University of Jordan Analytical Chemistry (0303211) Course Information PDF

University of Jordan Department of Chemistry Analytical Chemistry (0303211) Second Semester 2023/2024 Course Information Text Book: Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry by Skoog, West, Holler and Crouch; 9th Edi...

University of Jordan Department of Chemistry Analytical Chemistry (0303211) Second Semester 2023/2024 Course Information Text Book: Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry by Skoog, West, Holler and Crouch; 9th Edition (2004) Grading System: First exam 30 marks (To be announced later) Second exam 30 marks (To be announced later) Final Exam: 40 marks (To be announced later) Total 100 Course Outline No. of Topics lectures 2 The Nature of Analytical Chemistry (Chapter 1): 5 Calculations Used in Analytical Chemistry (Chapter 4): 3 Errors in Chemical Analysis (Chapter 5): Some important terms, systematic errors, 3 Random Errors in Chemical Analysis ( Chapter 6): The nature of random errors, statistical treatment of random errors, standard deviation of calculated results, reporting computed data, 2 Statistical Data Treatment and Evaluation (Chapter 7): confidence intervals, detection of gross errors No. of Topics lectures 5 Aqueous Solutions and Chemical Equilibria (Chapter 9): classifying solutions of electrolytes, chemical equilibrium, buffer solutions 3 Effect of Electrolytes on Chemical Equilibria (chapter 10): The effect of electrolytes on chemical equilibria, activity coefficients, 3 Solving equilibrium Problems for complex systems (Chapter 11): solving equilibrium problems by a systematic method, the solubility of metal hydroxides, separation of ions by control of the concentration of the precipitating agent  Topics 6 Gravimetric Methods of Analysis (Chapter 12): Precipitation gravimetry, calculation of results from gravimetric data, applications of gravimetric methods 5 Titrimetric methods; Precipitation Titrimetry (Chapter 13): Some terms used in volumetric titrimetry, standard solutions, volumetric calculations, gravimetric titimetry, precipitation titrimetry 4 Principles of Neutralization Titrations (Chapter 14): Solutions and indicators for acid/base titrations, titration of strong acids and strong bases, titration curves for weak acids, titration curves for week bases, the composition of solutions during acid/base titrations. 3 Complexation Reactions and Titrations (Chapter 17): The formation of complexes, titrations with inorganic complexing agents, organic complexing agents, aminocarboxylic acid titrations Dr. Khaldun Al Azzam Analytical Chemistry E-mail: [email protected]  Chemistry (kem'is tree): noun. Introduction The science in which substances are examined to find out what they are made of, how they act under different conditions, and how they Fields of chemistry are combined or separated to/from Physical chemistry other substances. To paraphrase that, chemistry deals Analytical chemistry with finding what different Organic chemistry substances are made of, what kind of transformations take place, and Inorganic chemistry different chemically related facts about a certain organism or Biological chemistry substance.  Analytical Chemistry Analytical chemistry is the area of chemistry responsible for characterizing the composition of matter, both qualitatively (what is present) and quantitatively (how much is present). Analytical chemistry is the study of the separation, identification, and quantification of the chemical components of natural and artificial materials. Analytical chemistry is also focused on improvements in experimental design, chemometrics, and the creation of new measurement tools to provide better chemical information. Chemometrics can be defined as the science of relating chemical measurements made on a chemical system to the property of interest (such as concentration) through the application of mathematical or statistical methods. (From: Profiles of Drug Substances, Excipients and Related Methodology) Analytical chemistry has applications in forensics, bioanalysis, clinical analysis, environmental analysis, and materials analysis. Qualitative analysis Characterization analysis An analysis in which An analysis in which we we determine the evaluate a sample’s identity of the chemical or physical constituent species in properties. a sample. Figure 1 The relationship between analytical chemistry, other branches of chemistry, and the other sciences. The central location of analytical chemistry in the diagram signifies its importance and the breadth of its interactions with many other disciplines. Quantitative analysis An analysis in which we Fundamental analysis determine how much of a An analysis whose purpose is constituent species is to improve an analytical present in a sample. method’s capabilities. Chemical Analysis: A process that provides chemical or physical information about the constituents in the sample or the sample itself. Qualitative analysis Quantitative analysis Gives an indication of the identity Determines the amount of one or of the chemical species in the more of these components sample. (Often need pretreatment steps) What is present? How much is present?  