India Development Dynamics PDF

## India Development Dynamics ### India. Location and Importance - G-20 - a group of the countries with the 20 largest economies in the world that meet every year to discuss world trade and economic issues. - Since 1990, India's GDP has increased by 6 times. - By 2050, the amount of the global wea...

## India Development Dynamics ### India. Location and Importance - G-20 - a group of the countries with the 20 largest economies in the world that meet every year to discuss world trade and economic issues. - Since 1990, India's GDP has increased by 6 times. - By 2050, the amount of the global wealth held by India could be 15%. - India has a very large pool of working aged people. ### Why is India Important? - India has been a British colony until 1947, and now.... ### Economic Change in India - From Figure 5, we can that the economic structure has changed in India from 1980 - 2010. - The industrial sector, which has declined the most, is the primary sector decreasing by 35%. - The primary sector could be described as..... ### India. Development and Globalization - 1.7 billion x 1.3 billion Amount of babies dying per 100 before the - 1 natural cause of climate change - orbital charge. - 1 human cause of climate change - burning fossil fuels. ### Globalisation - The advancement of technology and connectivity - an exchange of goods from the world. - The world becomes closer connected. - Affordable products become available to people. - The disadvantage of Globalisation is that people lose their jobs, ecological problems. ### Government Policy - **In 2009 India made primary school free and compulsory. 96% of children go to school now. - India has more than 80% mobile phones which increases the number of small businesses in India. - **In 1991, India reduced taxes on imports. - Large TNCs, such as BT invest in small businesses in India. ### Explain two causes of development in a named emerging country (4 marks) - One cause of development in a named emerging country is.... - As a result..... - This means that..... ### Economic Change and its Impact in India - 1.3B - Manufacturing - Intergovernmental organisations - Government ### Explain how the economic growth can lead to demographic change in India. - Life expectancy in India has increased from 58 to 68. - The fertility rate has decreased from 4.0 to 1.4 - Rural-Urban migration in India - One cause of rural migration in India is Push and Pull factors. - An example of a push/pull factor is..... - How has economic change caused..... | | | | ---------------- | -------------------- | | Maharashtra | Bihar | | The GDP per capita | | ### Economic Change and its Impact in India **Positive Impacts** | Category | Impacts | |--------------|----------------------------| | Social | Some age groups have better access to education. | | | All age groups have better health. | | | Women now have better access to education. | | | Gender inequality remains in India. | **Negative Impacts** | Category | Impacts | |----------|-------------------------------------------------| | Economic | As the country has industrialized, many young men are now working in dangerous jobs with poor working conditions. | | Social | As more people migrate to the urban areas for work, inequality increases in rural areas. For example, children may get a poorer education due to a lack of skilled teachers. | - As a result different age groups can access education to proceed later their job. ### India's International Relations - Access to education and health care. ### Key Words - Foreign direct investment (FDI) - Money that TNCs or other countries invert into countries to create a profit. This can have a positive or negative effect. ### China - From Figure 3 we can see that the top 10 countries that India buys from, and imports goods from include countries like.... ### Model - From Figure 5, one reason is: India introduced the Act East policy. - This makes India politically... ### Deliberate Practice - From Figure 5, one reason is that India has reduced barriers to trade. - This made India... ### India's Economic Growth - One significant impact of India's economic growth has been job creation, particularly in manufacturing sectors such as .... and local businesses. - The increased job operations create more opportunities. - This improved living standards for many citizens. - Another impact has been through the rise up in inequality. - While many people have benefited from the economic growth, the uneven distribution of wealth has resulted in a large proportion remaining within the gap between the rich and the poor. - The gap between wealth has been wider with urban dwellers having better access to services, education and healthcare compared to their rural counterparts. ### Development Dynamics Revision ### Explain two benefits of top-down development. - It can affect large areas and lots of people with a larger scale. ### How has the geology of the UK influenced the landscape? - **Economically active population** - **Geology** - the study of rocks, their characteristics, formation and distribution - **Igneous** - form when molten rock cools and solidifies. - Large crystals in extrusive rocks and small crystals in intrusive rock. - **Sedimentary** - layered and often contain fossils. Many are soft. - **Metamorphic** - examples are marble and slate. Formed when sedimentary and igneous rock are changed. - Exam question- practice: Describe the distribution of metamorphic rocks and igneous rock across the OK. - There are lots of metamorphic rocks in the north of OK around the Aberdeen area. There is also some igneous rock in that area. ### What physical processes have shaped the UK landscape? - **U shaped** - **Freeze-thaw weathering (mechanical weathering)** - freeze-thaw - **Erosion** - the gradual wearing away of land surface materials, especially rocks. - **Mass movement** - movement of soil and rock down slopes in response to the force of gravity. <start_of_image> scale, - **Weathering** - the breaking down of rocks by conditions such as rainwater and plants. Animals can also have an effect. - **Glacier** - **River** - **Sliding** - **Slumping** - **Rockfall** ### How have humans influenced the landscape? - **Key word - Settlement - a place where lots of people live and work.