Chapter 10 PDF

 Prior to the IR livestock societies to boost their and agricultural...

 Prior to the IR livestock societies to boost their and agricultural enabled , output so expand their populations and instensify their technological progress. However from the east cost of Africa to the west this wide land was devoid livestock , due to the presence of tsetse fly , as it feeds on the blood of people and animals transmiting a disease called sleeping sickness. The prese- ne of Anopheles mosquito that causes Malaria in humans have reduced the abi- lity of parents to invest in human capital I child ,. mortality It's the main explanation for why this has been relatively region sparsely pop. residents the & political and why its have not enjoyed same technological advances inst. Resource Curse a natural resources are in ShortRun because they can output good temporarymaking it richer , but in the Long Rum as they divert from human capital sectors , investing and focusing + in low skilled sectors makes no economic development and almost no growthLR in.  In the Malthusian suitability of era the land for agriculture was indeed a big advantage to foster pop density and technological advancement , but in the modern has to era having comparative advantage in agriculture tended hinder the economic the development since + resources are diverted from + lucrative sectors. Some argued that the existence of abundant natural resources such as coal in the UK made the occurence of IR easier. Indirect impacts of geography on economic growth : · institutions Culture · - Oriented future mindsets , loss aversion , gender inequality and Linguistic. > - landscape fragmentation and the Rise of Europe According to David Hume in the 18th century , the + fragmented a space is , the + compet tition will arise between states and the faster technological progress will occur. In this way , some authors say that the ascent Europe ("European Miracle") and its capacity to China due to the competition in which the overtake was permanent European and that this competition result of states involved is geography. were a Because most of China has been unified very early and used a uniformed writing system and a dominant language for 2000 y , it hampered technological development and competition , delaying the transition to economic growth. By contrast, Europe has long been fragmented which fostered intense com- petition between nations and stimulated technological and scientific deve. Competition in Europe contributed to a culture of innovation and institutional forever lik e transformative movement that changed adaptations stant Reformation. > - the religious , political and cultural landscape of Europe. These contradictory effects of at geographic connectivity suggests that , stages of economic development , societies can benefit from degrees of connectivity : · societies with geographic connectivity (Chinal benefit in pe- riods of less development and transformation; · societies & fragmented (Europe) will benefit in periods of greater development and rapid technological advancement of origins extractive institutions > - Geographical conditions have had a critical influence on the nature of institutions. Colonies : more suitable soils for cultivation for which large plantations (Central & latin and massive labor force were efficient- America , Caribbean)  led during colonial era the concentration of land ownership - and creation of exploitative institutions of slavery. So terrain , lugged , which typically hinders trade and economic prosperity had a long-lasting beneficial effect on economic development in the regions because it provided protection from slave hunters. less developed regions of Africa and the America with plenty of raw material and fertile soils were the target of trade , also fueling the slave trade. Geographical > - Roots of Cultural traits (intergeragoes Fre-Oriented mindset · One of the most important cultural traits for economic property. If we have it, tend save that will we to more and invest in economic projects + the future have ↑ levels of educa- guarantee property in and we also tion and income. According to Geert Hofslede this cultural traits differ between countries.  grain Acereal ender Roles · In Esther 1970 Boserup hypothesized that variations in present-day attitudes towards the role of women in the workforce were a product of methods of cultivation in pre-industrial era. It was the suitability for the use of the plough that led to the division of labor along the line , Bosrup gender said. Evidence show that areas that used the have consistently had di- plough a greater of within household vision labor the men-agriculture (strength plough) ; : to the women-housework. In that of hoes lenchadase ancinhos) regions and made use rakes men and , Women have tended to share the farm work although household was predominantly for women. Thus , the the greater use of the plough (Middle East and Central Asial , greater the division of biases labor range of today. to still , in a activities , giving rise gender that persist  · Aversion It's common tendency human to + be concerned with avoiding a among losses than with they are achieving equal size gains. The origin of this cultural trait is traced to the influence of the climatic environment. Volatile climatic changes have constributed to the emergence of cultures with relatively low levels of loss aversion while where fluctuations , regions climatic uniform have contributed are relatively to + loss-averse cultures. The loss-aversion trait is also embodied and intergenerationally transmited. · Co - Evolution of Cultural and Linguistic Traits & guistic traits are transmiled across generations. Is influenced by environmental , cultural and institutional characteristics of the they greographical , regions where evolve. The useful efficient and linguistic traits are those that have spread and until prevailed now. Linguistic niche hypothesis : Languages have evolved in response to social and environmental pressures. > - Roots of Comparitive Development Geographical characteristic is some of the ultimate forces that set the evolution of culture , institutions and productivity.