Introduction to Health Science PDF

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO HISTORY AND DEFINITION OF HEALTH SCIENCE  OUTLINE 1. History and definition of Health Science 2. Differences between Health and Wellness 3. Dimension of wellness 4. Personal Hygiene 5. Mental Health - (STRESS) - Type...

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO HISTORY AND DEFINITION OF HEALTH SCIENCE  OUTLINE 1. History and definition of Health Science 2. Differences between Health and Wellness 3. Dimension of wellness 4. Personal Hygiene 5. Mental Health - (STRESS) - Types of stress - Sign and symptoms of stress - Physiological changes during stress - General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) - Psychoneuroimmunology - Allostatic load 6. Social Health 7. Physical Health  Table of contents 01 02 Applying various terminologies and concepts Differentiate in between health of health and health science into multiple and wellness division of health and correlate with human life. 03 04 Understand the important of mental, social Understand the process of general and physical health especially in term of adaptation syndrome (GAS) and stress management. physiological changes during stress.  HEALTH World Health Organization (WHO) : (Has not been amended since 1946)  HEALTH Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion, international agreement signed at the First International Conference on Health Promotion, organized by (WHO) and held in Ottawa, Canada, in November 1986 stated health as: Resource for everyday life, not the objective of living, and health is a positive concept emphasizing social and personal resources, as well as physical capacities.  HEALTH SCIENCE The discipline of applied science deals with human and animal health. Health science refers to a large group of disciplines related to the delivery of health care to humans and animals. In other words, it is the field in which knowledge is taken from pure science and other related sources and applied to practical and clinical practices to maintain and improve the health of living beings.  HEALTH CARE Embraces all the goods and services designed to promote health, including preventive, curative and palliative interventions, whether directed to individuals or to populations. Palliative care is the active total care of patients whose disease is not responsive to curative treatment. Control of pain, of other symptoms, and of psychological, social, and spiritual problems is paramount. The goal of palliative care is the achievement of the best quality of life for patients and their families. Palliative interventions include medical practices that attempt to provide some relief from pain or other suffering at the end of life. Interventions can include: Pain medication, oxygen, intravenous or nasogastric feeding, blood products, anti-nausea medication, anti-anxiety medications Palliative interventions can also include psychosocial support, such as counseling, and spiritual support for both the patient and the family. All palliative interventions aim to help the patient be as comfortable as possible  PUBLIC HEALTH Public health refers to all organized measures (whether public or private) to prevent disease, promote health, and prolong life among the population. Study relate with the health of communities where they live, learn, work and play. Its activities aim to provide conditions in which people can be healthy and focus on entire populations, not on individual patients or diseases. Prevent rather than treat. Focus on disease that become threats to public and improving the quality of health between the society. TOP PUBLIC HEALTH ISSUE TOP PUBLIC HEALTH ISSUE TOP PUBLIC HEALTH ISSUE What is vaccine ? What do you What types of think about Vaccination vaccine you anti- vaccine in know? community ? Is it safe to use vaccine?  WELLNESS Expanded idea of health. Optimal health and vitality, encompassing physical, emotional, intellectual, spiritual, occupational and social and environmental well-being. Health normally related to the absence of illness, injury or disease. Wellness is the pursuit of your best possible health and well-being.  HEALTH VS WELLNESS Definition Health is the state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. Wellness refers to an active process through which people become aware of and make choices toward a more successful existence. Aspects The main difference between health and wellness is that the main aspects of health are mental, physical and social wellbeing. Wellness goes a few steps further, emphasising the mental, physical, social as well as occupational, intellectual, and emotional wellbeing. Nature Health is a state of being while wellness is a practical way of achieving health.  