Essentials of Anatomy & Physiology Eighth Edition Chapter 1 PDF

Chapter 1 An Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology Copy...

Chapter 1 An Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology Copyright © 2020, 2017, and 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved  What is Biology? Study of life or living things Bio – life Logos – study of One aim is to discover patterns in the diversity  Common Functions of All Living Things Responsiveness (irritability) Responding to a change in the immediate environment Longer term change is called adaptation  Common Functions of All Living Things Growth Increase in cell size or cell number Individual cells becoming specialized for particular functions (cellular differentiation) Reproduction Creation of new generations of the same kind of organisms  Common Functions of All Living Things Movement Internal movement: transporting blood, food, or other material within the body External movement: moving through the environment Metabolism Sum of all chemical reactions in the body, consisting of anabolism and catabolism  What is Anatomy? Study of internal and external structure and the physical relationships between body parts Divided into 2 categories: Gross (macroscopic) anatomy studies structures visible with unaided eye Microscopic anatomy studies structures that cannot be seen without magnification  Gross Anatomy vs. Microscopic Anatomy Forms of gross anatomy: Forms of microscopic Surface anatomy – study anatomy: of superficial markings Cytology – study of cells Regional anatomy – study of a specific region Histology – study of of the body tissues Systemic anatomy – study of organ systems  What is Physiology? Study of how living organisms carry out their functions Human physiology studies functions of the human body Cell physiology – functions of living cells Special physiology – physiology of specific organs Systemic physiology – functions of organ systems Pathological physiology or pathology – effects of diseases on organ or system functions Copyright © 2020, 2017, and 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Levels of Organization The 11 Organ Systems of the Human Body 1. Integumentary 7. Lymphatic 2. Skeletal 8. Respiratory 3. Muscular 9. Digestive 4. Nervous 10. Urinary 5. Endocrine 11. Reproductive 6. Cardiovascular  Made up of bones, cartilages, ligaments, and bone marrow Copyright © 2020, 2017, and 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Copyright © 2020, 2017, and 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Copyright © 2020, 2017, and 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Copyright © 2020, 2017, and 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Copyright © 2020, 2017, and 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Copyright © 2020, 2017, and 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Copyright © 2020, 2017, and 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Copyright © 2020, 2017, and 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Copyright © 2020, 2017, and 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Copyright © 2020, 2017, and 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Copyright © 2020, 2017, and 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved  Homeostasis A state of internal balance or stable internal environment Must be maintained in order to survive Malfunction of organ systems when homeostatic responses are overwhelmed results in disease Accomplished by interdependent organ systems functioning together  Homeostatic Regulation Adjustments in physiological systems that preserve homeostasis Homeostatic regulation usually involves: A receptor that senses a particular change or stimulus A control center (integration center) that receives and processes information from the receptor An effector that responds to the control center commands This response may oppose or enhance the stimulus Copyright © 2020, 2017, and 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved  Negative Feedback Most common form of homeostatic regulation Corrective mechanism involving action that directly opposes variation within normal limits Example: thermoregulation Body temperature too high → responses to lower temperature Body temperature too low → responses to raise temperature  Positive Feedback Response reinforces or exaggerates original stimulus Results in escalating cycle or positive feedback loop Examples: blood clotting, and labor and delivery Clotting accelerates Positive feedback loop Chemicals Blood clot Chemicals Damage to cells in the blood The chemicals start chain As clotting continues, each This escalating process vessel wall releases chemi- reactions in which cells, step releases chemicals that is a positive feedback cals that begin the process of cell fragments, and dissolved further accelerate the loop that ends with the blood clotting. proteins in the blood begin process. formation of a blood clot, to form a clot. which patches the vessel wall and stops the bleeding.  Anatomical Terminology Common language required for clear communication Called medical terminology Many terms based on Latin or Greek language Describes body regions, anatomical landmarks and directions, and body sections  Anatomical position Hands at the sides with the palms facing forward and feet together Lying down in anatomical position Supine (face up) Prone (face down) Anatomical regions referred to by their anatomical adjectives Copyright © 2020, 2017, and 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved  Anatomical Regions Surface of the abdominopelvic area can be mapped using two methods: 1. Abdominopelvic quadrants Used by clinicians to locate aches, pains, and injuries Copyright © 2020, 2017, and 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved  Anatomical Regions 2. Abdominopelvic regions Used by anatomists for more precise location of internal organs Copyright © 2020, 2017, and 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Copyright © 2020, 2017, and 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Copyright © 2020, 2017, and 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Copyright © 2020, 2017, and 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Copyright © 2020, 2017, and 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Copyright © 2020, 2017, and 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved  Body Cavities True body cavities Closed, fluid–filled spaces Lined by thin tissue layer called serous membrane Contain internal organs (viscera) suspended within them Protect internal organs Allow organs to change shape  Serous Membranes Produce watery fluid Moistens opposing surfaces Reduces friction Visceral layer Covers surfaces of visceral organs Parietal layer Lines walls of internal cavities Copyright © 2020, 2017, and 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved  Thoracic Cavity Contains three internal chambers: One pericardial cavity (contains the heart) Two pleural cavities (one for each lung) Each cavity lined by a serous membrane Copyright © 2020, 2017, and 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved  Pericardial Cavity Lined by serous membrane called pericardium Visceral pericardium is the layer covering the heart Parietal pericardium is the outer layer Pericardial fluid between two layers reduces friction Lies within mediastinum Copyright © 2020, 2017, and 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Copyright © 2020, 2017, and 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved  Pleural Cavities Each lung is found within its own pleural cavity Lined by serous membrane called pleura Visceral pleura is the layer covering the outer surfaces of a lung Parietal pleura lines the edge of the mediastinum and the inner body wall Copyright © 2020, 2017, and 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved  Abdominopelvic Cavity Extends from the diaphragm to the pelvis Subdivided into: Abdominal cavity (superior portion) Pelvic cavity (inferior portion) Contains the peritoneal cavity  Peritoneal Cavity Lined by serous membrane called peritoneum Visceral peritoneum covers internal organs Parietal peritoneum lines inner surface of body wall A few organs lie between peritoneal lining and wall of abdominal cavity Position called retroperitoneal Copyright © 2020, 2017, and 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Copyright © 2020, 2017, and 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Copyright © 2020, 2017, and 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Copyright © 2020, 2017, and 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Copyright © 2020, 2017, and 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Copyright © 2020, 2017, and 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Copyright © 2020, 2017, and 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Copyright © 2020, 2017, and 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Copyright © 2020, 2017, and 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Copyright © 2020, 2017, and 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved