Human Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 1 PowerPoint PDF

Human Anatomy and Physiology Third Edition Chapter 1 Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology PowerPoint® Lectures Created by...

Human Anatomy and Physiology Third Edition Chapter 1 Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology PowerPoint® Lectures Created by Karen L. Keller Frostburg State University Copyright © 2025, 2019, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology Human Anatomy—Study of the body’s structures and the relationship among those structures Anatomy is a LOT of memorization, but can be done if you keep up with the material Human Physiology—Study of the body’s functions Physiology requires conceptual understanding, but can be mastered if you remember examples Copyright © 2025, 2019, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 1.2 Characteristics of Living Organisms (1 of 2) Living Organisms share distinct properties Cellular Composition—Cells are the smallest units that carry out the functions of life Metabolism—Living organisms carry out chemical processes collectively called metabolism Copyright © 2025, 2019, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 1.2 Characteristics of Living Organisms (2 of 2) Living Organisms share distinct properties (continued) Excretion—Elimination of potentially harmful waste products created by metabolic processes Responsiveness or Irritability—Organisms sense and react to changes or stimuli in their environment Copyright © 2025, 2019, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 1.2 Levels of Structural Organization and Body Systems (1 of 7) The body is constructed of a series of progressively larger “building blocks” known as the Structural Levels of Organization Chemical Level—This is the smallest level; Chemicals range from tiny atoms to complex molecules Cellular Level Copyright © 2025, 2019, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 1.2 Levels of Structural Organization and Body Systems (2 of 7) Structural Levels of Organization (continued) Organ Level—Two or more tissue types combine to form an organ with a recognizable shape that performs a specialized task Organ System Level—Two or more organs that together carry out a broad function in the body Copyright © 2025, 2019, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 1.2 Levels of Structural Organization and Body Systems (3 of 7) Figure 1.5 Six structural levels of organization of the human body Copyright © 2025, 2019, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 1.2 Levels of Structural Organization and Body Systems (4 of 7) Figure 1.6 The 11 organ systems of the human body Copyright © 2025, 2019, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 1.2 Levels of Structural Organization and Body Systems (5 of 7) Figure 1.6 The 11 organ systems of the human body Copyright © 2025, 2019, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 1.2 Levels of Structural Organization and Body Systems (6 of 7) Figure 1.6 The 11 organ systems of the human body Copyright © 2025, 2019, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 1.2 Levels of Structural Organization and Body Systems (7 of 7) Figure 1.6 The 11 organ systems of the human body Copyright © 2025, 2019, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 1.2 Types of Anatomy and Physiology (1 of 2) Study of Anatomy can be approached in several ways Systemic Anatomy—Examines individual organ systems Regional Anatomy—Examines the body in regions, such as the head and neck Surface Anatomy—Examines surface markings Copyright © 2025, 2019, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 1.2 Types of Anatomy and Physiology (2 of 2) Study of Physiology includes numerous subfields Physiology subfields are classified by organ or organ systems Copyright © 2025, 2019, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 1.5 Core Principles in Anatomy and Physiology Core Principles—Set of basic concepts of anatomy and physiology that are revisited repeatedly in the text; They are related to maintaining the body’s internal environment Feedback Loops Relationship of Structure and Function Gradients Cell-Cell Communication Copyright © 2025, 2019, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 1.5 Homeostasis Homeostasis—The condition in which the body develops and maintains a relatively stable internal environment Homeostatic Imbalances—Disturbances in homeostasis can lead to disease or death if uncorrected Regulated Variables—Variables in the internal environment, such as blood sugar, are controlled to stay close to a particular normal value Copyright © 2025, 2019, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 1.5 Feedback Loops Help Maintain Homeostasis (1 of 8) Feedback Loops—A change in a regulated variable causes effects that feed back and in turn affect that same variable Made up of a series of events that lead to an output As the loops continue, this output then influences the events of the loops themselves Negative Feedback Loops—Oppose the initial change and reduce the output Copyright © 2025, 2019, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 1.5 Feedback Loops Help Maintain Homeostasis (2 of 8) Negative Feedback Loops—Promote stability; Negating any stimulus that moves a variable away from homeostasis Each variable has a Set Point that includes a Normal Range around that set point Copyright © 2025, 2019, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 1.5 Feedback Loops Help Maintain Homeostasis (3 of 8) Steps of a Negative Feedback Loop 1. Stimulus—Information that a regulated variable is outside the normal range 2. Receptor or Sensor—Cellular structure that registers the stimulus 3. Control Center—Stimulus is sent to the control center (brain or gland) by the nervous or endocrine systems Copyright © 2025, 2019, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 1.5 Feedback Loops Help Maintain Homeostasis (4 of 8) Figure 1.14 Control of room temperature by a negative feedback loop Copyright © 2025, 2019, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 1.5 Feedback Loops Help Maintain Homeostasis (5 of 8) Figure 1.15 Control of body temperature by a negative feedback loop Copyright © 2025, 2019, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 1.5 Feedback Loops Help Maintain Homeostasis (6 of 8) Stimulu s Return to Receptor Set Point or Sensor Effector/ Control Response Center Copyright © 2025, 2019, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 1.5 Feedback Loops Help Maintain Homeostasis (7 of 8) Positive Feedback Loops—Less common than negative feedback loops; Increases the response to a stimulus; Reinforces the initial stimulus Will eventually shut off in response to an external stimulus or some outside event that is not part of the positive feedback loop Copyright © 2025, 2019, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 1.5 Feedback Loops Help Maintain Homeostasis (8 of 8) Figure 1.16 Control of blood clotting by a positive feedback loop Copyright © 2025, 2019, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 1.5 Childbirth, Pitocin, and Positive Feedback Loops Childbirth begins when a woman goes into labor, which occurs by a positive feedback loop Baby’s head stretches the cervix (stimulus); Data from nerves in the cervix (receptors) are sent to the brain (control center); Uterus (effector) produces hormone oxytocin which stimulates uterine contractions (response); This continues and is amplified until the baby is born, which stops the feedback loop Pitocin is a synthetic version of oxytocin that is used when labor needs to be artificially started, or induced Copyright © 2025, 2019, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 1.5 Structure and Function are Related at All Levels of Organization Principle of Complementarity of Structure and Function The form of a structure is such that it best suits its function; Applies to all levels of organization Figure 1.17 The relationship between structure and function Copyright © 2025, 2019, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 1.5 Gradients Drive Many Physiological Processes Gradients are present any time more of something exists in one area than another and the two areas are connected Figure 1.18 Examples of gradients Copyright © 2025, 2019, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 1.5 Cell-Cell Communication Coordinates Body Functions Cells communicate with each other to maintain homeostasis Electrical Signals are transmitted between neighboring cells Figure 1.19 Communication between a nerve cell and a muscle cell Copyright © 2025, 2019, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 1.5 Core Principle Icons Figure 1.20 Core principles icons Copyright © 2025, 2019, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved