Chapter 1 - The Science of Biology FA2024 PDF

The Science of Biology Unit I - (Part 1) Lesson 1 - Chapter 1 SLO 1 - Describe the characteristics of life. SLO 2 - Explain the methods of inquiry used by scientists. SLO 9 - Describe the unity and diversity of life and the evidence for evolution through natural selection. BIOL 1306 Professor T. Neely 2 Where We Are Going... What Is Science? What Is Biology? Steps of the Scientific Method “Good” Science vs “Bad” Science Model Organisms used in Scientific Research Six Unifying Principles of Living Organisms Levels of Organization of Living Organisms Naming and Classification of Living Organisms Prokaryotic Cells vs. Eukaryotic Cells Domain / Kingdoms Definition of Genomics and Proteomics 3 Biology as a Scientific Discipline What is Science? 4 Biology as a Scientific Discipline What is Science? Fat textbook... Lab coats... Microscopes / Test tubes... 5 Biology as a Scientific Discipline What is Science? The process of discovery! Science is used to develop new technologies, treat disease...make life better, make life easier, make life longer. 6 Biology as a Scientific Discipline What is Science? The process of discovery! “... It’s the thrill of discovering something that no one has ever known before.” Dr. Steven Mills, UHCL 7 Biology as a Scientific Discipline What is Science? Science – a body of knowledge about the natural world. 8 Biology as a Scientific Discipline What is Science? Simply put... Science is the search for truth. 9 Biology as a Scientific Discipline Science = Truth 10 Is Science True? “Science is true whether you choose to believe it or not.” …Neil deGrasse Tyson, Astrophysicist 11 Is Science absolute truth? Truth supported by scientific experimentation and data. 12 Truth...The Earth is flat! The earth is flat! At one time that was “settled” science. But was it true? Science is never “settled”. What we consider to be true today, can be changed by the “new” truth that we discover tomorrow. Science will only go as far as technology will take us. Science and technology advance together. 13 Biology as a Scientific Discipline What is the truth of Science based on? 14 Biology as a Scientific Discipline What is the truth of Science based on? Evidence! 15 Biology as a Scientific Discipline How do we gather evidence?...through experimentation and gathering data. Applying the Scientific Method! 16 Evidence is based on interpretation! However, interpretation is based on... HUMAN PERSPECTIVE! 17 Caution! EVIDENCE Prosecution Defense 18 Biology as a Scientific Discipline How are scientists assured that their interpretation of the evidence is correct? EVIDENCE 19 Consensus 20 Biology as a Scientific Discipline SCIENCE Is a consensus of evidence that we call...TRUTH 21 Science is an on-going process driven by Curiosity! Stephen Hawking...”Look up at the stars and not down at your feet. Try to make sense of what you see and wonder about what makes the universe exist. Be curious!” 22 Science is an on-going and never-ending series of questions! Science will never be “finished”. 23 24 “Trust science”... Isn’t that anti- science! Peanuts Worldwide LLC 25 ? Peanuts Worldwide LLC 26 ? Science ceases to be science when we stop asking questions! Peanuts Worldwide LLC 27 Science in America 28 Science in America Science is discovery. Science is true. Science and technology evolve together. Science is based on evidence supported by data (Scientific Method). Science is a series of ongoing questions fueled by curiosity. Science ceases to be science when we stop asking questions. 29 Types of Science Physical Science Life Science Social Science 30 Types of Science Physical Science The sciences concerned with the study of inanimate natural objects, including physics, chemistry, astronomy, and related subjects. Often contrasted with life sciences. Astronomers Physicists Engineers Chemists Isaac Newton, Albert Einstein, 31 Types of Science Life Science Any of several branches of science, such as microbiology, zoology, botany, or ecology, that deal with living organisms and their organization, life processes, and relationships to each other and their environment Paleoanthropologist Zoologist Microbiologist Biologist Charles Darwin & Gregor Mendel Life Science 32 Types of Science Social Science Social science is the branch of science devoted to the study of human societies and the relationships among individuals within those societies. Psychology Sociology Anthropology Sigmund Freud & Margaret Meade Social Science 33 What is Biology? 34 The term “Biology” comes from the Greek word, bios = life logos = study 35 The Father of Biology - Aristotle The development of biology as a progressive knowledge occurred during the time of the Greek Philosopher (384- 322 B.C.). He shared his opinions on numerous elements of plant & animal life. 36 Biology Unifies Natural Science. Biology cannot be completely understood in a vacuum. To truly understand Biology (life), you must also understand Chemistry and Physics. 37 What is Biology? Biology is the study of Life. Biology is a natural science concerned with the Study of Life and living organisms, including their structure, function, growth, development, evolution, distribution, and taxonomy. Modern biology is a vast and eclectic field, composed of many branches and sub disciplines. HOW WHAT WHEN WHERE WHY... of Life! 38 What is Biology? “In biology, nothing is clear, everything is too complicated, everything is a mess, and just when you think you understand something, you peel off a layer and find deeper complications beneath. Nature is anything but simple.” 39 Biology as a Science Biology is the study of life. Biology unifies much of Natural Science. Biology covers a wide range of topics and consists of various branches and subdisciplines. Biology seeks to answer the questions pertaining to life. Biology defines life. 40 How is Life Studied? Science supported by Evidence (“Odd Questions Help Pass Time”) SLO 2 - Explain the methods of inquiry used by scientists. 41 Scientific Method Scientific Method used in Observation – Flashlight doesn’t everyday life... work. Question – “Why” Hypothesis – The batteries are dead. Prediction – Changing the batteries, the flashlight will work. Test – New batteries did not make the flashlight work Hypothesis – The flashlight bulb is burned out. Prediction – Changing the bulb, the flashlight will work. Test – Changing the bulb did result in the flashlight working...hypothesis supported. 42 Scientific Method Observation Questions Hypothesis Hypothesis Is a proposed idea. An answer to a question. Can never be proven, only supported. Can be wrong...therefore... Requires more work by other researchers to evaluate its validity. 43 Scientific Method Hypothesis (manipulated variable) Statement: If _________________... (Responding variable) then _______________... This is an example a correctly written hypothesis statement that you can apply to your lab reports later in the course! Hypothesis #1: If the batteries Hypothesis #2: If the light are changed, then the flashlight bulb is changed, then the will work. flashlight will work. 44 Scientific Method Is a hypothesis the same as a theory? 45 Scientific Method Is a hypothesis the same as a theory? 46 Scientific Method Is a toddler the same as an adult? 47 Scientific Method A hypothesis is not the same as a theory! A hypothesis is “possible answer” (a tentative, testable explanation) to a question that can either be supported or not supported. A theory is supported by a great deal of evidence. 48 Scientific Method Theory – a broad explanation that is substantiated by a large body of evidence... Many different lines of evidence. Consistent with a vast amount of known data. Lead us to correct predictions. More than a guess...more than a “possible answer” Knowledge based on truth that is already known. 49 Scientific Method Theory of Evolution Evidence for evolution comes from many different lines of evidence. Anatomy – Homologous structures Molecular biology – DNA comparisons Biogeography – Global distribution Fossil record - Now-extinct past species related to Present-day species Direct observation – Observe microevolution in organisms with short lifecycles (e.g., pesticide-resistant insects). 50 Scientific Method Theories... Cell Theory Theory of Gravity The Big Bang Theory Quantum Theory String Theory Atomic Theory 51 Scientific Method Observation Questions Hypothesis Predictions Predictions – expected outcomes that can be shown to be correct or incorrect. To determine whether the predictions are correct or incorrect, tests (experiments) are performed. 52 Scientific Method Observation Questions Hypothesis Predictions Test Tests Control test – Two test done simultaneously. One test is the Control group and the other is the Experimental group, and they differ by only one factor (or variable). In the Control group, the variable is kept constant. Test #2 Test #1 53 Scientific Method Data – statistical analysis can determine if the control and the experimental data are significantly different and haven’t just occurred by chance. Data Information Knowledge Wisdom 54 Scientific Method Data – statistical analysis can determine if the control (expected results) and the experimental (observed results) data are significantly different and haven’t just occurred by chance. Data fall into two categories: Quantitative – measurements (eg. The birds are 15 cm. long and weigh 55 g.) Qualitative – descriptions (eg. Some birds have white spots on their wings; others have brown spots.) 55 Truth of Science Evidence is gathered by applying the Scientific Method. Hypotheses are formulated and Predictions are tested. Quantitative (measurable) and/or Qualitative (described) data is collected. A consensus of the evidence becomes the truth of Science. 56 57 “Good” Science vs “Bad” Science “Good” Science makes three assumptions: 1. There is order in the universe. 2. The human mind is capable of comprehending this order. 