Agriculture And Life Chapter 1 PDF

PRT 2009 Agriculture and Life Introduction & Scope of Modern Agriculture  WHAT IS AGRICULTURE ?? – AGRI : Latin, Ager = Field – CULTURE : Latin, Cultura = cultivation/ tillage of the soil Utilization of natural resource systems to produce commodities...

PRT 2009 Agriculture and Life Introduction & Scope of Modern Agriculture  WHAT IS AGRICULTURE ?? – AGRI : Latin, Ager = Field – CULTURE : Latin, Cultura = cultivation/ tillage of the soil Utilization of natural resource systems to produce commodities which maintain life, including food, fiber, forest products, horticultural crops, and their related services. Agriculture involves farming: cultivating soil, production of crops for food & rearing livestock http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ http:// File:Farming-on-Indonesia.jpg carthageagriculture.pbworks.com/w/ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ page/15315791/Organic%20Farming File:India_Farming.jpg %20Days%2024 http://www.worldofstock.com/stock- http://www.photostaud.com/europe/iceland/icelandic- photos/aquaculture-fish-farming-at-the- http://mgiannini.blogspot.com/2011/04/ farms/1389-sheep-farm-iceland.html university-of/BAG2322 new-ways-of-farming-why-not.html Agriculture produce commodities including food, fiber, forest products and horticultural crops http://umaeenews.blogspot.com/2012/03/sources-and- types-of-dietary-fiber.html http://www.invest-ks.org/?cont=23 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_product http://www.agricultureinformation.com/mag/ 2005/03/andhra-pradesh-horticulture/ Definition Modern Agriculture is a business Not only production of raw material, also food and non-food product. – eg: oil palm plantation: oil into food, pharmaceutical, soap, now biofuel etc Continual improvement in agricultural methods, resources and involve specialists in agriculture. (economists, scientists, inventors, engineers etc)  SOME OTHER FIELDS INVOLVE IN AGRICULTURE Engineering Technology MODERN AGRICULTURE Biological Sciences Physical Sciences Definition Present Day: - Soilless gardening (hydroponics) is adopted. - Packing, processing, marketing, food preservation, quick freezing and dehydration helped increase the markets. Importance of Agriculture  Agriculture is food for survival (picture source: http://graphics.stanford.edu/~edluong/olpc/history/devel oping_contries.htm) (a) (b) Agriculture provides raw materials for industrialized nations; a) rubber, b) cocoa (picture source: a) http://www.rawganique.com/Bed/natural-latex-rubber-mattresses.htm b) http://santabarbarachocolate.blogspot.com/2011/01/guide-to-raw-cacao-and-cocoa-bean.html) (c) (d) Agriculture provides raw materials for industrialized nations; c) Livestock, d) Oil palm (picture source: c) http://usagritech.com/product-livestock.html d) http://m2mc.blogspot.com/2010/10/cooking-oil-palm-oil-based-as-engine.html)  Agriculture provides income: A worker seals bags of fertilizer made from animal waste (top), & a sign of fertilizer being sold (bottom) in Nebraska USA (picture source: http://scarlet.unl.edu/?p=8299)  Composite boards Rice husks INTO Groundnut husks Agriculture provides income: Agriculture waste were processed into new products in Nigeria Corn cobs (picture source: http://www.holcimfoundation.org/T1319/A11AMacNG.htm)  Agriculture is important in maintaining socio-political stability of a country (picture source: http://sarawakmonitor.blogspot.com/2012/01/sarawak-must- preserve-socio-political.html) BUT… ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION Polluted waterways and wetlands i. Nitrogen and phosphorus (from inorganic fertilizers) ii. Pesticides and other biocides EFFECT: Biodiversity of plants and animals  Water pollution in stream Eutrophication due to algal due to agriculture activity in bloom resulted in loses of New Zealand biodiversity (picture source: (picture source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_a http://www.saawinternational.org/enviromentandhealth.htm) griculture)  Biodiversity: Oil Palm is Biodiversity: Rubber tree native to Central and South initially grew only in the America Amazon Rainforest (picture