Chapter 10 Non-Communicable Diseases PDF

Chapter 10 Non-communicable Diseases Copyright ©2024 F.A. Davis Company  Chronic Versus Noncommunicable  Some communicable diseases such as AIDS or syphilis can become chronic. In this chap...

Chapter 10 Non-communicable Diseases Copyright ©2024 F.A. Davis Company  Chronic Versus Noncommunicable  Some communicable diseases such as AIDS or syphilis can become chronic. In this chapter, the focus is on those diseases not caused by an infectious agent.  Four main categories for NCDs: 1. Cardiovascular diseases 2. Cancers 3. Chronic respiratory diseases 4. Diabetes Copyright ©2024 F.A. Davis Company  Nursing Role  Nurses play a significant role in reducing the burden of NCDs through interventions at various levels. Primary Secondary Tertiary Copyright ©2024 F.A. Davis Company  The World Health Organization (WHO) and NCDs  The majority of NCDs can be prevented by reducing risk factors. Modifiable behavioral risk factors Genetic risk factors Environmental risk factors Sociodemographic risk factors Copyright ©2024 F.A. Davis Company  Prevention  Requires a comprehensive approach: Individual level Community level Global level Copyright ©2024 F.A. Davis Company  Chronic Care Model Developed by the MacColl Institute, ®American College of Physicians-A S I M Journals and Books Copyright ©2024 F.A. Davis Company  Premature Death and NCDs  NCDs often lead to premature death. Death that occurs earlier than the standard life expectancy Premature death reflects the number of years of potential life lost. Copyright ©2024 F.A. Davis Company  NCDs in the United States  The four common risk factors that account for most NCDs (in the United States and globally) are modifiable. 1. Nutrition 2. Physical activity 3. Tobacco use 4. Alcohol use Copyright ©2024 F.A. Davis Company  Leading Causes of Death and Disability Seven of the top 10 leading causes of death in the United States are NCDs (2021). 1. Heart disease 6. Chronic lower respiratory diseases 2. Cancer 7. Alzheimer’s disease 3. COVID-19: 8. Diabetes 4. Accidents (unintentional injuries) 9. Influenza and pneumonia 5. Stroke (cerebrovascular diseases) 10. Nephritis, nephrotic syndrome, and nephrosis https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/leading-causes-of- death.htm Copyright ©2024 F.A. Davis Company  Cancer  Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the United States.  It is the second leading cause of death globally.  Screenings have decreased death numbers.  Survival rate has increased. Copyright ©2024 F.A. Davis Company  Risk Factors for Cancer  Risk factors are a combination of Behavioral factors ‒ For example, indoor tanning, secondhand smoke, alcohol use, tobacco use Genetic factors Environmental factors ‒ For example, exposure to carcinogens in the workplace Copyright ©2024 F.A. Davis Company  Breast Cancer Example  In breast cancer, all three levels of risk apply. Family history, diet, exercise, reproductive history, and alcohol use all have been associated with increased risk for breast cancer. Copyright ©2024 F.A. Davis Company  Chronic Lower Respiratory Diseases (CRD)  Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)  Asthma  Occupational lung diseases  Pulmonary hypertension  Risk factors: Tobacco use Air pollutants Environmental chemical fumes and dust Copyright ©2024 F.A. Davis Company  Prevalence of Diabetes  Two underlying factors that have contributed to an increase in the incidence of type 2 diabetes globally: Changes in lifestyle, especially exercise and diet Improved treatment has resulted in a higher survival rate.  The prevalence pot is growing because of an increase in incidence and a decrease in mortality. Copyright ©2024 F.A. Davis Company  Risk Factors for NCDs: Behavioral  Nutrition  Exercise  Obesity  These risk factors are higher in the southern United States. Cultural component Creates a barrier for lifestyle change Copyright ©2024 F.A. Davis Company  Risk Factors for NCDs: Environment  Pollutants increase the risk of Asthma Cardiovascular health problems Cancer  Places pollutants can be found: Home Work Air Water Ground Copyright ©2024 F.A. Davis Company  Prevention Strategies for NCDs  At the individual and family levels, primary prevention focuses on behavioral change with a strong emphasis on healthy eating and exercise.  Population-level primary prevention programs help to change barriers to a healthy lifestyle. Copyright ©2024 F.A. Davis Company  Secondary and Tertiary Prevention  Screening leads to early detection and treatment.  Treatment Reduce morbidity and disability associated with the disease. Prevent premature death. Copyright ©2024 F.A. Davis Company