rectus https://mobilephysiotherapyclinic.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/quadriceps-Groupmuscle-anatomy.jpg LE - Hip and Knee Joints Medial Group: Action: ADduct at the Hip Hip ADductors: Inn: Obturator Nerve {Lumbar Origin: Ischium and Plexus (L1-L4)} Pubis Insertion: Femur (mostly) Five Separate Muscles: 1. Pectineus 2. Adductor Magnus 3. Adductor Longus 4. Adductor Brevis 5. Gracilis https://www.anatomyqa.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/muscles-of-medial-compartment-of-thigh.png The pelvic brim surrounds the pelvic inlet which leads into the Muscles of the Perineu (Inn: Pudendal N– Sacral Pl. L4 true pelvis. Support Organs The pelvic diaphragm encloses Continence (Kegel Exercises) the pelvic outlet, the inferior Childbirth margin of the true pelvis. The muscles of the perineum form the pelvic diaphragm (also called pelvic floor) https://erikdalton.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Image3PelvicFloor_diaphragm.jpg https://o.quizlet.com/tDY1xZ6JpyF0zwIsvuF6Ag_m.jpg Deep Group of Hip Joint: Action: External Rotation of Hip & Stabilize Hip Joint Six DeepPlexus Inn: Sacral External L4- S4): Rotators 1.Piriformis if tight – one cause of Sciatica 2.Superior Gemellus https://www.coachroblowe.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/HIP-EXTERNAL-ROTATORS-2-768x430.png 3.Obturator Internus 4.Inferior Gemellus 5.Obturator Externus 6.Quadratus Femoris Mnemonic: Please Skip Over Into Our Quad https://biofunctionalhealth.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/piriformis-stretch.png LE – Hip Joint Posterior Group: Action: 1. Hip Gluteus Extension Maximus (prime mover): Origin: Sacrum and Ilium https://learnmuscles.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Gluteus-maximus_Watermarked_HR-1-1024x723.jpg Insertion: Femur and IT Band Inn: Gluteal Ns (Sacral Plexus (L4- S4). *Intramuscular https://bosic.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/Hamstring.png Lateral Group: Action: Hip ABduction LE – Hip Joint Inn: Gluteal Ns (Sacral Plexus (L4-S4). 1.Gluteus Medius (prime mover) Origin: Ilium Insertion Greater Trochanter of Femur Intramuscular injection site 2. Gluteus Minimus (synergist) *Deep to Medius 3. Tensor Fascia Lata (synergist) https://media.oregonlive.com/runoregon/photo/9610872-large.jpg Tensor Fascia Iliotibial Band (Tract) Lata: – IT Band Origin: ASIS Thickening of Deep Fascia Insertion: IT extending from iliac Band crest to tibia, Helps Inn: Gluteal Ns Stabilize Hip and Knee. (Sacral Plexus (L4- If too tight, can cause S4)). inflammation of the bursa Action: ABducts over the Greater Hip, Tenses IT Trochanter. Band https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/5313d797e4b08cb6881818ef/1452148168425-07JYYW61JOKKTLZVPV7D/?content-type=image%2Fpng https://18kxerroa80uqzne1b7qmoje-wpengine.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/tensor-fasci  Class Activity 8 Q – Identify all muscles moving the Hip Q – For what motions at what joints do these Joint. muscles act as agonists, antagonists, synergists? Q – Name Origin, Insertion, Innervation, Action for all muscles in each group? What patterns do you see in these facts? Commonalities? Differences? Q – Could you draw these muscles onto a skeleton? Q – What is the pelvic diaphragm? Function? Innervation? Q – Name the 6 small external rotators stabilizing the hip? LE – Knee Joint Posterior Group: Action: Knee Flexion A. Hamstrings (prime mover): Origin: Ischial Tuberosity Insertion: Fibula and Tibia Inne: Sciatic N (Sacral Plexus (L4-S4)). Three muscles in this Group: 1.Biceps Femoris - Lateral 2.Semimembranosus – Medial 3.Semitendinosus – Medial B. Popliteus (synergist): (unlocks knee) https://bosic.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/Hamstring.png https://georgenaterry.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/hamstring-muscles-866x1024.jpg https://prokneepainrelief.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/Pain%20Behind%20Knee-Popliteus%20Muscle-300x300.jpg LE – Calf mm moving Ankle, Foot, & Toes Anterior Group: Action: Ankle Dorsiflexion AND/OR Toe Extension Inn: Common Fibular N from Sciatic N – ALL 3: Sacral Pl. L4-S4 Origin: Tibia/Fibula/Interosseus membrane 1. Tibialis Anterior (prime mover of DF) 2. Extensor Digitorum Longus (EDL) – synergist of DF Action: ALSO Extends Toes II-V nimg.com/originals/ae/ff/b3/aeffb332544498e00d241d620c273a18.https://external-content.duckduckgo.com/iu/?u=https%3A%2F%2Fspotmejbprog.