Chapter 1 Information & Information Systems (Part 1) PDF

Diploma in Healthcare AMI 3713 Health Information Management Unit 1:Computers in Healthcare Please do not reproduce, redistribute or share without the prior express permission of the author.  LEA...

Diploma in Healthcare AMI 3713 Health Information Management Unit 1:Computers in Healthcare Please do not reproduce, redistribute or share without the prior express permission of the author.  LEARNING OBJECTIVES Explain why computers literacy is important for today’s health care worker Describe ways that computers are used in the following applications in health care Information Management Creation of documents Numerical calculations Integration of operations Diagnosis Treatment Patient monitoring Research Education Communication Please do not reproduce, redistribute or share without the prior express permission of the author.  1.1 COMPUTER Perform three major types of operations: Store huge amount of information Calculate and manipulate data quickly and accurately Enable high-speed communication Please do not reproduce, redistribute or share without the prior express permission of the author.  1.2 ADVANTAGES Relieves workers from having to perform repetitious job Mathematical calculations can be completed quickly and accurately Addition, revision, correction to and deletions from document can be made quickly and easily Changes and updates are immediately available to those who need them. Information can be accessed simultaneously by many people Please do not reproduce, redistribute or share without the prior express permission of the author.  1.3 IMPACT OF COMPUTER ON HEALTHCARE “Mr. Johnson was mowing his lawn on a Saturday afternoon when he experienced chest pains and nausea. His wife took him to the emergency room at nearby Ames General Hospital”. Please do not reproduce, redistribute or share without the prior express permission of the author.  1.4 COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY USED Mr Johnson was taken to see a physician immediately, because of the possibility that he was suffering a myocardial infarction (heart attack), his wife gave info about Mr Johnson and their health insurance coverage to the admitting clerk, who entered it on the hospital’s computerized patient record system Please do not reproduce, redistribute or share without the prior express permission of the author. An electrocardiogram (EKG, a diagnostic method used to measure the heart’s electrical activity) was perform on Mr. Johnson. The results were interpreted by a computer and produced on a paper printout for qualified personnel to read and review Please do not reproduce, redistribute or share without the prior express permission of the author. Dr. Roslee the cardiologist on duty, examined Mr Johnson and decided to admit him to the hospital for observation. He dictated his observations, which were then word processed by a hospital transcriptionist for entry into the medical record. Please do not reproduce, redistribute or share without the prior express permission of the author. A room was scheduled for Mr Johnson using the hospital’s computerized scheduling program Orders for medications prescribed by Dr. Roslee were sent via computer network to the hospital pharmacy Please do not reproduce, redistribute or share without the prior express permission of the author.  Mr. Johnson’s blood pressure and pulse were intermittently monitored at preset intervals by computerized equipment at his bedside. Mr Johnson’s is diabetic and the nursing assistant took his blood sugar level before meals and at bedtime. She used a handheld piece of equipment called a glucometer that has computer components for testing blood and storing the readings Please do not reproduce, redistribute or share without the prior express permission of the author.  Mr Johnson’s blood and urine samples were sent to the laboratory for processing. As soon as the tests were completed, the results were entered and available on computer for the staff to review. Mr Johnson’s charge nurse entered nursing notes about his care and condition directly into the computerized medical record system to enable ready access to his health care team. Please do not reproduce, redistribute or share without the prior express permission of the author. When Mr. Johnson was discharged, he was given instructions about diet and exercise that had originally been created with word processing software. Please do not reproduce, redistribute or share without the prior express permission of the author.  1.5 COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER LITERACY Understand what a computer is and what functions it performs Perform basic operations to complete professional tasks Become aware of the impact of technology on the quality of human life, including social and ethical issues. Please do not reproduce, redistribute or share without the prior express permission of the author. 1.6 Information Management A major role of the computer is storing and making information easily accessible in useful formats. Database – a collection of information organized in a structured way. Can be set up by the user with application software that can be purchased at low cost. Please do not reproduce, redistribute or share without the prior express permission of the author. The basic structure of a database is the key to its usefulness Each collection of related data is called a record. For example, the data about each individual is grouped together in a separate record. This data is entered into field. A group of related record is called a file. Please do not reproduce, redistribute or share without the prior express permission of the author. Please do not reproduce, redistribute or share without the prior express permission of the author. Please do not reproduce, redistribute or share without the prior express permission of the author.  