source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_palm) (picture source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_rubber)  Agricultural Systems (A) Subsistence Farming (B) Commercialised Farming  (A) Subsistence Farming Character: - Low input & low yield – Inter-cropping (mix cropping) – Slash and burn (nomadic) – Low external input – Enough food to feed family – No surplus to sell or storage for long term  (A) Subsistence farming Example: Shifting Cultivation Most primitive form Improvement: works permanently on the land – that has undergone slash & burn Cultivation- still poor in nutrients, thus poor yield Now raising domesticated livestock for food- small enclosure or limited free range  Subsistence farming in Cameroon Africa (picture source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subsistence_agriculture) Subsistence farming in Mexico (picture source: http://www.globalexchange.org/resources/nafta/car negie)  Subsistence farming in Subsistence farming in Papua Europe (Albania) New Guinea (picture source: (picture source: http://julian-hoffman.com/2010/12/28/glimpsed-in- http://epress.anu.edu.au/titles/food_agriculture_citation /) passing/)  Subsistence farming in Malaysian Borneo (picture source: http://ramblingspoon.com/blog/? p=4183 ) Subsistence farming in Siem Reap Cambodia (picture source: http://ramblingspoon.com/blog/? p=4183)  (B) Commercialised Farming Character: – Monoculture or combination of a few crops – Use of high yielding modern varieties – Large chemicals input (pesticides & fertilizers) – High use of technology and machineries  Tropical Plantation Vegetable Agriculture Farming COMMERCIALISED FARMING Aquaculture New products and Poultry and Animal future industries Farming  (B) Commercialised Farming Example: 1. Tropical Plantation Agriculture - Monocropping ie: Rubber, oil palm, cocoa , coffee, coconut. - Suitable humid tropical climate - Yield exported to industrialise nations - Crop-animal integrated farming: Private & state owned. - Animal: free range, under shelters Rubber tree plantation in Jelebu N. Sembilan (picture source: http://momoc.sumasu.com/photography-education/rubber-plantation-hdr//) Oil palm tree plantation in Broga Semenyih Selangor (picture source: http://denslee.com/2009/09/06/broga-hill/) Example of cocoa tree plantation in Malaysia (picture source: http://www.featurepics.com/online/Cocoa-Trees-822659.aspx/) Tea plantation with coffee trees in Cameron Highlands (picture source: http://malaysiaandcambodia.blogspot.com/2011/04/102-sungei-palas-tea-plantation.html) Coconut tree plantation near Sitiawan Perak (picture source: http://www.ceskay.com/2009/01/trip-to-sitiawan-perak/)  Crop-animal Integrated Farming: Cattle integration with oil palm in Lundu Sarawak (picture source: http://cattlegrow.blogspot.com/) (B) Commercialised Farming Example: 2. Vegetable Farming - Production in block or row - Open or enclosed - Use machinery - Efficient and high output - Labour intensive - Ripening technologies and refrigeration has reduce the problem with getting fresh produce to market.  Block/row of cabbage in Cameron Highlands (picture source: /http://www.travelfeeder.com/travel_guides/travel- photos-guide-to-cameron-highland-malaysia) Block/row of vegetable farm in Malaysia (picture source: http://www.featurepics.com/online/Vegetable-Farming- Asia-829646.aspx) Farmer use machinery in efficient/high output vegetable farm (picture source: http://www.gaebler.com/How-to-Start-a-Vegetable-Farm.htm) (B) Commercialised Farming i) Organic Farming – Involve crop rotation Avoid build up of pests and diseases Helps balance the fertility – No chemicals are used – Depends on natural enemies – Organic fertilizers  One of the organic vegetables farms located in New England, USA (picture source: http://www.extension.org/pages/18357/organic-vegetable- farms-in-new-england:-three-case-studies/) Another organic vegetables farm located in Iowa State USA (picture source: http://ecowatch.org/2011/experiment- shows-profitability-of-organic-farming/ ) (B) Commercialised Farming ii) Soilless culture – providing plants with support and a reservoir for nutrients and water – growing without soil – controlled environment – high production – high quality – no soil-borne diseases and weeds – no tillage (no need to prepare the land like plough)  Type of soilless culture A) LIQUID-MEDIUM SYSTEM (1) NFT (Nutrient Film Technique) (2) Deep water culture (3) Aeroponics B) SOLID-MEDIUM SYSTEM  (1) Nutrient Film Technique (NFT) – grown in channel, nutrient pumped constantly – kept moist by thin film – most common (picture source: http://hydroponicsguide.co.uk/0511/hydroponics/ hydroponic-system-focus-%E2%80%93-nft-nutrient- film-technique) (picture source: http://growaeroponics.com/) (2) Deep water culture (picture source: http://www.hydroponicsnutrients.co/) (picture source: http://www.hydroponics- simplified.com/deep-water-culture.html) - suspending the plant roots in a solution of nutrient-rich, oxygenated water. - raft/pond or float systems. - suspend plant roots 8-12 inches deep. - Cheaper than NFT (3) Aeroponics – Plant roots are suspended in a mist or extreme fine fog of nutrient rich solution (picture source: http://growaeroponics.com/) Example: 3. Aquaculture Cultivation of aquatic organisms i) Mariculture (culture in ocean) eg: marine fish, prawns, oyster and pearls ii) Algaculture (seaweed & other algae) iii) Freshwater fish & prawns farming (catfish, tilapia) in ponds/tanks/cage iv) semi-aquatic animals: crocodile, frogs, snails in tanks/ ponds (Thailand) Mariculture: Marine fish cage culture in Scotland and oyster farm in France (picture source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariculture) Algaculture: Seaweed farming in Semporna, Sabah (picture source: http://www.trekearth.com/gallery/Asia/Malaysia/East/Sabah/Semporna/ photo403873.htm) Freshwater fish farming in Sabah (pictures courtesy by Prof Rita) Example: 4. Lifestock farming (domesticated animals for agriculture - animal husbandry (raising animals) – In closure / shelters or rangeland- free roaming Lifestock farming: Example of chicken farm (picture source: http://www.myessentia.com/blog/blog/2011/02/ 13/where-are-quebec-poultry-farmers-on-goal- to-produce-antibiotic-free-chicken/)  Lifestock farming: A dairy farm in UK (picture source: http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2010/sep/22/fa rmers-cow-super-dairy) Lifestock farming: An example of cow farm (picture source: http://www.cuisinevegan.com/environmental- concerns/cows-are-hurting-the-planet/)  Lifestock farming: Ostrich farm in Jelebu Negeri Sembilan (picture source: http://members.virtualtourist.com/m/p/m/12f5e7/) Lifestock farming: Young ostriches at farm in San Diego USA (picture source: http://www.sdrp.org/resources/dieguito/dieguito- number1.htm) Example: 5. New products and future industries. Development of biotechnology products : – extraction of natural chemicals from biological resources – utilization of oil palm biomass – Examples include recreational fishery, agroforestry, herbal farming, mushroom cultivation and agrotourism.  New products and future industries: Anglers enjoy recreational fishing activities in fish pond (picture source: http://bisnisukm.com/kiat-sukses-berbisnis-kolam- pemancingan-ikan.html) New products and future industries: Agroforestry in Bukina Faso (picture source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agroforestry)  New products and future industries: Example of medicinal herbs farm (picture source: http://5election.com/2011/04/03/medicinal-herbs- will-disappear/) New products and future industries: A farmer checking on his mushrooms growing from bottles in Kota Baharu (picture source: http://thestar.com.my/metro/story.asp?file=/2009/8/14/north/4 487999)  New products and future New products and future industries: Kids enjoy industries: Agritourism activities agritourism activities in USA in Switzerland (picture source: http://www.grit.com/community/travel/agritourism.aspx) (picture source: http://www.tourism-review.com/switzerland-in-need-of- an-agritourism-organization-news2306) New products and future industries: Malaysian tourist picking a strawberry in an agrotourism farm in Cameron Highlands (picture source: http://www.tourism.gov.my/activities/?xtvt_id=21)  Downstream Processing Food Processing (Food Industrial Processing (Non- Products) food) Thank you !