Chapter 1: Introduction to Kinesiology PDF

**Chapter 1: Introduction to Kinesiology** **Body Regions** - The body can be divided into **axial** and **appendicular** regions. - **Axial regions:** - Cephalic (head) - Cervical (neck) - Trunk (thorax, abdomen, pelvis) - **Appendicular regions:**...

**Chapter 1: Introduction to Kinesiology** **Body Regions** - The body can be divided into **axial** and **appendicular** regions. - **Axial regions:** - Cephalic (head) - Cervical (neck) - Trunk (thorax, abdomen, pelvis) - **Appendicular regions:** - Upper limbs - Lower limbs **Planes of Motion** - Planes of motion divide the body into imaginary surfaces through which movements occur: - **Sagittal Plane:** - Divides body front to back. - Movements: Flexion/Extension (e.g., biceps curls, knee extensions). - **Frontal Plane:** - Divides body side to side. - Movements: Abduction/Adduction (e.g., jumping jacks, lateral flexion). - **Transverse Plane:** - Divides body top to bottom. - Movements: Rotation (e.g., spinal rotation, forearm pronation). - **Diagonal or Oblique Planes:** - Combine motions from more than one plane. **Axes of Rotation** - Movements occur around axes perpendicular to their respective planes: - **Frontal Axis:** - Side to side. (e.g., elbow flexion/extension) - **Sagittal Axis:** - Front to back. (e.g., hip abduction/adduction) - **Vertical Axis:** - Superior/inferior. (e.g., head rotation) **Skeletal System** - Composed of **206 bones**, divided into: - **Axial Skeleton:** - Skull, vertebral column, ribs, sternum. - **Appendicular Skeleton:** - Upper and lower extremities, shoulder, and pelvic girdles. - Functions: - Protection - Support - Movement - Mineral storage - Hemopoiesis (blood cell formation) **Types of Bones** - **Long Bones:** e.g., femur, tibia. - **Short Bones:** e.g., carpals, tarsals. - **Flat Bones:** e.g., sternum, scapula. - **Irregular Bones:** e.g., vertebrae, maxilla. - **Sesamoid Bones:** e.g., patella, bones in tendons like thumb and great toe. **Types of Diarthrodial Joints** - **Arthrodial (Gliding, Plane):** - Limited gliding movement. - Examples: Carpal bones of the wrist, tarsometatarsal joints of the foot. - **Condyloidal (Ellipsoid, Biaxial Ball-and-Socket):** - Movement in two planes without rotation. - Examples: Wrist, 2nd to 5th metacarpophalangeal joints. - **Enarthrodial (Multiaxial Ball-and-Socket):** - Movement in all planes. - Examples: Shoulder, hip joints. - **Ginglymus (Hinge):** - Wide range of movement in one plane. - Examples: Elbow, ankle, knee joints. - **Sellar (Saddle):** - Reciprocal reception at the thumb carpometacarpal joint; permits ball-and-socket movement except slight rotation. - **Trochoidal (Pivot, Screw):** - Rotational movement around a long axis. - Example: Radioulnar joint. **Goniometry and Movement Terminology** - **Goniometry:** - Measurement of range of motion using a goniometer to assess joint angles. **Terms Describing Movement:** - **Flexion:** Bending movement, decreasing angle. - **Extension:** Straightening movement, increasing angle. - **Circumduction:** Circular movement combining flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction. - **Rotation:** Movement around a longitudinal axis (Internal/External rotation). - **Other Terms:** - Abduction/Adduction - Eversion/Inversion - Plantar Flexion/Dorsal Flexion - Specific joint movements as appropriate. **Reference Positions** - **Anatomical Position:** Upright posture, facing forward, feet parallel, palms forward. - **Reference Lines:** Imaginary lines for anatomical and motion studies. **Anatomical Directional Terminology** - **Contralateral:** Opposite side. - **Ipsilateral:** Same side. - **Bilateral:** Both sides (e.g., right & left extremities). - **Deep:** Below the surface. - **Superficial:** Near the surface. - **Prone:** Lying face down. - **Supine:** Lying face up. - **Dorsal:** Relating to the back or top of the foot. - **Ventral:** Relating to the belly (anterior). - **Plantar:** Sole of the foot. - **Palmar:** Palm of the hand. **Joints and Movement** **Joint Classifications** 1. **Synarthrodial (Immovable):** - Examples: Sutures (skull), Gomphosis (teeth in sockets). - No movement; designed for stability. 2. **Amphiarthrodial (Slightly Movable):** - Examples: Pubic symphysis, intervertebral discs, rib-sternum joints. - Allow limited movement (e.g., pelvis twisting, ribcage expansion for breathing). 3. **Diarthrodial (Freely Movable):** - Known as synovial joints, surrounded by a capsule containing synovial fluid for lubrication. - Examples: Elbow, knee, hip, shoulder. - Stabilized by ligaments (e.g., ACL) and bursa sacs (prevent friction). **Key Joint Types** 1. **Hinge Joint:** - Examples: Elbow, knee. - Movement: Only one plane (flexion/extension). 2. **Ball and Socket Joint:** - Examples: Shoulder, hip. - Movement: Multiple planes (e.g., rotation, flexion, extension, abduction, adduction). **Notes on Muscle Structure and Function** **General Overview** - **Muscles:** Enable movement by pulling on bones at joints. - Movement depends on muscle fiber orientation and insertion points on bones. **Key Structures** 1. **Tendons:** - Connect muscles to bones. - Tough, flexible, fibrous connective tissue. - Shared tendons: Example - Quadriceps muscles share a common tendon for knee extension. - Tendon insertion affects joint movement direction (e.g., biceps vs. triceps). 2. **Aponeurosis:** - Tendinous expansions of dense connective tissue. 3. **Fascia:** - Fibrous connective tissue enveloping muscles, organs, and soft tissues. - Facilitates movement; restrictions can affect mobility. - Myofascial release techniques (e.g., foam rolling) can alleviate tension and restore mobility. **Origins and Insertions** - **Origin:** - Proximal, less movable attachment point. - Close to the midline of the body. - **Insertion:** - Distal, more movable attachment point. - Determines movement generated by muscle shortening. **Fiber Arrangements** 1. **Parallel Fiber Arrangement:** - Fibers run parallel to the long axis of the muscle. - Greatest shortening velocity and range of motion. - Subtypes: - Flat - Fusiform - Radiate - Circular/Sphincter 2. **Pennate Fiber Arrangement:** - Fibers oriented at an oblique angle to the long axis. - Greater force production due to increased cross-sectional area. - Subtypes: - Unipennate - Bipennate - Multipennate **Types of Contractions** 1. **Isometric Contraction:** - Muscle develops tension without changing length (no joint movement). - Example: Holding a weight without moving it (e.g., holding a bicep curl halfway). 2. **Isotonic Contractions:** - Muscle develops tension with joint movement. - **Concentric Contraction:** - Muscle shortens while under tension. - Example: Lifting a weight during a bicep curl. - **Eccentric Contraction:** - Muscle lengthens while under tension. - Example: Lowering a weight slowly during a bicep curl. **Roles in Movement** 1. **Agonist:** - Primary mover, responsible for creating movement. - Example: Biceps in a bicep curl. 2. **Antagonist:** - Opposite muscle group that relaxes to allow movement. - Example: Triceps during a bicep curl. 3. **Stabilizer:** - Muscle that stabilizes a joint, especially when another muscle crosses multiple joints. - Example: Hamstrings stabilizing the hip during knee movement.