3. If there is order, the results of any study will be the same. “Good” Science: Repeatable tests - results should be able to be reproduced by other researchers 58 A “Good” Scientist is... Curious Honest Has an open mind Willing to be wrong Asks good questions Skeptical Curious Evidence Ask questions Change of mind Skeptical enough to But not so skeptical that you can’t change Skeptic your mind when presented with valid question. evidence. 59 “Good” Science vs “Bad” Science “Bad” Science Falsifying data Fabricating data Manipulating data Cooking data 60 “Good” Science vs “Bad” Science Example of “Bad” Science Andrew Wakefield: “MMR vaccines cause autism” 1998 Paper published in The Lancet 2002 – Accused of Manipulating Evidence Falsification of Data Conflict of Interest - 1/2 million $ 2010 – Paper Retracted Professional Misconduct Loss of Medical License 61 Model Organisms in Science Which do you think would be the better research model? Why? Macaca mulatta – Rhesus Mus muscles - Mouse 62 Model Organisms A model organism - a widely studied species. E. Coli - Bacteria S. Cerevisiae - Yeast C. Elegans - Worm Drosophila melanogaster – Fruit Fly Mus muscles - Mouse 63 Model Organisms in the Lab Experimental Advantages Easy to maintain in the laboratory. Easy to breed in a laboratory setting. Large number of offspring. Several generations can be observed simultaneously and over a short period of time. Model organisms allow us to study that which is simple, and apply the knowledge that is learned to organisms that are more complex. 64 The Science of Science A good scientist is both skeptical and willing to be wrong. Good Science means repeated tests produce expected results. Model organisms are easy to maintain in the Lab. Model organisms help us better understand organisms that are more complex. 65 Study break... What is Biology? What method of inquiry do scientists use to support their “truth”? Is a hypothesis the same as a theory? What makes “good” science good? E. coli, yeast, mice, worms are all examples of organisms that are commonly used in scientific research. Why are these organisms considered to be “model” organisms in the laboratory? 66 “If its Green or Wiggles its Biology!” 67 Is this Biology? 68 Principles of Biology Unifying Principles of Biology Principles that apply to “living organisms”. Distinguish between living and non-living organisms... Organism – a term applied to all living things: able to maintain an internal order that is separate from the environment in which they are found. Rock... Person Atom... Cell Viruses... Bacteria 69 Principles of Biology Principles that apply to living organisms. All living organisms are made up of cells. Cells are the smallest units of life. Living organisms use energy. The maintenance of organization within a living organism requires energy. All living organisms acquire energy from the environment and use that energy to maintain their internal order. SLO 1 - Describe the characteristics of life. 70 Principles of Biology Principles that apply to living organisms. Living organisms interact with their environment. To survive, living organisms must be able to respond to environmental changes. Ex. Bacterial cells...nutrients Plants...light Mammals... climate Living organisms maintain homeostasis. meaning “to stay the same” Ex. Mammals and birds maintain a stable (constant) body temperature. Reptiles and amphibians have fluctuating body temperatures. 71 Principles of Biology Principles that apply to living organisms. Living organisms grow and develop. Growth produces more or larger cells. Development is a series of changes which produce an organism with a defined set of characteristics. The genetic material provides a blueprint for reproduction. To sustain life, organisms must be able to reproduce. Offspring inherit genetic material from their parents. 72 Principles that Apply to Populations The Unity and Diversity of Life: Populations of organisms evolve from one generation to the next. Evolution – populations become better able to adapt to their environments producing traits that promote survival and reproductive success. (Change occurs in small increments over time that affect the allele frequencies [genes] within a population.) This is Microevolution. Macroevolution involves changes in a population over time that lead to speciation (the creation of distinct species). This change is forced by natural selection. All species are related by an evolutionary history SLO 9 - Describe the unity and diversity of life, and the evidence for evolution through natural selection. 73 Principles that Apply to Populations Diversity – Life has evolved in diverse forms to survive different environments. Mechanisms of Evolution * Horizontal Gene Transfer - transfer of genes between organisms in a manner other than traditional reproduction. * Vertical Descent with Modifications – a progression of changes that occur by genetic mutations in a series of ancestors: a lineage. 