HEALTH VS WELLNESS Concept Health is more related to Western medicine while Wellness is more related to complementary and alternative medicine that includes eastern medicine like Ayurveda. Mindfulness Health considers mental wellbeing as being free from stress or other mental diseases Wellness focuses on mindfulness and mind training as well, in addition to general mental health. Conclusion Health and wellness are inter-related, yet distinguishable health concepts. The main difference between health and wellness is that health is the physical, mental and social well- being while wellness is a healthy lifestyle that must be followed in order to gain good health. Therefore, the goal of wellness is to enhance the overall well-being of the person.  PERSONAL HYGIENE 1st step to good grooming and good health. Neglect your hygiene, can cause health and social problems. Psychologically – good hygiene helps people to feel good about themselves (self-esteem).  MENTAL HEALTH State of successful performance of a mental function, resulting in:- productive activities, fulfilling relationships with other people, and the ability to adapt to change and to cope with adversity. good mental health contributes to good emotional health (feel positive, self control). Within the health goal, two targets are directly related to mental health and substance abuse. “By 2030, reduce by one third premature mortality from noncommunicable diseases through prevention and treatment and promote mental health and well-being.” “Strengthen the prevention and treatment of substance abuse, including narcotic drug abuse and harmful use of alcohol.” MENTAL HEALTH MENTAL HEALTH - STRESS  MENTAL HEALTH - STRESS Popularly viewed as an uncomfortable response to a negative event (nervous tension). Stress is actually not limited to negative situations. Also, response to pleasurable physical challenges and the achievement of personal goals. Refer to : Situation that trigger physical and emotional reaction and the reaction themselves.  1. Frequent headaches, jaw clenching or pain 25. Increased or decreased appetite 26. Insomnia, nightmares, disturbing dreams 2. Gritting, grinding teeth 27. Difficulty concentrating, racing thoughts 3. Stuttering or stammering 28. Trouble learning new information 4. Tremors, trembling of lips, hands 29. Forgetfulness, disorganization, confusion 5. Neck ache, back pain, muscle spasms 30. Difficulty in making decisions 6. Light headedness, faintness, dizziness 31. Feeling overloaded or overwhelmed 7. Ringing, buzzing or “popping sounds 32. Frequent crying spells or suicidal thoughts 8. Frequent blushing, sweating 33. Feelings of loneliness or worthlessness 9. Cold or sweaty hands, feet 34. Little interest in appearance, punctuality 10. Dry mouth, problems swallowing 35. Nervous habits, fidgeting, feet tapping 11. Frequent colds, infections, herpes sores 36. Increased frustration, irritability, edginess 12. Rashes, itching, hives, “goose bumps” 37. Overreaction to petty annoyances 38. Increased number of minor accidents 13. Unexplained or frequent “allergy” attacks 39. Obsessive or compulsive behavior 14. Heartburn, stomach pain, nausea 40. Reduced work efficiency or productivity 15. Excess belching, flatulence 41. Lies or excuses to cover up poor work 16. Constipation, diarrhea, loss of control 42. Rapid or mumbled speech 17. Difficulty breathing, frequent sighing 43. Excessive defensiveness or suspiciousness 18. Sudden attacks of life threatening panic 44. Problems in communication, sharing 19. Chest pain, palpitations, rapid pulse 45. Social withdrawal and isolation 20. Frequent urination 46. Constant tiredness, weakness, fatigue 21. Diminished sexual desire or performance 47. Frequent use of over-the-counter drugs 22. Excess anxiety, worry, guilt, nervousness 48. Weight gain or loss without diet 23. Increased anger, frustration, hostility 49. Increased smoking, alcohol or drug use 50. Excessive gambling or impulse buying 24. Depression, frequent or wild mood swings  MENTAL HEALTH - STRESS Stressor : Any physical or psychological event or condition that produces stress. Stress response : The physical and emotional response changes associated with stress. The fight or flight reaction : A defense reaction that prepares an individual for conflict or escape by triggering hormonal, cardiovascular, metabolic and other changes. These enable our bodies to quickly prepare to escape from danger.  