Body Regions and Planes of Motion

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Questions and Answers

Which joint type allows for rotational movement around a long axis?

Diarthrodial

Sellar (Saddle)

Trochoidal (Pivot, Screw) (correct)

Ginglymus (Hinge)

What is the primary function of a goniometer in goniometry?

To assess joint angles (correct)

To measure joint stability

To analyze anatomical positions

To facilitate muscle contractions

What describes the anatomical position?

Upright posture, facing forward, with feet parallel and palms forward (correct)

Lying face up with feet together

Sitting with legs crossed and torso upright

Upright posture with palms facing back

Which term describes the downward motion of the foot at the ankle joint?

Plantar Flexion Signup and view all the answers

What type of joint is characterized by the inability to move and is designed for stability?

Synarthrodial Signup and view all the answers

Which movement refers to a decrease in joint angle, typically resulting in bending?

Flexion Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the term 'contralateral'?

Opposite side Signup and view all the answers

What best describes the skeletal joints known as diarthrodial joints?

Surrounded by a capsule filled with synovial fluid Signup and view all the answers

Which type of joint allows for movement in multiple planes, including rotation?

Ball and socket joint Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of tendons in the muscular system?

Connect muscles to bones Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of an isotonic contraction?

Lifting a weight during a bicep curl Signup and view all the answers

In which fiber arrangement do muscle fibers run parallel to the long axis?

Fusiform Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of fascia in the muscular system?

Envelop muscles and soft tissues Signup and view all the answers

What are the primary functions of the skeletal system?

Protection, support, movement, mineral storage, and hemopoiesis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following muscle contractions involves muscle lengthening while under tension?

Eccentric contraction Signup and view all the answers

What does the tendon insertion point affect in joint movement?

Direction of movement Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following movements occurs in the sagittal plane?

Flexion and extension Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between the origin and insertion points of a muscle?

Origin is less movable, insertion is more movable Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a condyloidal (ellipsoid) joint?

Wrist joint Signup and view all the answers

Which type of bone is the femur classified as?

Long bone Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the frontal axis?

Perpendicular to the sagittal plane Signup and view all the answers

Which region of the body does the cervical area refer to?

Neck Signup and view all the answers

What type of joint allows for movement in all planes?

Enarthrodial (multiaxial ball-and-socket) joint Signup and view all the answers

Which plane divides the body into front and back portions?

Frontal plane Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Body Regions

The body is divided into axial and appendicular regions
Axial regions include the cephalic (head), cervical (neck), trunk (thorax, abdomen, pelvis)
Appendicular regions include the upper and lower limbs

Planes of Motion

Planes of motion divide the body into imaginary surfaces
Sagittal plane divides the body front to back
- Movements include flexion/extension (e.g., biceps curls, knee extensions)
Frontal plane divides the body side to side
- Movements include abduction/adduction (e.g., jumping jacks, lateral flexion)
Transverse plane divides the body top to bottom
- Movements include rotation (e.g., spinal rotation, forearm pronation)
Diagonal or oblique planes combine motions from more than one plane

Axes of Rotation

Movements occur around axes perpendicular to their respective planes
Frontal axis is side-to-side (e.g., elbow flexion/extension)
Sagittal axis is front-to-back (e.g., hip abduction/adduction)
Vertical axis is superior/inferior (e.g., head rotation)

Skeletal System

Composed of 206 bones, divided into axial and appendicular skeletons
Axial skeleton includes skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum
Appendicular skeleton includes upper and lower extremities, shoulder, and pelvic girdles
Functions include protection, support, movement, and mineral storage (hemopoiesis - blood cell formation)
Types of bones include long (e.g., femur, tibia), short (e.g., carpals, tarsals), flat (e.g., sternum, scapula), irregular (e.g., vertebrae, maxilla), and sesamoid (e.g., patella, bones in tendons like thumb and great toe)

Types of Diarthrodial Joints

Arthrodial (gliding, plane): limited gliding movement (e.g., carpal bones of the wrist, tarsometatarsal joints of the foot)
Condyloidal (ellipsoid, biaxial ball-and-socket): movement in two planes without rotation (e.g., wrist, 2nd to 5th metacarpophalangeal joints)
Enarthrodial (multiaxial ball-and-socket): movement in all planes (e.g., shoulder, hip joints)
Ginglymus (hinge): wide range of movement in one plane (e.g., elbow, ankle, knee joints)
Sellar (saddle): reciprocal reception, permits ball-and-socket movement except slight rotation (e.g., thumb carpometacarpal joint)
Trochoidal (pivot, screw): rotational movement around a long axis (e.g., radioulnar joint)

Goniometry and Movement Terminology

Goniometry measures range of motion using a goniometer to assess joint angles
Terms describing movement include flexion (decreasing angle), extension (increasing angle), circumduction (circular movement), rotation (movement around a longitudinal axis), abduction (movement away from the midline), adduction (movement towards the midline), eversion (turning outward), inversion (turning inward), plantar flexion (pointing toes downward), and dorsiflexion (pointing toes upward).
Additional terms include anatomical position (upright posture, facing forward, palms forward), anatomical directional terminology (e.g., contralateral, ipsilateral, bilateral, deep, superficial), and reference lines (imaginary lines used for anatomical and motion studies)

Joint Classifications

Synarthrodial (immovable): sutures (skull), gomphosis (teeth in sockets)
Amphiarthrodial (slightly movable): pubic symphysis, intervertebral discs, rib-sternum joints
Diarthrodial (freely movable): synovial joints, lubricated by synovial fluid, stabilized by ligaments and bursa sacs (e.g., elbow, knee, hip, shoulder)

Notes on Muscle Structure and Function

Muscles enable movement by pulling on bones at joints
Movement depends on muscle fiber orientation and insertion points on bones
Key structures include tendons (connect muscles to bones), aponeuroses (tendinous expansions of dense connective tissue), and fascia (fibrous connective tissue enveloping muscles, organs, and soft tissues)

Types of Contractions

Isometric contraction: muscle develops tension without changing length (e.g., holding a weight)
Isotonic contraction: muscle develops tension with joint movement and can be concentric (muscle shortens) or eccentric (muscle lengthens)

Roles in Movement

Agonist: primary mover responsible for creating movement
Antagonist: opposing muscle group that relaxes to allow movement
Stabilizer: muscle that stabilizes a joint, especially when another muscle crosses multiple joints

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Description

Explore the classification of body regions, including axial and appendicular sections. Understand the various planes of motion and how they relate to physical movements in sports and exercise. This quiz will test your knowledge on body mechanics and movements.