Analytical Chemistry Lecture 1 PDF

# Analytical Chemistry ## What is Analytical Chemistry? - **Chemistry (Chem)** - **Branches of Chemistry** - **Organic Chem** - **Inorganic Chem** - **Bio Chem** - **Physical Chem** - **Analytical Chem** Analytical chemistry is **measurement science** . It is specific for **Se...

# Analytical Chemistry ## What is Analytical Chemistry? - **Chemistry (Chem)** - **Branches of Chemistry** - **Organic Chem** - **Inorganic Chem** - **Bio Chem** - **Physical Chem** - **Analytical Chem** Analytical chemistry is **measurement science** . It is specific for **Separation**, **identification**, and **determination** of the **chemical substance**. ## Classification of Analytical Chemistry - **Quantitative analysis**: Reveals the **chemical identity** of elements and compounds. - **Qualitative analysis**: Determines the **relative amount** of each substance in a sample. ## Acid-Base Theories ### 1. Arrhenius Ionization Theory - **Acid**: Dissociated in water to give H+ (hydrogen ion or proton). - **Base**: Dissociated in water to give OH- (hydroxyl ion). - **Salts**: Dissociated in water to give +ve ions other than H+ and -ve ions other than OH (e.g. NaCl ... , Na+ + Cl-) **Acid base reaction** (**neutralization reaction**): H+ + OH- === H2O ### 2. Bronsted–Lowry Theory - **Acid**: Proton donor. - **Base**: Proton acceptor. **Acid + Proton = Conjugate base** **Base + Proton = Conjugate acid** **Example:** | Acid (A) | Base (B) | Conjugate acid | Conjugate base (CB) | | ---------- | --------------------- | --------------- | --------------------- | | HCl | H2O | H3O+ | Cl- | | HAc | H2O | H3O+ | Ac | | H2O | H2O | H3O+ | OH- | ## 3. Lewis Concept Theory - **Acid**: Electron acceptor - **Base**: Electron donor (Lewis base... substance containing an atom with unshared pair of electrons, N, O, S, P... either -ve ions or molecules). (Lewis acid... substance that accepts an electron pair... either +ve ions or molecules). **Acid-Base reaction** is the donation of electrons by one atom to another to form (**ADDUCT**). L.Acid + L.Base === adduct (coordinate covalent bond) **Examples:** - H+ + [:F:] = H:F: - H+ + :N:H = [H:N:H]+ - F + :B:H = F:B:N:H - Cu2+ + 4NH3 = [Cu(NH3)4]++ - Ag+ + 2CN = [Ag(CN)2] ## Typical Lewis Acid/Base Behaviours ### Lewis Base Something that complexes with a Lewis Acid. - Lone-Pair donors :NH3, H2O: - Brønsted bases HO, H3C- - Nucleophiles CH3-S - Ligands [Fe(H2O)6]3+ - Anionic counter ions SO2, NO3 - Electron-rich π-systems benzene ### Lewis Acid Something that complexes with a Lewis Base. - Lone-Pair acceptors BF3, AICI3 - Metal cations Al3+, Fe3+ - Electrophiles CH3CO - The proton H+ - Cationic spectator ions K+ - Electron-poor π-systems [CH2-CH=CH2] ## University of Mosul - Analytical Chemistry **University of Mosul - College of Science - Department of forensic evidences** **Analytical Chemistry** **First stage for forensic evidences** **1 Semester (صباحي + مسائي )** **Dr. Falknaz Rasheid Kadir** **2024-2025**