74 Principles that Apply to Populations Diversity Mechanisms of Evolution Species evolve by Vertical Descent with Modifications Mutations can be beneficial - increasing the chance for survival. Mutations can be harmful – increasing the chance for cancer/disease. Mutations can be neutral. 75 Principles that Apply to Populations Diversity Mechanisms of Evolution Species evolve by Vertical Descent with Modifications Mutations that are beneficial can increase the chance for survival/reproduction within a population. Natural Selection Step 1 – Most giraffes in the population have short necks, but some have long necks. Step 2 – Short necked giraffes begin to die off because they cannot reach the food source. Step 3 – All the giraffes that have survived have long necks. Step 4 – Long-necked giraffes have babies with long necks. 76 Principles that Apply to Populations Diversity Mechanisms of Evolution Species evolve by Horizontal Gene Transfer - genes transferred between organisms of different species. Gene Transfer occurs in three ways: Conjugation Transformation Transduction An example of Horizontal Gene Transfer leading to antibiotic resistance provided by E. coli. 77 Principles that Apply to Populations Web of Life – both vertical descent with modifications and horizontal gene transfer are important mechanisms in the evolution of life. 78 Principles that Apply to Populations Unity – Life on Earth is unified by an evolutionary past. Modern forms of life are connected by an evolutionary history. Similar structure but with differing functions... Work, walk, swim, fly. An example showing a modification that has occurred as a result of biological evolution. 79 Principles that Are Important to All Fields of Biology Structure Determines Function 80 Principles that Are Important to All Fields of Biology Structure Determines Function Amino acids polypeptide Complex protein 81 Study break... What is the smallest unit of matter? What is the smallest unit that can live on its own? What are 6 characteristics of life that biologist use to distinguish living organisms from that which is non-living? What are the two mechanisms by which populations evolve? What principle is important to all fields of Biology? 82 Organizing Life Levels of Organization Anatomy & Physiology Ecology Cell Biology, Molecular Biology, Biochemistry, Chemistry 83 Organizing Life Levels of Organization Biosphere Ecosystem Community Community Population Organism Organ system Organ Tissue Cell Organelle Molecule Atom 84 Organizing Life Levels of Organization Biosphere Ecosystem Community Community Population Organism Organ system Organ Tissue Cell Organelle Molecule Biology I Atom 85 Organizing Life Levels of Organization Biosphere Ecosystem Community Community Population Organism Organ system Organ Biology II Tissue / A&P Cell Organelle Molecule Atom 86 Organizing Life Levels of Organization Biosphere Ecosystem Community Ecology Community Population Organism Organ system Organ Tissue Cell Organelle Molecule Atom 87 Organizing Life Levels of Organization Biosphere Ecosystem Community Community Population Organism Organ system Organ Tissue Cell Organelle Molecule Atom 88 Organizing Life Levels of Organization Biosphere Atom Ecosystem Community Population Organism Organ system Organ Tissue Cell Organelle Molecule Atom – the smallest unit of ordinary matter. Molecule 89 Organizing Life Levels of Organization Molecule Biosphere Ecosystem Community Population Organism Organ system Organ Tissue Cell Organelle Molecule – a group of atoms that come together to form macromolecules. Molecules carry out chemical reactions that Organelle contribute to the survival and function of cells Atom 90 Organizing Life Levels of Organization Organelle Biosphere Ecosystem Community Population Organism Organ system Organ Tissue Cell Organelle - a specialized subunit within a cell that has a specific function, Cell and is usually enclosed within a lipid membrane Molecule Atom 91 Organizing Life Levels of Organization Cell Biosphere Ecosystem Community Population Organism Organ system Organ Tissue Cell – smallest unit of living matter: the lowest level of biological organization that can survive and reproduce Organelle Tissue Molecule Atom 92 Organizing Life Levels of Organization Tissue Biosphere Ecosystem Community Population Organism Organ system Organ Tissue – a group of similar cells that come together to perform a specific function. Cell Organelle Molecule Atom Organ 93 Organizing Life Levels of Organization Biosphere Organ Ecosystem Community Population Organism Organ system Organ - a group of tissues that have been adapted to perform a specific function Tissue Cell Organelle Molecule Atom Organ System 94 Organizing Life Organ System Levels of Organization Biosphere Ecosystem Community Population Organism Organ system – a group of organs that work together to perform a certain task Organ Circulatory System Tissue Nervous System Cell Digestive System Organelle Molecule Reproductive Organism