DFC10033: Introduction to Computer System PDF

DFC10033: INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER SYSTEM PN. NOR AZNIRA BINTI YUSOFF INFORMATION & COMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT  CONTENTS 1- Cable Types And Connectors 2- Computer Motherboards CHAPTER 1 ~...

DFC10033: INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER SYSTEM PN. NOR AZNIRA BINTI YUSOFF INFORMATION & COMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT  CONTENTS 1- Cable Types And Connectors 2- Computer Motherboards CHAPTER 1 ~ 3- Power Supplies And Cooling COMPUTER 4- Storage Devices HARDWARE 5- System Memory 6- Printer And Multifunction Devices 1.0 INTRODUCTION TO PERSONAL COMPUTER (PC)  Physical structure that called devices with a different purpose HARDWARE  May be either accepting inputs, storing data, processing or sending outputs.  Such as Processor, Motherboard, RAM, Hard Disk and Power Supply.  Software is a program that enables a computer to SOFTWARE perform a specific task.  Computer software has to be "loaded" into the computer's storage (such as a hard drive, memory, or RAM).  Practical computer systems divide software into two major classes: system software and application software … 1.0 INTRODUCTION TO PERSONAL COMPUTER PERSONAL COMPUTER HARDWARE SOFTWARE INPUT OUTPUT SYSTEM APPLICATION PROCESSING WORD GRAPHIC OPERATING UTILITIES GAMES PROCESSING SYSTEM PROGRAM STORAGE DEVICE DRIVER SPREADSHEET DATABASE COMPUTER HARDWARE  1. 1.1 Cable And Connectors 1.1 CABLE TYPES a) Universal Serial Bus (USB) AND b) High-Definition Multimedia CONNECTORS Interface (HDMI) c) Thunderbolt and lightning d) Serial Advanced Technology Attachment (SATA) Hard Drive  A. Universal Serial Bus (USB) Cable  a standard interface for connecting hot-swappable peripheral devices to a computer. 1. 1.1 CABLE AND  Some devices can also be powered through the USB CONNECTORS port  Two popular formats: USB 2.0 and the newer USB 3.0  USB 2.0 ports have black tips while USB 3.0 ports with blue tips. 1. 1.1 CABLE AND CONNECTORS …USB Cable  Multiple USB versions transmit data at speeds up to : 1. USB 1.0 is up to 1.5 MB/s. 2. USB 2.0 is up to 60 MB/s and is compatible with older versions. 3. USB 3.0 is up to 625 MB/s. Compatible with previous versions. 4. USB 3.1 is up to 1.25 GB/s. It is compatible with previous versions of USB. Is the most common type found in the market. 5. USB 3.2 is up to 2.5 GB/s, but only when using a USB-C connection. It is compatible with previous versions. 6. USB 4.x is a future specification up to 5 GB/s, but only when using a USB-C connection. It will release in mid- 2019 and will be compatible with USB 3.2 and USB 2.0. 1. 1.1 CABLE AND CONNECTORS B. HDMI  High-Definition Multimedia Interface  Connect to computer monitor, television  Connect to HDMI port on computer **Note: If you're hooking up a television to your computer, then we would recommend that you use a HDMI cable as your PC cable connection since it is able to transmit both display and sound.  C. ThunderBolt / USB-C 1. 1.1 CABLE AND CONNECTORS  Mostly seen on laptops and Apple Macs these cables are high speed and are capable of carrying data, video and other information.  There are 2 current types of Thunderbolt, the older version Thunderbolt 2  Thunderbolt 2 (left) has a lightning symbol and carries Data and video.  The Mini Display Port (right) will only carry Video. 1. 1.1 CABLE AND CONNECTORS D. Serial Advanced Technology Attachment (SATA) Hard Drive  SATA (also referred to as Serial ATA) stands for Serial Advanced Technology Attachment,  an industry-standard bus interface for connecting a computer's host bus adapter to storage devices such as hard disk drives (HDD), optical drives and solid- state drives (SSD).  1. 1.2 Cable Types a) Video Cables 1.1 CABLE TYPES AND b) Small Computer System CONNECTORS Interface c) Integrated Drive Electronics Interface d) Serial Cables e) Adapter Cables  a. Video Cable: VGA  Video Graphics Array  have 3-row 15 pin DE connectors  transmit data from computers CPUs to the monitor, 1. 1.2 CABLE  also found in many video cards and TYPES television sets.  