** - There would be no buildings. - Something made by humans. - There would be more animals. | Category | Impacts | |---------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| | Agriculture | People cleared the land of forest to make way for farming. Early settlements were built near water sources. | | Forestry | The management of areas of woodland for timber, recreation or conservation. Hedgerows and wells have been put into farmland to mark out fields. Most cities are ports and industrial areas. | | Settlements | Coniferous forests have been planted for timber-they are planted in straight lines and do not look natural. The UK used to be covered in deciduous woodland but there is very little left now. As urban areas grew, they further influenced the landscapes. The land is concreted over for roads and buildings changing natural water drainage basins. | ### Figure 1 - Evidence of forestry - Dashed black lines symbolize coniferous trees. - Dashed black lines show where humans have influenced the landscape. ### Figure 2 - Evidence of agriculture. - The way humans have influenced the landscape is through agriculture. - For example, straight black lines show barns of farmland. ### Figure 3 - Evidence of settlement - One way humans have influenced the landscape is... ### UK Physical Landscape - **Geology** - the areas of the UK that have metamorphic rocks are located where sedimentary rocks are more easily. Therefore they will wear away easily. - **Glacial Activity** - has influenced the UK landscape because the have been lots of glacial periods over the last 2.6 million years. - This happened when parts of the UK were covered by a massive ice sheet. - **Tectonic Plate Activity** - has influenced the landscape because it caused movement of the places which are on a site. This happened when the north of Scotland used to collide with the plate boundary. - Evidence of this is the folding and crumpling of the land. ### How does geology influence the landforms created at the coast? - **Geology** - **Metamorphic** - **Sedimentary** ### Types of Coastlines - **Discordant coastline** - alternating layers of hard and soft rock. - **Concordant coastline** - the same rock runs the length of the coastline. - **Soft rock** - form on a discordant coast. - **Hard rock** - destructive waves erode the coast through abrasion. ### Differential erosion - **Bay** - occurs. - **Soft rock** - erodes faster. - **Bay** - creating bays. ### Long shore drift - **Start** - Direction of long shore drift - D. - **Finish** - Long shore drift occurs with the prevailing wind reaching the beach at an angle. ### How can we manage coasts? - **Hydraulic action** - **Slope stabilization** - slopes are reinforced by inserting concrete into the ground and covering the slope with metal netting - It strengthens the slope, meaning the rate of retreat decreases. Slope stabilization is very pricey and sometimes very difficult to use. ### Beach replenishment - **Hard engineering** - beach replenishment adds sand and shingle from elsewhere. - Beach replenishment increases the width of the beach, resulting in the absorption of destructive waves. - Beach replenishment looks natural but needs to be replaced often, and is costly. ### Cliff top engineering - Stops the process of LSD, for a span of 80 years. - Costs a lot. - Increases the rate of erosion. ### Sea Walls - Hard engineering. - Reflects the destructive waves back out to sea. - Last 100 years. - They are expensive and ugly. ### Coastal Management in Holderness - **Concordant/Discordant** - **Freeze thaw/Rockfall** - **Biological/Chemical** - **Constructive/Destructive** - The east coast of England, from Flamborough Head in the north to Spurn Head in the south, the North Sea is eroding the land by about 2m every year. - This area is known as the Holderness. - The geology that makes up the land and cliffs along the coast is soft boulder clay, left by the glaciers at the end of the last Ice Age, 10,000 years ago. - It is easily eroded away by the heavy, destructive waves which operate in this area. - Over the last 2,000 years, many villages along this coast have disappeared into the North Sea as the coastline has moved back. The process is still going on. A village called Mappleton also looked likely to be another victim of coastal erosion. However, pressure from residents, and the high cost of having to reroute the main road (81242) from Hornsea to Withernsea, led to a rock groyne being built, as well as rip-rap (rock armour), to save the beach and save the village. 1. The average rate of erosion each year along the Holderess coast is 2m. 2. The main type of geology in the area is soft boulder clay. 3. Because it is easily eroded away by heavy destructive waves. 