1.7 DATABASE ADVANTAGES Records can be retrieved quickly and easily Records can be sorted, accessed and reported in may ways. E.g. can be organized alphabetically by last name, postcode, or date Information can be accessed by more than one person at the same time Reports can be generated as needed. Quality improvement studies can be conducted. Please do not reproduce, redistribute or share without the prior express permission of the author.  Creation of Documents Using Word Processing in Health care Announcements Business letters Home care instructions Information sheets for patient education Medical reports Memos Newsletters Payment collection notices Research reports Please do not reproduce, redistribute or share without the prior express permission of the author. A number of Software program that enable the user to perform the following functions: Design the appearance of text and documents Edit, correct errors and check spelling and grammar Store documents for later use Print and send document by e-mail, fax, or direct connection to other computers. Please do not reproduce, redistribute or share without the prior express permission of the author.  Desktop Publishing software – enable the user to easily combine text and graphics to create attractive newsletter, brochures, calendar, etc Presentation software – create slides to project from computer, laptop onto a screen. Digital slides are commonly used for making professional presentations and for teaching Please do not reproduce, redistribute or share without the prior express permission of the author. Spreadsheets Electronic spreadsheets software permits the user to apply the computer’s ability to perform high-speed calculations of numerical data. Provides a worksheet that consists of intersecting rows and columns that form squares called cells. Please do not reproduce, redistribute or share without the prior express permission of the author.  1.8 SPREADSHEETS ADVANTAGES Provide the basis for billing and accounting programs Speed and accuracy Assist in the delivery of quality patient care and the making of sound business decisions. Able to create draft and chart that illustrate numerical concepts and statistic. Please do not reproduce, redistribute or share without the prior express permission of the author.  SPREADSHEETS ADVANTAGES (cont) Integration (combine) of Operations Helps coordinate administrative tasks and eliminates the need to enter data more than once. They include patient record maintenance, appointment scheduling, insurance coding, billing and report creation. Please do not reproduce, redistribute or share without the prior express permission of the author.  SPREADSHEETS ADVANTAGES (cont) Diagnostic – area in which technology has advanced rapidly Many types of diagnostic tools are available as a result of the computer’s capacity to manipulate data and perform high speed calculation. Please do not reproduce, redistribute or share without the prior express permission of the author.  SPREADSHEETS ADVANTAGES (cont) Diagnostic Imaging – the computer ability to mathematically convert thousands of measurement into images has encouraged the growth of technology that permits the viewing of soft tissues not possible with traditional X-ray. Please do not reproduce, redistribute or share without the prior express permission of the author. 1.9 Patient Monitoring Physiological monitoring systems employ computer technology to oversee critical body functions, such as heart and respiratory rates. Computer system enable health care workers to enter and track data for charting and record keeping. Point of care charting system allow information to be entered from the patient’s home or hospital bedside Please do not reproduce, redistribute or share without the prior express permission of the author.  1.10 Research Literature database are like giant indexes, containing references to specific journal articles, books and research report. Bioinformatics refers to the organization of biological data into databases Each entry accessible in various ways, such as: Pre-assigned key words that describe the content Words in the title Name of author Name of journal Publication date Please do not reproduce, redistribute or share without the prior express permission of the author. 1.11 Education Computer offer new ways to learn for students, health care workers and patient. Accessing courses over the Internet and enable student to take a wide variety of courses in their own homes at time convenience for them. Computerized simulation provides scenario that enable student interaction Please do not reproduce, redistribute or share without the prior express permission of the author. 1.12 Communication Network consist of computer that are linked together, either with cables or through wireless technology so they can share information Enable communication among the staff of one clinic or among a group of thousand of individuals E.g. five linked computers in a small medical office. Patient records are shared, and all staff use the same printer Please do not reproduce, redistribute or share without the prior express permission of the author.  