CHAPTER 1- INTRODUCTION TO IT-IS (1)_240627_211736.pdf

INTRODUCTION TO INFORMATION SYSTEMS GET STARTED TS DR SITI SALINA SAIDIN  INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY DEFINITION Information technology (IT) refers to any computer-based tool that people use to work with information and to support an organization’s information and information-proc...

INTRODUCTION TO INFORMATION SYSTEMS GET STARTED TS DR SITI SALINA SAIDIN  INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY DEFINITION Information technology (IT) refers to any computer-based tool that people use to work with information and to support an organization’s information and information-processing needs. An information system (IS) collects, processes, stores, analyzes, and disseminates information for a specific purpose  INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY FUTURE - MIND In future, either you will start your own business or you will work for an organization, whether it is public sector, private sector, for-profit, or not-for- profit. Your organization will have to survive and compete in an environment that has been radically transformed by information technology. This environment is global, massively interconnected, intensely competitive, 24/7/365, real-time, rapidly changing, and information intensive. To compete successfully, your organization must use IT effectively.  WHY SHOULD I LEARN IT/IS? The MAIN REASON to learn Your use of IT makes you part of about information systems and the most connected generation in information technology is to history: become an informed user; that is, You have grown up online; you a person knowledgeable about are, quite literally, never out of ISs and IT. touch; you use more information In general, informed users obtain technologies (in the form of digital greater value from whichever devices), for more tasks, and are technologies they use. bombarded with more information, than any generation The MIT Technology Review refers in history. to your generation as Homo- Conexus. What do you know about? HOMO CONEXUS - MIT Essentially, they are practicing continuous computing, The most connected generation in history. whereby they are surrounded with a movable information network. A generation that uses more information Their network is created by constant cooperation technologies (in the form of digital devices), for between the digital devices we carry (for example, more tasks, and are bombarded with more laptops, tablets, and smart phones); the wired and information, than anyone in history. wireless networks that they access as we move about; and Web-based tools for finding information and This generation have grown up online. They are, communicating and collaborating with other people. quite literally, never out of touch. Information This generation network enables people to pull technologies are embedded so deeply in their information about virtually anything from anywhere, lives that your daily routines would be almost at any time, and push our own ideas back to the Web, unrecognizable to a college student just 20 years from wherever they are, via a mobile devices. ago.  WHY SHOULD I LEARN IT/IS? Digital transformation is the The SECOND REASON to learn business strategy that about ISs and IT is that the leverages IT to dramatically organization you join will improve employee, customer, undoubtedly be undergoing a and business partner digital transformation. relationships; In fact, digital transformation has to support continuous become one of the most improvement in business important strategies for operations and business organizations. processes; and to develop new business models and businesses. THE INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES THAT DRIVE DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION INCLUDE: Big Data Social computing The Internet of Artificial Things intelligence Apps/ Web Cloud Design computing  FIVE FOUNDATIONAL TECHNOLOGIES : Resources will be focused on building technological capabilities in 5 foundational 4IR technologies, which are able to support the deployment and optimization of other 4IR technologies CAS E S T U D Y : A VARI E T Y OF DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION  THE CORE DRIVER - INFORMATION AGE/ DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION BUSINESS KNOWLEDGE DATA INFORMATION INTELLIGENCE  Knowledge workers are professional employees such as financial and marketing analysts, engineers, lawyers, and accountants. All knowledge workers are experts in a particular subject area. They create information and knowledge, which they integrate into the business. Knowledge workers, in turn, act as advisors to middle managers and executives. Finally, executives make decisions that deal with situations that can significantly change the manner in which business is conducted. Examples of executive decisions are introducing a new product line, acquiring other businesses, and relocating operations to a foreign country.  COMPUTER-BASED INFORMATION SYSTEM (CBIS) A computer-based information now that you have a clearer system (CBIS) is an information understanding of data, system that uses computer information, business intelligence technology to perform some or all and knowledge, let’s shift our of its intended tasks. focus to computer-based Although not all information information systems. systems are computerized, today most are. For this reason, the term As you have seen, these systems “information system” is typically process data into information and used synonymously with “computer- knowledge that you can use based information system.”  INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY COMPONENTS HARDWARE NETWORK Hardware consists of devices such as the A network is a connecting system (wireline processor, monitor, keyboard, and printer. or wireless) that enables multiple Together, these devices accept, process, computers to share resources. and display data and information PEOPLE SOFTWARE People use the hardware and software, interface with it, or utilize its output. Software is a program or collection of programs that enables the hardware to process data. PROCEDURES Procedures are the instructions for DATABASE combining these components to process information and generate the desired A database is a collection of related files output. or tables containing data.  COMPUTER-BASED INFORMATION SYSTEMS CONSIST OF HARDWARE, SOFTWARE, DATABASES, NETWORKS, PROCEDURES, AND PEOPLE  INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY INSIDE YOUR ORGANIZATION An application (or app) is a computer program designed to support a specific task or business process. Each functional area or department within a business organization uses dozens of application programs. For instance, the human resources department sometimes uses one application for screening job applicants and another for monitoring employee turnover. The collection of application programs in a single department is usually referred to as a functional area information system (also known as a departmental information system). For example, the collection of application programs in the human resources area is called the human resources information system (HRIS). Information technology inside your organization. TYPES OF COMPUTER-BASED INFORMATION SYSTEMS Major Capabilities of Information Systems Computer-based information systems have many capabilities. Table summarizes the most important ones. What do you know about? TYPES OF ORGANIZATIONAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS An overview of the different types of information systems used by organizations. What do you know about? BREADTH OF SUPPORT OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS Information systems that function among multiple organizations. BREADTH OF SUPPORT OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS Specific information systems support parts of organizations, others support entire organizations, and still, others support groups of organizations. Recall that each department or functional area within an organization has its own collection of application programs, or information systems. These functional area information systems (FAISs) are the supporting pillars for the information systems located at the top of Figure 3, namely, business intelligence systems and dashboards. As the name suggests, each FAIS supports a particular functional area within the organization. Examples are accounting IS, finance IS, production/operations management (POM) IS, marketing IS, and human resources IS BREADTH OF SUPPORT OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS Example: In sales and marketing, managers use information technology to perform the following functions: Product analysis: Developing new goods and services. Site analysis: Determining the best location for production and distribution facilities. Promotion analysis: Identifying the best advertising channels. Price analysis: Setting product prices to obtain the highest total revenues. BREADTH OF SUPPORT OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS Marketing managers also use IT to manage their relationships with their customers. In manufacturing, managers use IT to process customer orders, develop production schedules, control inventory levels, and monitor product quality. They also use IT to design and manufacture products. These processes are called computer-assisted design (CAD) and computer assisted manufacturing (CAM). Managers in human resources use IT to manage the recruiting process, analyze and screen job applicants, and hire new employees. They also employ IT to help employees manage their careers, to administer performance tests to employees, and to monitor employee productivity. Finally, they rely on IT to manage compensation and benefits packages  IT IMPACTS EMPLOYEES AT WORK IT Impacts Employees’ Health and Safety An increase in an employee’s workload and/or responsibilities can trigger job stress. Although computerization has benefited organizations by increasing productivity, it also has created an ever-expanding workload for some employees. Some workers feel overwhelmed and have become increasingly anxious about their job performance. These feelings of stress and anxiety can actually diminish rather than improve workers’ productivity while jeopardizing their physical and mental health. Management can help alleviate these problems by providing training, redistributing the workload among workers, and hiring more workers. Ergonomic products protect computer users  IT IMPACTS EMPLOYEES AT WORK IT Provides Opportunities for People with Disabilities Computers can create new employment opportunities for people with disabilities by integrating speech- recognition and vision-recognition capabilities. For example, individuals who cannot type can use a voice-operated keyboard, and individuals who cannot travel can work at home. Adaptive computer equipment enables people with disabilities to perform tasks they normally would not be able to do. For example, the Web and graphical user interfaces (GUIs; e.g., Windows) can be difficult for people with impaired vision to use. To address this problem, manufacturers have added audible screen tips and voice interfaces, which essentially restore the functionality of computers to the way it was before GUIs become standard. Other devices help improve the quality of life in more mundane, but useful, ways for people with disabilities. Examples are a two-way writing telephone, a robotic page turner, a hair brusher, and a hospital-bedside video trip to the zoo or the museum. Several organizations specialize in IT designed for people with disabilities What do you know about? IMPORTANCE OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS TO SOCIETY THE ROBOT REVOLUTION IS HERE NOW Robots that can perform practical tasks are now a reality. Around the world, autonomous devices have become increasingly common on factory floors, in hospital corridors, and in farm fields. Let’s look at several examples. What do you know about? BAXTER ROBOT Baxter is a versatile manufacturing robot. Its cameras and force-sensing actuators let it adapt to changes in the environment, and a user can program a new task simply by moving its arms around Click HERE What do you know about? LOWEBOT A mobile collection of cameras and sensors that capture and process data about the store. Click HERE  What do you know about? Drones A drone is an unmanned DRONES aerial vehicle (UAV) that either is controlled by pilots from the ground or autonomously follows a preprogrammed mission. Commercial drones are used for a variety of business purposes, in contrast to drones used by hobbyists for recreational purposes. Click HERE What do you know about? When you think about autonomous vehicles, AUTONOMOUS VEHICLES consider these statistics: Human error accounts for more than 90 percent of automobile accidents. Each year more than 150,000 vehicle accidents are reported to law enforcement. Each year approximately 1,900 Canadians and 1.25 