Chapter 10 Slides.ppt

Personality Chapter 10 Personality • Unique, relatively stable ways in which we think, feel, & behave. • Temperament - enduring characteristics with which we are born. • Character - value judgments of moral & ethical behavior. Four Perspectives in Study of Personality Sigmund Freud Viewed t...

Personality Chapter 10 Personality • Unique, relatively stable ways in which we think, feel, & behave. • Temperament - enduring characteristics with which we are born. • Character - value judgments of moral & ethical behavior. Four Perspectives in Study of Personality Sigmund Freud Viewed the mind in three categories: • Conscious mind • Preconscious mind • Unconscious mind • “Freudian slip” Freud’s Theory: 3 Parts of Personality Freud’s Theory: Stages of Personality Development • Psychosexual stages - 5 stages highly related to sexual/physical development of the child. Two important concepts for each stage: • Erogenous zone • Fixation Freud’s Theory: Stages of Personality Development • Stage 1: Oral stage – 1 st year of life; Id dominated. • Erogenous zone: mouth • Primary conflict: weaning • Effect on adult personality • Oral fixation behaviors Freud’s Theory: Stages of Personality Development • Stage 2: Anal stage – 1-3 years of age; Ego begins to develop. • Erogenous zone: anus • Conflict: toilet training • Effect on adult personality • • Anal expulsive personality Anal retentive personality Freud’s Theory: Stages of Personality Development • Stage 3: Phallic stage – 3 to 6 years of age; Superego begins to develop. • Erogenous zone: sex organs. • Conflict: societal norms • Oedipus complex • Identification Freud’s Theory: Stages of Personality Development • Stage 4: Latency – school years; sexual feelings are repressed while child develops in other ways. • Stage 5: Genital – sexual feelings reawaken with (hopefully) appropriate targets. Neo-Freudians • Followers of Freud who developed competing theories of psychoanalysis. • Jung: theory of a collective unconscious. • Personal unconscious • Collective unconscious • Archetypes Neo-Freudians • Adler • Inferiority complex • birth order theory • Horney: • Basic anxiety • Neurotic personalities • Erikson: • Theory based on social relationships; psychosocial stages cover entire life span. Cognitive Behaviorism • Personality defined as a set of learned responses or habits. • Social Cognitive Learning Theory: emphasis on observational learning & expectations • Bandura: emphasized reciprocity of stimulus + response + cognitive processes Bandura’s Theory of Reciprocal Determinism: • Environment, personal factors, & behavior interact to determine future behavior. • Self efficacy is important for behavior to be initiated Humanism • Humanistic perspective – Free will + self development = personality • Carl Roger’s Theory of Personality: • Self-actualizing tendency: we strive to fulfill our capabilities • Self-concept: image of self we get from important others • • Real self: perception of our actual characteristics Ideal self: how we think we should be Roger’s Theory of Personality • Fully functioning person – in touch with & trusting of deep, innermost desires & feelings; continually working towards actualization. • Unconditional positive regard is required • Must be fully functioning to reach self-actualization Trait Theories of Personality • Describes characteristics of human personality in an effort to predict behavior. • Allport: First to attempt to identify human traits • Believed that personality psychology should be concerned with understanding healthy, well-adjusted individuals. • Cattell • • • Developed 16PF Source Traits: where surface traits originate Surface Traits: what is observed The Big Five/Five-Factor Model Five basic trait dimensions: Trait-situation interaction Biology and Personality Behavior genetics - study of the relationship between heredity and personality. LO 13.8 Biology, heredity and cultural roles in personality Cultural Personality • Four basic dimensions of a culture’s personality: 1. individualism/collectivism 2. power distance 3. masculinity/femininity 4. uncertainty avoidance Measuring Personality • Interview • Structured vs. Unstructured • Halo effect: Interviewer allows first impression of client to influence assessment • Projective Tests • Present ambiguous visual stimuli and ask person to respond with whatever comes to mind. • TAT • Rorschach Behavioral Measures of Personality • Direct observation • Rating scale • Frequency count • Used quite often in the workplace • Interview questions Personality Inventory (PI) • Personality inventory – survey-like instruments with statements requiring a specific, standardized response. • NEO-PI (big 5) • Myers-Briggs Type Indicator • Sensing v intuition (s/n) • Thinking v feeling (t/f) • Extroversion v introversion (e/i) • Judging v perceiving (j/p) • MMPI-2 (detection of disorders/abnormals)