Atom System Respiratory System 95 Organizing Life Levels of Organization Biosphere Ecosystem Organism Community Population Organism - a living system that can respond to stimuli, grow, reproduce, develop, and maintain homeostasis Organ system Organ Tissue Cell Organelle Molecule Atom Population 96 Organizing Life Community Levels of Organization Population Biosphere Ecosystem Community Population – a group of organisms of the same species in the same place Organism Organ system Organ Tissue Cell Organelle Molecule Atom Community 97 Organizing Life Levels of Organization Community Community Biosphere Ecosystem Community – an interacting group of various species within a common location Population Organism Organ system Organ Tissue Cell Organelle Molecule Atom Ecosystem 98 Organizing Life Levels of Organization Community Biosphere Ecosystem Ecosystem – a system that includes all living organisms (biotic factors) as well as its physical environment (abiotic factors) function together as a unit. Community Population Organism Organ system Organ Tissue Cell Organelle Molecule Atom Biosphere 99 Organizing Life Community Levels of Organization Biosphere Biosphere Ecosystem Community Population Organism Organ system Organ Tissue Cell Organelle Molecule Atom 100 Study Break... Name the Levels of Organization from the least complex to the most complex. What level of organization do all the squirrels on the San Jac campus make up? What level of organization comes after a cell (cells make up...)? 101 Classifications of Living Organisms Species – (Biology definition) Organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring are of the same species. Geep Liger Mule 102 Classifications of Living Organisms Taxonomy – the naming and grouping of species. Naming of species – “binomial nomenclature” provides each species with a unique scientific name. Genus name – capitalized, italicized (or underlined). Species name – Lower case, italicized (or underlined). 103 Classifications of Living Organisms Taxonomy – the naming and grouping of species. Naming of species – binomial nomenclature Genus – Panthera (closely related and have similar characteristics) Species – tigris What is the scientific name for humans? Ex. Scientific name – Panthera tigris Common name - Tiger 104 Classifications of Living Organisms` Taxonomy – the naming and grouping of species. Naming of species – binomial nomenclature Genus – Panthera Species – tigris What is the scientific name for humans? Homo sapiens Ex. Scientific name – Panthera tigris Common name - Tiger 105 Classifications of Living Organisms Scientists can get creative Beetles: Agra katewinsletae, Agathidium vaderi Spiders: Aptostichus angelinajolieae Aptostichus stevencolberti Wasp: Presucoila imallshookupis 106 Classifications of Living Organisms Grouping of species – Hierarchy of Taxonomic groups Helarctos malayanus - Sun Bear Melursus ursinus – Sloth Bear 107 Classifications of Living Organisms Grouping of species – Hierarchy of Taxonomic groups First Level: Domain – (most inclusive) three main groups Archaea – “Extremophiles” live in extreme environments Bacteria - most diverse group Eukarya - unicellular / multicellular 108 Classifications of Living Organisms Grouping of Species (cont’d) Second Level: Kingdom Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia 109 Classifications of Living Organisms Taxonomic Hierarchy Domain – (most inclusive) Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species – (least inclusive) very specific “Dumb Kids Playing Chase On Freeways Get Squished” 110 Classifications of Living Organisms What you need to know for Biology I Eukaryotic cells Prokaryotic cells “before” Membrane kernel enclosed nucleus and organelles 111 Prokaryotic Cell Structure Classification of Cells Prokaryotic cells – Lack a membrane enclosed nucleus and do not have membrane-bound organelles. 112 Classifications of Living Organisms What you need to know for Biology I Eukaryotic cells Prokaryotic cells Membrane “before” kernel o ma in enclosed nucleus D and organelles 113 Classifications of Living Organisms What you need to know for Biology I Eukaryotic cells Prokaryotic cells Membrane “before” kernel 2. Bacteria enclosed nucleus 1. Archaea and organelles om ains D 114 Classifications of Living Organisms What you need to know for Biology I Eukaryotic cells Prokaryotic cells Bacteria Archaea a in Dom “Extremophiles” – unicellular organisms that can survive in extreme environments. 115 Classifications of Living Organisms What you need to know for Biology I Eukaryotic cells Prokaryotic cells Archaea Bacteria ain Dom The most diverse group of unicellular organisms Ex. Anabaena 116 Classifications of Living Organisms What you need to know for Biology I Eukaryotic cells Prokaryotic cells “before” Archaea Bacteria 3. Eukarya kernel in Doma Unicellular and multicellular organisms with internal compartments that serve various functions. These cells have a membrane enclose nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. 