million people worldwide die in automobile accidents. Emerging trends in the world of autonomous vehicles roboticsandautomationnews.com/2020/01/03/emerging-trends-in-the-world-of-autonomous-vehicles/28108/ Sam Francis January 3, 2020 According to a survey, around 94 percent of the accidents result due to human error in the US. Major companies are considering autonomous vehicles as a solution to reduce road accidents and fatalities. However, they are still far away from developing a fully autonomous and driverless By Swamini Kulkarni vehicle. The true success of developing a fully functional autonomous vehicle is not dependent on launching innovative technology; it lies with the perception of autonomous The last few years have been favorable for the autonomous vehicle vehicles in people’s mind. technology. Developing a driverless car has been a shared dream for Google, Many prefer humans behind the wheels of a car than some software. However, with the Apple, Tesla, Uber, and Lyft. development of reliable and innovative technologies, significant progress has made toward zero-accident future over the last few years. For Uber and Lyft, autonomous cars are one of the means of cutting costs. However, saving big bucks are not the only benefits of autonomous cars. In addition, the advent of 5G is the most crucial development for autonomous vehicles. The technology allows car owners to effectively communicate with other cars on the road, Factors such as lowering fuel consumption, reduce CO2 emission, and reduction in creating an unprecedented level of collaboration, which is impossible for human drivers. congestion are some of the major benefits of autonomous vehicles. According to a report called Autonomous Vehicle Outlook, by Allied Market Research, the In fact, autonomous vehicles would adhere to traffic rules, never get sleepy or tired, which global autonomous vehicle market is projected to reach $556.67 billion by 2026 with would lead people to a zero-incident future. annual growth of 39.4 percent from 2019 to 2026. Furthermore, if we combine autonomous vehicles with carpooling or sharing, the burning issue of road congestion would be solved. Growth of connected infrastructure, shift from ownership to mobility-as-a-service (MaaS), There would be more parking space available and the advent of dining cars would create and supportive government regulations would be the major drivers. competition for restaurants and hotels. There is no doubt that autonomous vehicles would secure their place at the headline of newspaper for the next few years. Here are some of the major trends to eye out for. 1/4 Launch of novel self-driving cars One of the biggest news stories in 2019 has been newly launched self-driving shuttle service in New York City. The NYC citizens are thrilled to know that there would be self- driving cars roaming their streets. NYC has been a bit distant from autonomous vehicles due to its ambivalent laws and regulations. However, since August 2019, the city would witness autonomous shuttle service for the public of Brooklyn. The shuttle service is run by Optimus Ride, a leading autonomous vehicle technology company. Similar to other autonomous vehicles and shuttle service, the self-driving shuttle launched in NYC would be slow and restricted to a single route, which is 1.1 miles from the entrance of Navy Yard to the NYC Ferry dock on the East River. In addition, the service would run continuously between 7 am to 10.30 pm on weekdays. Every car would have two safety drivers. One of them would control the vehicle remotely from a laptop and another driver would sit behind the wheel. Moreover, the engineers at Optimus Ride will monitor every rise and vehicle, ready to tale For Waymo, this would be another opportunity to operate a commercial ride-hailing over the car in an emergency. Although it has limited size and scope, the work of Optimus Ride is disrupting the autonomous vehicle industry. service that features autonomous cars. On the other hand, for Lyft, this would be a chance to work on an open platform, through Collaboration and partnerships which it can lure countless partners to deploy and test vehicles. Designing, testing, and manufacturing an autonomous vehicle is a costly affair. Not About the author: Swamini Kulkarni holds a bachelor’s degree in Instrumentation and everyone can invest billions even if they develop out of the box technology. control engineering from Pune University, and works as a content writer. She is deeply Companies seek to minimize their risk and kick start their project by partnering with each fascinated by the impact of technology on human life, and loves to talk about science and other. mythology. When she is not glued to the computer, she loves to read, travel, and spend Recently, Ford and Volkswagen plan to join forces to boost the growth of the autonomous time thinking how she could read and travel more often. vehicle industry. The deal involves billion dollars and would allow the companies to share each other’s intellectual properties and hardware. The joint venture would offer Ford access to Volkswagen’s MEB platform that serves as a base for Volkswagen’s ID.3 electric car. Moreover, Volkswagen would share business in Argo AI, a Pittsburgh-based research firm that focuses on autonomous vehicle development. With this deal, Argo AI would set up its first office in Europe to closely work with Volkswagen. In another news, Alphabet’s autonomous driving unit, Waymo. would partner with Lyft to deploy around 10 vehicles in Phoenix. Alphabet is now an investor in both Lyft and Uber and this deal is expected to bring autonomous vehicles on the roads quicker. The autonomous vehicles are expected to be deployed by the end of the third quarter and would involve safety drivers during the rides. 3/4  What do you know about? AUTONOMOUS VEHICLES These statistics offer compelling reasons for autonomous vehicles, and the development of these vehicles is proceeding rapidly. Fully automated, all-electric, public, 24-seat, driverless cabs are operating in Singapore. In October 2016, an Uber self-driving truck (with a driver onboard) delivered 50,000 cans of beer at the end of a nearly 200-kilometre, two-hour journey. It probably will be a long time before we see robots making decisions by themselves, handling unfamiliar situations, and interacting with people. Nevertheless, robots are extremely helpful in various environments, particularly those that are repetitive, harsh, or dangerous to humans TS DR SITI SALINA SAIDIN