4. Two reasons are rip-rap and groynes. ### Coastal Change and Conflict. Coastal Management Case study. Holderness, UK. | Category | Mappleton | Holderness | Mappleton | |-----------------------------|-----------------------------------|------------------------------|------------------------------------------------| | Background | A rock groyne built at Mappleton in 1991, cost £2 million and protects Mappleton by... | The east coast of England. | The coastal defences have stopped erosion at Mappleton meaning... | | Cause of coastal erosion. | | Background (e.g. history/location), Cause of coastal erosion. | Background (e.g. history/location), Cause of coastal erosion. | | Solutions to coastal erosion | | Solutions to coastal erosion, Success of the methods. | Solutions to coastal erosion, Success of the methods. | | Success of the methods. | | Success of the methods. | Success of the methods. | - The Hornsea to Withernsea road, (81242) runs through Mappleton. This would have cost nearly £5 million to re-route. - Destructive waves along this stretch of the coast, meaning... - Erosion has increased from 1-2m per year to 20m per year, due to.... - Rip-rap placed at the foot of the Mappleton cliff, stop erosion by... - Cliffs are made of soft till meaning.... - 29 villages have been lost along this stretch of coastline since the Roman times. ### Cover Lesson - **Metamorphic rock** - a type of weathering process associated with the movement of organisms. **The UK Physical Landscape** - **Igneous** - formed when layers of sediment mantle cool down. - Igneous rock is usually fairly heavy, e.g. granite. - **Sedimentary** - formed when layers of sediment are compacted together until they become solid rock. - There are two main types. - **Carboniferous** - limestone and shells are formed from tiny shells and skeletons of dead sea creatures. ### What processes take place within a drainage basin? - **Geology** - **Metamorphic** - **True** | Feature | Definition | |----------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| | Surface storage | Water stored on the surface in lakes or puddles. | | Surface run-off | The movement of water from the surface into the soil. | | Interception | When the leaves of trees stop precipitation reaching the ground. | | Infiltration | The movement of water through the soil back into the river. | | Through-flow | The movement of water overland back into a river. | | Percolation | The movement of water through the rock layer towards a river. | | Groundwater | The movement of water downwards from the soil layer into the rock layer. | | Groundwater flow | The storage of water in the rock layer. | - The diagram shows the drainage basin system. It tells me that precipitation takes place first, and the rainfall may never reach the ground as it is intercepted by the tree leaves. - However, where tree cover is less it will reach the ground and cause pools which are known as surface storage. - At this point some of this water will flow over the land which known as surface run-off and instead it may inflitrate the land, this is where it moves deeper underground. - This will then be stored as soil moisture, this can then move through the soil back down to the river in a process known as through flow. - In some cases, the soil moisture may move further down into the rock layer, this is known as percolation. - This will then be stored as groundwater, which is also known as the water table. - This water can travel back to the river through a process known as groundwater flow. - Most of the water that travels by the different processes will end up in streams or rivers where it will be lost to the system. - **Vertical erosion** - when a river wears away at the rock downwards. - **Lateral Erosion** - when a river wears away at a rock sideways. - **Discharge of water** - the volume of water in a ricer. | Section | Features | |---------------|----------------------------------------------------------------| | **Upper course** | **Steep gradient** , **highest velocity** and **least friction**. | | | **Waterfalls**, **gorges**. | | **Middle course** | **More gentle gradient**, **faster velocity** and **less friction** | | | **Meanders**, **bow lakes**. | | **Lower course** | **Flat gradient** , **lowest velocity** and **greatest friction**. | | | **Flood plains**, **deltas**. | ### Features of the Upper Course - **watershed** - **infiltration** - **mouth** - **hydraulic action** **Key words** - Waterfall - steep-sided valley left behind, a waterfall retreats up a stream. - Can be found in the upper course - Interlocking Spurs - ridges of high ground that project into V-shaped valleys. - They occur on the sides of valleys and interlink with each other. - The acid in the water causes erosion to the river banks and bed (of the river). - The sheer force of the river causes the material carried by the river to erode the bed and banks. ### Explain the formation of interlocking spurs. - The formation of an interlocking spur is due to a river in the upper course eroding vertically in a V-shaped valley. - Interlocking spurs form as rivers do not erode laterally - In the upper course, as a result, they must wind around the bands of more resistant rock that stick out of either side of their path. - This will erode interlock creating the interlocking spurs. ### Features of the Middle and Lower Course - Drainage basin - Vertical erosion - Lateral erosion - Meanders - are a bend or curve in the river. - Meanders are bends in rivers, they do not stay in the same place on the inside of a meander the water's current is slowest. - This means that the material the river is carrying is deposited, creating a slip-off slope. - On the outside of the bend, the rivers are moving faster. This means that on the outside of the bend, the river is eroding by things such as hydraulic action and abrasion. The river will now move across the land. - We call this lateral erosion. - Silt: fine soil left behind after a river floods. - Also called alluvium ### Flood Hydrographs - **time** - the time between peak discharge and rising limb. - This shows the return to normal base flow of the graph. - **peak flow** - **rising limb** ### Explain why a river may flood - **The primary cause of flooding is an increase in the amount of rainfall in a short time.** - **A = How significant is this cause?** - **P = Point** - **D = Develop.** ### Cover Lesson - **U shaped or C shaped** - **False** - **True** - **True** ### Age structure. - There is now a high percentage of people aged 26-34 in inner city areas in London. - A lower proportion of people over 65. - Most immigrants are of working age. - **Population** - population growth rates are increasing in inner city areas because of high immigration rates and because many migrants are of child-bearing age (so birth rates are higher.) - **Services** - In inner city areas, where immigration rates are high there is an increasing demand for services such as education and health services (e.g. schools and maternity care). - However, these areas are often amongst the poorest parts of the city. - It's difficult to provide what's needed. ### Hydrographs - **Flooding** - What is it called when a river bursts its banks as a result of both human and physical causes. - **Impermeable** - when water cannot pass through a substance. - **Geology** - The study of rocks. - Called this study. - **Human causes of flooding.** - Urbanisation (building concrete and impaired rock)... - Increased surface run-off. - **A hydrograph shows two graphs on one sheet showing rainfall from a storm and a stream graph.** - **Time** - the space between peak discharge and rising limb. - This shows the return to normal base flow of the graph. - **Peak flow** - the maximum discharge. - **Rising Limb** - This shows the increasing charge of a hydrograph. - **Recession Limb** - This shows the return of discharge to normal/base flow of the graph. ### Key words in Geography | Term | Definition | |------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| | **Abrasion** | When a glacier scrapes away material from the ground | | **Areté** | A sharp ridge between two corries | | **Attrition** | When pieces of rock knock against each other in the sea and get worn down. | | **Backwash** | A wave moving down a beach back to the sea. | | **Biome** | A large region with its own distinct climate, plants and animals. | | **Brownfield site** | A piece of land originally used for something else: e.g. housing built on land that used to be factories | | **Conservative plate boundary** | Where two tectonic plates are sliding alongside each other, in the same or different directions | | **Convergent plate boundary** | Where two tectonic plates collide | | **Counter-urbanisation** | When people move from urban areas to rural areas | | **Death rate** | The number of deaths per 1,000 people. | | **De-industrialisation** | The loss of industry. | | **Development** | How a country changes in ways that improve people's lives. | | **Development indicators** | Ways of measuring how a country is improving. | | **Economy** | All the business activity going on in a country (in producing, transporting, selling and buying things) | | **Erosion** | The wearing away of rock, stones and soil by rivers, waves, wind or glaciers. | | **Globalisation** | Increased connections between countries. | | **GDP** | Gross Domestic Product: the total value of goods and services produced by a country in a year. | | **Groundwater** | Rainwater that has soaked down through the ground and filled up the cracks in the rock below. | | **Hydraulic action** | When water is forced into cracks in rock, helping to break it up. | | **Infiltration** | When water soaks into the ground. | | **Infrastructure** | The facilities that keep a city running, such as water and electricity supplies, waste disposal, and transport networks. | | **Life expectancy** | How many years a newborn baby can expect to live for, on average. | | **Long profile** | The side view of a river from source to mouth, showing how the slopes changes. | | **Megacity** | A city with over 10 million people. | | **Natural increase/decrease** | Population growth or decline due to the diffe rence between the birth rate and the death rate. | | **Population density** | The number of people living in a place, measured per square km (can be sparse or dense). | | **Population distribution** | A way of comparing where people live and how they are distributed across an area or country. | | **Pull factors** | Reasons people move to an area, e.g. job opportunities or better quality of life. | | **Push factors** | Reasons people move away from an area, e.g. lack of jobs or an unsafe environment. | | **Regeneration** | The process of restoring an area that was in a poor state to attract more people. For example, creating jobs and attractive places to live | | **Rural area** | An area that is mainly countryside; it may have villages and small towns. | | **Sediment** | A layer of material (stones, sand and mud) transported and deposited by a river. | | **Source** | The starting point of a river. | | **Sub-aerial processes** | Occurring on land, at the earth's surface, as opposed to underwater or underground. | | **Sustainable** | Something that can be preserved for the future without harming people's quality of life, the economy or the environment. | | **Till** | The mixture of rocks, clay, sand and other sediment dropped by a glacier. | | **TNCS** | Trans National Companies: those which operate across more than one country. | | **Urbanisation** | The increase in the percentage of people living in urban areas. | | **Water cycle** | Water evaporates from the sea, falls as rain, and returns to the sea in rivers. | | **Weathering** | The physical, chemical or biological breakdown of solid rock by the action of weather (e.g. frost, rain) or plants. | Scanned with CS CamScanner ==End of OCR for page 47==