117 Eukaryotic Cell Structure Classification of Cells Eukaryotic cells – have a membrane enclosed nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. Animal Cell Plant Cell 118 Overview of Cell Structure Classification of Cells Eukaryotic cells – (Greek, meaning “true nucleus”) have membrane enclosed nucleus and other organelles. Domain – Eukarya Supergroup - Protista –single-cell organisms that live in an environment of water. Eukaryotic cells that are not Fungi, Plants, or Animals Kingdom - Fungi – multicellular organisms; decomposition of organic matter to inorganic matter. Plantae - plants Amoeba Animalia - animals Euglena Paramecium 119 Classifications of Living Organisms What you need to know for Biology I Eukaryotic cells Prokaryotic cells Membrane “before” Bacteria Eukarya enclosed nucleus kernel Archaea and organelles om ains D Kingdoms 120 Classifications of Living Organisms What you need to know for Biology I Eukaryotic cells Prokaryotic cells Membrane “before” Bacteria Eukarya enclosed nucleus kernel Archaea and organelles om ains D Kingdoms Protista Plantae Fungi Animalia 121 Classifications of Living Organisms What you need to know for Biology I Eukaryotic cells Prokaryotic cells Bacteria Eukarya Archaea om ains D Kingdoms Protista Plantae Unicellular/small multicellular organisms: subdivided into 7 broad Fungi Animalia groups. Ex. Amoeba, Paramecium, Euglena Producers, Decomposers and Consumers. 122 Classifications of Living Organisms What you need to know for Biology I Eukaryotic cells Prokaryotic cells Bacteria Eukarya Archaea om ains D Kingdoms Protista Plantae Fungi Animalia Unicellular (yeast and molds) and multicellular organisms (mushrooms). Decomposers 123 Classifications of Living Organisms What you need to know for Biology I Eukaryotic cells Prokaryotic cells Bacteria Eukarya Archaea om ains D Kingdoms Protista Plantae Fungi Animalia Multicellular organisms (trees and shrubs). Producers 124 Classifications of Living Organisms What you need to know for Biology I Eukaryotic cells Prokaryotic cells Bacteria Eukarya Archaea om ains D Kingdoms Protista Plantae Fungi Animalia Multicellular organisms (animals). Consumers 125 The Study of Genomes and Proteomes Genomics – a discipline that analyzes the DNA sequences of genomes. genome – the complete genetic composition of a cell or species. Proteomics – technical approach to analyzing proteomes. Helps us understand how the various levels of biology are related to one another. proteome – all the proteins that a cell or organism makes. 126 Principles of Biology Living organisms can be defined by six principles. Living organisms are organized into 12 Levels extending from atoms to biospheres. Living organisms are classified into taxonomic groups according to a classification hierarchy. Living organisms have evolved over time by two mechanisms: Vertical Decent with Modifications and Horizontal Gene Transfer. 127 Study break... How do biologists define a species? How are species named? List the hierarchy of taxonomic groups from most inclusive to least inclusive. What is the difference between a prokaryotic cell and a eukaryotic cell? Name 3 Domains. Name the Kingdoms that eukaryotic cells are divided into. What is a genome? 128 Where We’ve Been... Science is the search for truth; truth based on empirical evidence supported by experimentation and data. However, this truth is not absolute, it is only based on the truth we know today. Science is an ongoing, series of questions. 129 Where We’ve Been... Science is the search for truth; truth based on empirical evidence supported by experimentation and data. However, this truth is not absolute, it is only based on the truth we know today. Science is an ongoing, series of questions. The Scientific Method follows five steps that are rarely linear: Observation, Questions, Hypothesis, Predictions, and Test. Model organisms used in research include mice, worms, fruit flies, yeast, E. coli. These are selected because they are easy to maintain in the laboratory and changes can be followed and observed over many generations. 130 Where We’ve Been... Science is the search for truth; truth based on empirical evidence supported by experimentation and data. However, this truth is not absolute, it is only based on the truth we know today. Science is an ongoing, series of questions. The Scientific Method follows five steps that are rarely linear: Observation, Questions, Hypothesis, Predictions, and Test. Model organisms used in research include mice, worms, fruit flies, yeast, and the bacteria, E. coli. These are selected because they are easy to maintain in the laboratory, and changes can be followed and observed over many generations. There are 12 Unifying Principles of Biology, 6 apply to living organisms. All living organisms are made up of cells.... use energy.... interact with their environment.... maintain homeostasis.... grow and develop.... provide a blueprint for reproduction by passing on their genetic material. 