Chapter 10- Intelligence, sem 231_606a5080820177359d94e70cfea87ad2.pptx
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Chapter 10 Intelligence PSYCHOLOGY David G. Myers C. Nathan DeWall Twelfth Edition Chapter Overview What Is Intelligence? Assessing Intelligence Genetics and Environmental Influences on Intelligence What Is Intelligence? (part 1) Intelligence: The ability to learn from experience,...
Chapter 10 Intelligence PSYCHOLOGY David G. Myers C. Nathan DeWall Twelfth Edition Chapter Overview What Is Intelligence? Assessing Intelligence Genetics and Environmental Influences on Intelligence What Is Intelligence? (part 1) Intelligence: The ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations. Spearman’s general intelligence (g) Humans have one general intelligence that is at the heart of everything a person does. Mental abilities are like physical abilities. Intelligence involves distinct abilities, which correlate enough to define a small general intelligence factor. Gardner and Sternberg discount this theory and propose several different kinds of intelligence. What Is Intelligence? (part 2) Thurstone’s response Fifty-six different tests mathematically identified seven clusters of primary mental abilities. Scoring well on one cluster was generally matched by high scores on other clusters, providing some evidence of g. Distinct brain networks enable distinct abilities, with g explained by their coordinated activity(Cole et al., 2015; Hampshire et al., 2012). Theories of Multiple Intelligences (part 1) Gardner’s multiple intelligences Intelligence consists of multiple abilities that come in different packages. Eight relatively independent intelligences exist, including the verbal and mathematical aptitudes assessed by standard tests. Evidence of multiple intelligences is found in people with savant syndrome and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Theories of Multiple Intelligences (part 2) Sternberg’s three intelligences Analytical intelligence (school smarts): Traditional academic problem solving Creative intelligence (trailblazing smarts): Ability to generate novel ideas Practical intelligence (street smarts): Skill at handling everyday tasks Emotional Intelligence Four components Perceiving emotions: Recognizing them in faces, music, and stories Understanding emotions: Predicting them and how they may change and blend Managing emotions: Knowing how to express them in varied situations Using emotions: To enable adaptive or creative thinking Assessing Intelligence A Few Definitions of Tests Intelligence test: Method for assessing an individual’s mental aptitudes and comparing them with those of others using numerical scores Aptitude test: Designed to predict a person’s future performance; aptitude is the capacity to learn Achievement test: Designed to assess what a person has learned Early and Modern Tests of Mental Abilities (part 2) Alfred Binet Tended toward environmental explanation of intelligence differences Assumed all children follow the same course, but not the same rate, of intellectual development Measured each child’s mental age Tested a variety of reasoning and problem-solving questions that predicted how well French children would do in school Early and Modern Tests of Mental Abilities (part 3) Lewis Terman Revised Binet’s test for wider use in the United States Extended the upper end of the test’s range Revision was called the Stanford-Binet Theorized intelligence tests reveal intelligence with which person is born IQ= mental age of 10 × 100=125 chronological age of 8 Early and Modern Tests of Mental Abilities (part 4) David Wechsler: Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) and Wechsler’s tests for children Created the most widely used intelligence test today Yields an overall intelligence score and separate scores for verbal comprehension, perceptual organization, working memory, and processing speed Available in preschool and school-age child versions Provides clues to strengths or weaknesses Principles of Test Construction Three criteria of a “good” test Was the test standardized? Is the test reliable? Is the test valid? Terms to Learn Standardization: Defining uniform testing procedures and meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested group. Reliability: Extent to which a test yields consistent results, as assessed by the consistency of scores on two halves of the test, on alternative forms of the test, or on retesting. Validity: Extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to measure or predict. Aging and Intelligence Crystallized intelligence: Accumulated knowledge, as reflected in vocabulary and wordpower tests. Increases as we age, into middle age Fluid intelligence: Ability to reason speedily and abstractly, as when solving unfamiliar logic problems. Decreases with age; declines gradually until age 75 and then more rapidly after age 85 Extremes of Intelligence One way to evaluate the validity and significance of any test is to compare people who score at the two extremes of the normal curve. The low extreme The high extreme Let’s look at each of these. The Low Extreme of Intelligence (part 1) Diagnosis of an intellectual disability Low intelligence test score (70 or below; 2 standard deviations below average) Difficulty adapting to normal demands of independent living Conceptual skills Social skills Practical skills In mild forms, intellectual disability, like normal intelligence, results from a combination of genetic and environmental factors (Reichenberg et al., 2016). The Low Extreme of Intelligence (part 2) Down syndrome Condition of mild to severe intellectual disability and associated physical disorders caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21 U.S. Supreme Court (2014) Recognized the imprecision and arbitrariness of fixed cut-off intelligence scores of 70 Required states with death row inmates who scored just above 70 on such tests to consider other evidence The High Extreme of Intelligence Terman study High-scoring children were healthy, well adjusted, and unusually successful academically. After many decades, Terman’s group had attained higher levels of education and accolades. Genetic and Environmental Influences on Intelligence (part 1) Do people who share the same genes also share mental abilities? Intelligence test scores of identical twins raised together are nearly as similar as those of the same person taking the same test twice. Estimates of the heritability of intelligence (the extent to which intelligence test score variation can be attributed to genetic variation) range from 50 to 80 percent. Genetic and Environmental Influences on Intelligence (part 3) Evidence of environment effects Where environments vary widely, environmental differences are more predictive of intelligence scores (Tucker-Drob & Bates, 2016). Adoption enhances the intelligence scores of mistreated or neglected children. Intelligence scores of “virtual twins” (same-age, unrelated siblings adopted as infants and raised together) have a correlation of +.28.
