Biology and Anatomy Quiz

Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

• This is an introduction to anatomy and physiology
• The book is titled Essentials of Anatomy & Physiology
• The edition is the eighth
• The authors are Martini/Bartholomew, along with contributors
• Includes the illustrations of William and Claire Ober

What is Biology?

• The study of life or living things
• Bio means life
• Logos means study of
• One aim is to discover patterns in the diversity of life

Common Functions of All living things

• Responsiveness (irritability): Responding to immediate environmental changes
• Adaptation is a longer-term response to environmental changes
• Growth: Increased cell size or number (cellular differentiation), individual cells specialize or become distinctive
• Reproduction: Creating new generations of the same kind of organisms
• Movement: Internal movement (like transporting materials like blood or food) or external movement (moving throughout the environment)
• Metabolism: Sum of all chemical reactions in the body; includes anabolism and catabolism

What is Anatomy?

• The study of internal and external structure and the physical relationships between body parts
• Divided into two categories:
  • Gross or macroscopic anatomy: Study of structures visible with the unaided eye
  • Microscopic anatomy: Study of structures that cannot be viewed without magnification
  • The forms of gross anatomy are
    • Surface anatomy: Study of superficial markings
    • Regional anatomy: Study of a specific region of the body
    • Systemic anatomy: Study of organ systems
  • The forms of microscopic anatomy are
    • Cytology: Study of cells
    • Histology: Study of tissues

What is Physiology?

• The study of how living organisms perform their functions
• Human Physiology studies the functions of the human body
• Cell Physiology: Functions of living cells
• Special Physiology: Physiology of specific organs
• Systemic Physiology: Functions of organ systems
• Pathological physiology or pathology: Effects of diseases on organ or system functions

Levels of Organization

• Chemical level: Atoms interact to form molecules which connect to form complex contractile protein filaments
• Cellular level: Complex protein filaments are structures within heart muscle cells.

Organ System, Organism Level

• Organs are composed of tissues and work together as organ systems
• All 11 organ systems work together to maintain a human's health

The 11 Organ Systems of the Human Body

• Integumentary
• Skeletal
• Muscular
• Nervous
• Endocrine
• Cardiovascular
• Lymphatic
• Respiratory
• Digestive
• Urinary
• Reproductive

Homeostasis

• A state of internal balance or stable internal environment
• Must be maintained for survival
• Organ dysfunction results from overwhelming homeostatic responses
• Accomplished by interdependent organ systems functioning together

Homeostatic Regulation

• Adjustments in physiological systems that preserve homeostasis
• Homeostatic regulation usually involves:
  • A receptor that senses a particular stimulus or change
  • A control center (integration center) that receives and processes information from the receptor
  • An effector that responds to control center commands
  • The response may opposite or enhance a stimulus

Negative Feedback

• Most common form of homeostatic regulation
• A corrective mechanism that directly opposes variation within normal limits
• Example: thermoregulation
  • Body temperature too high leads to responses to lower the temperature
  • Body temperature too low leads to responses to raise the temperature

Positive Feedback

• Response that reinforces or exaggerates an initial stimulus
• Results in an escalating cycle that can be seen in blood clotting and labor delivery

Anatomical Terminology

• Common language required for clear communication
• Called medical terminology
• Many terms based on Latin or Greek language
• Describes body regions, anatomical landmarks, directions, and body sections

Anatomical Position

• Hands at the sides, palms forward, feet together
• Lying down in anatomical position
• Supine (face up)
• Prone (face down)
• Anatomical regions are referenced based on anatomical adjectives

Anatomical Regions

• The surface of the abdominopelvic area can be mapped using two methods
  • Abdominopelvic quadrants: Used by clinicians locate aches, pains, and injuries
    • Made up of four quadrants based on two perpendicular lines from the navel
  • Abdominopelvic regions: Used by anatomists to precisely locate internal organs
    • Made up of nine regions

Body Cavities

• True body cavities: Closed, fluid-filled spaces
• Lined by a thin tissue layer called a serous membrane
• Contains internal organs (viscera) suspended within them
• Protect internal organs
• Allow organs to change shape
• Includes thoracic, abdominopelvic, pericardial, visceral, and parietal cavities

Serous Membranes

• Produce watery fluid that moistens opposing surfaces in cavities reducing friction
• Visceral layer covers the surfaces of visceral or internal organs
• Parietal layer lines the walls of internal cavities

Thoracic Cavity

• Contains three internal chambers
  • One pericardial cavity that houses the heart
  • Two pleural cavities, one for each lung
• Each cavity is lined by a serous membrane

Pericardial Cavity

• Lined by a serous membrane called pericardium
• Visceral pericardium is the layer covering the heart
• Parietal pericardium is the outer layer
• Pericardial fluid reduces friction between these layers

Pleural Cavities

• Each lung is found within its own pleural cavity
• Lined by serous membrane called pleura
• Visceral pleura is the layer covering the outer surfaces of a lung
• Parietal pleura lines the edge of the mediastinum and inner body wall

Abdominopelvic Cavity

• Extends from the diaphragm to the pelvis
• Subdivided into the abdominal cavity (superior portion) and the pelvic cavity (inferior portion)
• Contains the peritoneal cavity

Peritoneal Cavity

• Lined by a serous membrane called peritoneum
• Visceral peritoneum covers internal organs
• Parietal peritoneum lines the inner surface of the body wall
• A few organs lie between the peritoneal lining and wall of the abdominal cavity in a position called retroperitoneal

Test your knowledge on biology and anatomy with this engaging quiz! Explore topics like the functions of living things, anatomy categories, and various organ systems. Perfect for biology students eager to enhance their understanding.