131 Where We’ve Been... Levels of Organization – Living organisms can be viewed at different levels of biological organization: Atoms – smallest unit of matter Molecules Organelles Cells – smallest unit of living matter Tissues Organs Organ Systems Organism – organisms of the same species can interbreed and produce fertile offspring Populations Community Ecosystem 132 Where We’ve Been... Naming living organisms is done according to binomial nomenclature with the Genus name preceding the Species name. Panthera tigris, Homo sapiens Classification of living organism is done according to a hierarchy beginning with Domain as the most inclusive and ending with Species as the least inclusive. Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species 133 Where We’ve Been... Unity of Life Life on Earth is unified by an evolutionary past. Fossil records indicate organisms with similar structures that differ in function, can be traced to a pre-existing ancestor. Diversity of Life Life has evolved in diverse forms to survive in different environments using two mechanisms of evolution: Vertical Descent with Modifications Horizontal Gene Transfer 134 Where We’ve Been... Prokaryotic cells do not have a membrane enclosed nucleus or membrane enclosed organelles...their genetic material is maintained in a nucleoid region. Prokaryotic cells are classified into two Domains: Archaea and Bacteria. Archae are found in extreme environments. Bacteria is the most diverse group of unicellular organisms. 135 Where We’ve Been... Prokaryotic cells do not have a membrane enclosed nucleus or membrane enclosed organelles...their genetic material is maintained in a nucleoid region. Prokaryotic cells are classified into two Domains: Archaea and Bacteria. Archae are found in extreme environments. Bacteria is the most diverse group of unicellular organisms. Eukaryotic cells do have a membrane enclosed nucleus and organelles. Eukaryotic cells are classified under one Domain: Eukarya. Further divided into Kingdoms: Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia. Protista or eukaryotic organisms which are not fungi, plants, or animals. 136 Where We’ve Been... Genomics is a discipline that analyzes the DNA sequence of the genome. genome – the complete genetic composition of a cell or species. Proteomics is a large-scale study of the structure and function of the proteome. proteome – all the proteins that a cell or organism makes. 137 A Measure of Success You should be able to.... Define Science as a discipline and understand why the truth of Science cannot be considered absolute truth. Define Biology as a natural science concerned with the study of life. Know the steps of the Scientific Method and be able to apply this method to new areas discovery. Distinguish “good” science from “bad” science. Name model organisms used in scientific research and why these organisms are routinely studied in the laboratory setting. Know six unifying principles of living organisms and describe the characteristics of life. List the levels of organization of living organisms. Name the classifications of the taxonomic hierarchy from most inclusive to least inclusive. Describe the mechanisms that contribute to the unity and diversity of life, the evidence for evolution through natural selection. 138 Lesson Reflection What was the most interesting thing you learned from this Chapter? What did you find difficult in this Chapter? What questions do you still have? 139 Flashcards for the Exam Don’t forget your flashcards! Completing these will help you better prepare for the exam. 140 Flashcards for the Exam Science 141 Flashcards for the Exam Biology 142 Flashcards for the Exam Scientific Method 143 Flashcards for the Exam Hypothesis 144 Flashcards for the Exam Theory 145 Flashcards for the Exam Control Test 146 Flashcards for the Exam Good Science 147 Flashcards for the Exam Good Scientist 148 Flashcards for the Exam Model Organisms 149 Flashcards for the Exam Levels of Biological Organization (Atom to Ecosystem) 150 Flashcards for the Exam Classification Hierarchy (Domain to Species) 151 Flashcards for the Exam Principles of Living Organisms 152 Flashcards for the Exam Prokaryotic Cell 153 Flashcards for the Exam Eukaryotic Cell 154 Flashcards for the Exam Prokaryotic Domains Archaea / Bacteria 155 Flashcards for the Exam Eukaryotic Domain Eukarya 156 Flashcards for the Exam Eukaryotic Kingdoms 157 Flashcards for the Exam Species 158 Flashcards for the Exam Binomial Nomenclature 159 Flashcards for the Exam Genus Name 160 Flashcards for the Exam Species Name 161 Flashcards for the Exam Homeostasis 162 Flashcards for the Exam Cell 163 Flashcards for the Exam Atom 164 Flashcards for the Exam Vertical Descent with Modifications and Horizontal Gene Transfer 165 Flashcards for the Exam Genome 166 Flashcards for the Exam Proteome

Chapter 1 - The Science of Biology FA2024 PDF

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