1.13 The Internet Using Internet for research Examples of resources: Articles in medical journal Newsgroup/newsletter Government report Email Please do not reproduce, redistribute or share without the prior express permission of the author. Finding information: Web directories – large collection of information organized into broad topic. Online listing or catalog of websites, organized by categories and subcategories to help users find specific sites or resources on the internet E.g: Yahoo! Gateways- major Websites that contain links to other Web sites that contains specific kinds of information E.g: Payment Gateways Search engines – look through millions of documents to locate key words that the user provides. E.g. Google, Bing, (keyword based) Please do not reproduce, redistribute or share without the prior express permission of the author. Electronic Mail Creating and sending messages from one computer to another, using the Internet system of networks. Become standard professional communication tools Provide ways to quickly send documents such as memo, announcements and reports to one or more persons. Please do not reproduce, redistribute or share without the prior express permission of the author.  PART 2 COMPUTER BASIC Please do not reproduce, redistribute or share without the prior express permission of the author.  1.14 COMPUTER HARDWARE Central Processing Unit (CPU) Peripherals Manage all operation (basic Equipment allows user to interact instruction) with the CPU. Perform calculations and Input Devices – keyboard, mouse, scanner, trackpoint manipulate data (facts) Output devices – printer, speakers, Store program instructions and monitor data Located inside the computer Please do not reproduce, redistribute or share without the prior express permission of the author. Please do not reproduce, redistribute or share without the prior express permission of the author.  1.15 STORAGE OF INFORMATION Hard drive located inside the computer All types of work can be saved on the hard drive “crash” stop functioning properly and inaccessible to the user. “Backing up files” is an essential habit to develop Ways to backup files: using different section of hard drive, a Zip drive, external drive Please do not reproduce, redistribute or share without the prior express permission of the author.  1.16 COMPUTER SOFTWARE Software programs Application programs contains instruction that enable is type of software that performs computer to function a specialized task such as patient Norton Internet Security billing, word processing, Microsoft Word diagnostic Excel Medi-soft and Medical Manager Taber Cylopedic Medica; Dictionary Please do not reproduce, redistribute or share without the prior express permission of the author.  1.17 USING COMPUTER EFFECTIVELY Developing good work habits when using computer will help increase their effectiveness as useful works tools. Verify the accuracy of all data entered Always back up work Stay legal Keep up with the advancement Don’t panic Be flexible Avoid injury Please do not reproduce, redistribute or share without the prior express permission of the author.  1.18 COMPUTER SECURITY The need for the protection of privacy has been addressed by both the government and private organizations Federal government: Electronic Communication Privacy Act of 1986 – protect against unauthorized access or interception of data communications Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) – protect privacy of medical record Please do not reproduce, redistribute or share without the prior express permission of the author.  American Medical Association: Guidelines to protect patient privacy include the following recommendations: Only authorized personnel may enter confidential patient information Any person or organization with access to data must be disclosed to patient and physician Patient must approved any distribution of reports in which they might be identified from the data Please do not reproduce, redistribute or share without the prior express permission of the author. Simple practices that increase computer security: If passwords are chosen, do not use something obvious, such as nickname Close files containing private information before leaving the work area Do not allow patients or other unauthorized persons to wander into the area where data entry is taking place Shred discarded printouts before throwing them in the trash Please do not reproduce, redistribute or share without the prior express permission of the author. Viruses Threat to computer Can get into the hard drive form infected CD-ROMS and files downloaded from internet Program that contains instructions to perform destructive operations, such as: scrambling and erasing files preventing the computer operating normally Please do not reproduce, redistribute or share without the prior express permission of the author.  The following practices will help prevent viruses from infecting workplaces computers: Do not open e-mail messages or download files from unknown parties Do not use your work e-mail address for personal correspondence Use purchased software to load application programs, not copies secured from friends or other outside sources Use antivirus software and keep it updated to protect against new viruses that are continually being created Please do not reproduce, redistribute or share without the prior express permission of the author.  1.19 MAINTAINING HUMAN TOUCH Factor led to many patient to feel that healthcare is becoming depersonalized Results in feelings or intimidation and annoyance Health care worker strive to provide a personal interface between patients and machines Please do not reproduce, redistribute or share without the prior express permission of the author. Extend a friendly greeting before beginning the data entry process Make appropriate comments to convey a sense of caring to the patient Be prepared to respond to patient’s concern about the privacy of their medical records, identity theft and possibility of errors entered on computer Please do not reproduce, redistribute or share without the prior express permission of the author.  Thank you Address Telephone Website Lot 33-40, Blok C, Plaza Juta, +6088 431 025/35 kk.cyberjaya.edu.my KM 7.2 Off Jalan Tuaran, 88400 Likas, Kota Kinabalu, Email Sabah, Malaysia [email protected] Please do not reproduce, redistribute or share without the prior express permission of the author.