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2017%2F06%2FMuscles-of-the-A LE – Calf mm moving Ankle, Foot, & Toes Lateral Group: Action: Ankle Eversion Inn: Common Fibular N from Sciatic N – Sacral Pl. L4-S4 Both Origin: Fibula 1.Fibularis Longus 2.Fibularis Brevis https://i.pinimg.com/originals/ae/ff/b3/aeffb332544498e00d241d620c273a18.jpg LE – Calf mm moving Ankle, Foot, & Toes Posterior Group: Action: Ankle Plantar Flexion Inn: Tibial N from Sciatic N – Sacral Pl. L4-S4 Triceps Surae (Prime Mover of PF): 1.Gastrocnemius (superficial) Origin: Femur (medial and lateral condyles) 2.Soleus (deep) Origin: Tibia, Fibula, Interosseus membrane BOTH Insertion: Calcaneus (insert https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Triceps_surae.svg/1200px-Triceps_surae.sv LE – Calf mm moving Ankle, Foot, & Toes Posterior Group: Action: Ankle Inversion AND/OR Toe Flexion Innervation: Tibial N from Sciatic N – DeepPl.Layer Sacral L4-S4 – (Deep to Soleus) ALL 3 Origin: Tibia/Fibula/IO membrane and all 3 are synergists to plantarflexion 1.Tibialis Posterior Ankle Inversion: prime mover 2.Flexor Digitorum Longus (FDL) Action: ALSO Flexes Toes https://www.knowyourbody.net/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Tibialis-Posterior-Images.jpg Intrinsic Muscles of Foot: (Inn: Tibial N from Sciatic N – Sacral Pl. L4-S4) Move Toes and Help Support Arches of Foot Lumbricals and Interossei Specific mm for Digits I and V  Plantar Fascia: Superficial to muscles Thick, strong CT layer Connects Calcaneus to toes Main support for longitudinal arches Injury/Inflammation – Plantar https://i1.wp.com/athrohab.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/plantar-fasciitis-with-text.jpg fasciitis https://www.thephysiomovement.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/foot-pain.png https://www.highmarkhealth.org/blog/images/care/plantar-fascia.jpg Muscles of the Lower Extremity Antagonist Groups Joint: Hip Calf Anterior – Hip Flexors Anterior – Ankle DF, Posterior – Hip Extensors Toe Extensors Lateral – Hip Abductors Lateral – Ankle Medial – Hip Adductors Eversion Posterior – Ankle Joint: Knee Anterior – Knee ExtensorsPF/Inversion, Toe Posterior – Knee Flexors Flexors Intrinsic Foot Muscles  Class Activity 9 Q – Identify all muscles moving the Knee Joint and all muscles moving the Q – ankle, foot, For what toes. motions at what joints do these muscles act as agonists, antagonists, synergists? Q – Name Origin, Insertion, Innervation, Action for all muscles in each group? What patterns do you? Commonalities? Differences? Q – What is the plantar fascia? Function?  What similarities and differences do you notice between the muscles of the Upper Extremity and Lower Extremity? https://media.sciencephoto.com/image/f0019891/800wm/F0019891-The_muscles_of_the_upper_limb.jpg https://www.purposegames.com/images/games/background/235/235075.png  References Gordon, J. B., DeSaix, P., Johnson, E., Johnson, J. E., Korol, O., Kruse, Poe, B., H., Wise, J. A., Womble, M., & Young, K. A. (2021). Anatomy and Physiology. OpenStax. https://openstax.org/details/books/anatomy-and-physiology Openstax Instructor Resources (adjusted as needed) Marieb, E. N. & Hoehn, K. (2019). Human Anatomy & Physiology, 11th Edition. Pearson. Marieb, E. N. & Smith, L. A. (2019). Human Anatomy & Physiology Laboratory Manual, 12th Edition. Pearson. Mastering A&P Instructor Resources for Lecture Text and Lab Manual Above (Adjusted as needed) Thompson, G. S. (2020). Understanding Anatomy and Physiology: A Visual, Auditory, Interactive Approach, 3rd Edition. F.A. Davis Company. F. A. Davis Online Instructor Resources for Text Above (Adjusted as needed) Several Animations and Pictures– Adapted from Stephanie Barrientos’ A and P 1 PPTs Etymonline.com. 2017. Online Etymology Dictionary. [online] Available at: https://www.etymonline.com/ Multiple Slides – Adapted from Stephanie Barrientos’ A and P 1 PPTs Multiple Slides – Adapted from Joni Wright’s A and P 1 PPTs