MENTAL HEALTH - STRESS How does fight or flight occur? Nervous system Voluntary control Involuntary control (autonomic) Parasympathetic division - during relaxed (digestion of food, storing energy and promoting growth). Sympathetic division - during an emergency, such as severe pain, anger or fear.  MENTAL HEALTH - STRESS During stress, sympathetic division triggers the endocrine system to release hormones like epinephrine and cortisol to trigger physiological and psychological changes. This hormone can trigger physiological changes like: Heart and respiration rate increase so speed oxygen through the body. Hearing and vision become more acute. Digestion halted. Liver releases extra sugar into the bloodstream to boost energy. Perspiration increases to cool skin. Triggers the brain to release endorphins in case you are injured. Taken together all of these changes are called fight or flight reactions.- give you the strength you need to deal with the stressors. Once the stressful situation end, homeostasis will be restored  MENTAL HEALTH - STRESS Stress management : Become aware of your stressors and your emotional and physical reactions. Recognize what you can change. Reduce the intensity of your emotional reactions to stress. Learn to moderate your physical reactions to stress. Build your physical and Maintain your emotional reserves. Social support (share your fears, frustration and joys). Having better communication skills to maintain healthy relationships. Exercise, good nutrition, and get enough sleep. Time management.  MENTAL HEALTH - STRESS 3 main theories Theory 1: General Adaptation syndrome (GAS) Universal and predictable response pattern to all stressors triggered by either eustress or distress. Eustress – pleasant stress Distress – unpleasant stress 3 main stages/levels: 1) alarm 2)resistance 3) exhaustion  MENTAL HEALTH - STRESS Receiving a promotion or raise at work. Losing contact with loved ones. Starting a new job. The death of a family member. Filing for divorce. Taking a vacation Having a child. Marriage. Hospitalization (oneself or a family Injury or illness (oneself or a family member). member). Moving. Being abused or neglected. Legal problems Separation from a spouse The death of a spouse. Bankruptcy/Money Problems. Retiring. Unemployment. Taking educational classes or learning a Sleep problems. new hobby Children's problems at school. Buying a home.  MENTAL HEALTH - STRESS ALARM – Includes the complex sequence of events brought on by the flight or flight reaction. At this stage, the body is more susceptible to disease or injury because it is geared up to deal with a crisis. Someone at this stage may experience headaches, indigestion, anxiety and disrupted eating or sleep pattern. RESISTANCE – With continued stress, the body develops a new level of homeostasis in which it is more resistant to disease and injury than usual. In this stage, a person can cope with normal life and added stress EXHAUSTION – The first two stages of GAS require a great deal of energy. If stressor persists, or if several stressor occur in succestion, general exhaustion sets in. This is not the sort of exhaustion you feel after a long busy day, rather, it’s a life threatening physiological state.  MENTAL HEALTH - STRESS 3 main theories Theory 2: Psychoneuroimmunology stress hormone = Cortisol REDUCE CORTISOL LYMPHOCYTE SECRETION NUMBER SECRETION OF ADRENALIN AND REDUCE NOR-ADRENALIN EFFECTIVENESS  MENTAL HEALTH - STRESS 3 main theories Theory 3: Allostatic load Introduced by Bruce McEwen & Eliot Stellar in 1993. Long term wear and tear of stress response. Repetition or prolongation of stress. Individual’s allostatic load depend on genetics, life experiences, and emotional and behavioral response toward stress. High allostatic load due to frequent stressors, poor adaptation to common stressors, an inability to shutdown the stress response. High allostatic load linked to heart attack, hypertension and reduced brain and immune system function. SOCIAL HEALTH  PHYSICAL HEALTH Physical fitness Set of physical attributes that allows body to respond or adapt to the demands and stress of physical effort to perform moderate – to – vigorous levels of physical activity without becoming overly tired. Physical activity Any body movement carried out by the skeletel muscles and requiring energy OTHER FACTOR  Thank you CREDITS: This presentation template was created by Slidesgo, and includes icons by Flaticon, and infographics & images by Freepik