Analytical methods can be separated into classical and instrumental Classical methods (also known Instrumental methods as wet chemistry methods) Use only chemicals for Use an apparatus to measure separations such as precipitation, physical quantities of the analyte extraction and qualitative such as light absorption, analysis by color, odor, or fluorescence, or conductivity. melting point. Spectroscopy Quantitative analysis is achieved by measurement of weight or Electrochemistry volume. Chromatography - Gravimetric analysis - Volumetric analysis - (Chemical tests )  a sample is a limited quantity of something which is intended to be similar to and represent a larger amount of that thing(s).  The components of interest in the sample are called analytes, Constituent : A component of a sample; it may be further classified as:  the remainder of the sample is the matrix.  Technique is a chemical or physical  A major constituent principle that can be used to analyze a sample. % 1-100  A method is the application of a  Minor constituent technique for the determination of a % 0.01-1 specific analyte in a specific matrix.  Trace constituent  A procedure is a set of written directions ˂ %0.01 detailing how to apply a method to a particular sample.  Useful terms: Specific: Techniques or reactions that work for only one analyte. Selective: Techniques or reactions that apply for only a few analytes. Matrix: All of the components in the sample containing an analyte. Interference (or Interferent): A species that causes an error in an analysis by enhancing or attenuating the quantity by being measured. A typical quantitative analysis: Figure 1. Flow diagram showing the steps in a quantitative analysis. Steps in a Typical Quantitative Analysis 1. Select a method: accuracy, reliability, time and cost, complexity of sample e.g., blood samples, pharmaceutical products. 2. Sampling: obtaining “a representative sample”, especially important for mass products. Select a small sample of composition that accurately represents the bulk 3. Sample preparation and handling a) Dissolution or digestion of samples: Avoiding decomposition conditions. This is especially troublesome for biological samples. b) Preparation of solid samples: Solids are usually ground to a suitable particulate size to get a homogeneous sample. 4. Define replicate sample: accuracy, reliability and cost. Interferences: species other than the analyte 5. Eliminating interferences: blank control that affect the measurement 6. Calibration and measurement CA= kX y = mX + b Calibration: process of determining the exact 7. Calculation and data reduction relationship between the property measured and the property sought for (Determination of k) 8. Evaluating results and estimating their reliability This requires appropriate use of statistics. An analytical result without an estimate of reliability is of no value.  Replicate samples, or replicates, are portions of a material of approximately the same size that are carried through an analytical procedure at the same time and in the same way.  An interference or interferent is a species that causes an error in an analysis by enhancing or attenuating (making smaller) the quantity being measured.  The matrix, or sample matrix, is the collection of all of the components in the sample containing an analyte. Techniques or reactions that work for only one analyte are said to be specific. Techniques or reactions that apply to only a few analytes are selective.  Calibration is the process of determining the proportionality between analyte concentration and a measured quantity.  An analytical result without an estimate of reliability is of no value. Several different areas of analytical chemistry: 1. Clinical analysis - blood, urine, feces, cellular fluids, etc., for use in diagnosis. 2. Pharmaceutical analysis - establish the physical properties, toxicity, metabolites, quality control, etc. 3. Environmental analysis - pollutants, soil and water analysis, pesticides. 4. Forensic analysis - analysis related to criminology; DNA finger printing, fingerprint detection; blood analysis. 5. Industrial quality control - required by most companies to control product quality. 6. Bioanalytical chemistry and analysis - detection and/or analysis of biological components (i.e., proteins, DNA, RNA, carbohydrates, metabolites, etc.).