Some laptops manufactured decades ago also spot VGA ports  a. Video Cable: DVI  Digital Video Interface  Connect to computer monitor  Connect to DVI port on A. VIDEO CABLE computer A. VIDEO CABLE a. Video Cable: HDMI Cable  High-Definition Multimedia Interface  Connect to computer monitor, television  Connect to HDMI port on computer **Note: If you're hooking up a television to your computer, then we would recommend that you use a HDMI cable as your PC cable connection since it is able to transmit both display and sound. A. VIDEO CABLE a. Video Cable: Display Port  Display Port is the best to use if you require a fast, high-resolution image.  The cable has better quality over HDMI and is the best option if you have this interface. 1. 1.2 CABLE b. Small Computer System Interface, SCSI TYPES  SCSI cables are used for high-speed bus connections between small computers and intelligent peripherals such as hard disks, printers, and optical disks.  SCSI is a set of standards for physically connecting computers to peripherals and transferring data.  Generally, two connectors, designated male and female, plug together to form a connection which allows two components, such as a computer and a disk drive, to communicate with each other. 1. 1.2 CABLE c. Integrated Drive Electronics Interface, IDE TYPES  IDE is a widely used interface standard in computing that allows for the connection and communication between a computer's motherboard and its storage devices.  It is commonly used for connecting hard disk drives (HDDs) and optical disc drives (ODDs) to the computer system. 1. 1.2 CABLE d. Serial Cables TYPES  A serial cable is a cable used to transfer information between two devices using a serial communication protocol.  The form of connectors depends on the particular serial port used.  A cable wired for connecting two DTEs directly is known as a null modem cable.  Serial cables are typically used for RS-232 communication. 1. 1.2 CABLE e. Adapter Cables TYPES  An adapter cable is a mechanical accessory and is also called a connector.  A connector connects two connectors.  An adapter cable is in short a connector that converts different voltages to the right one voltages.  The junction converts signals into other voltages. TAKE BREAK – STAY TUNE 1.2 COMPUTER MOTHERBOARDS  The motherboard is the main printed circuit board. 1.2.1 Motherboard  Contains the buses, or electrical pathways found in a Functions computer.  Buses allow data to travel among the various components.  Accommodates CPU, RAM, expansion slots, heat sink/fan assembly, BIOS chip, chipset, sockets, internal and external connectors, various ports, and the embedded wires that interconnect the motherboard components. 1.2 COMPUTER MOTHERBOARDS  The chipset connects the microprocessor to the rest of the motherboard and therefore to the rest of the computer. All of the various components of the Motherboard computer communicate with the CPU through the chipset. Chipset  On a PC, it consists of two basic parts -- the northbridge and the southbridge. NORTHBRIDGE  Typically handles communications between the CPU, RAM, AGP (Video Card) or PCI Express, and the southbridge. SOUTHBRIDGE  Is slower than the northbridge, and information from the CPU has to go through the northbridge before reaching the southbridge. Other busses connect the southbridge to the PCI bus, the USB ports and the IDE or SATA hard disk connections.  1. 2.1 Motherboard Slot And Connectors: 1.2 COMPUTER a) Computer Process Unit (CPU) MOTHERBOARDS slot b) System memory connectors c) Motherboard storage connectors d) Motherboard adapter connectors  PGA LGA BGA a) Computer Process Unit (CPU) slot 1.2.1 MOTHERBOARD  CPU socket or CPU slot is a specific place on a motherboard FUNCTIONS that holds CPU processors in place  Three types of CPU sockets are the Pin Grid Array (PGA), Land Grid Array (LGA) and Ball Grid Array (BGA) socket 1. 2.1 Motherboard types. Slot And  Intel uses mostly LGA socket type for their CPUs and AMD uses PGA for most of their CPUs. Connectors:  Some AMD CPU sockets also utilize the LGA socket type such as the Socket sTRX4/Socket SP3r3 for AMD Ryzen Thread ripper CPU series.  b) System Memory Connectors  A memory slot is a physical connector on a computer's motherboard designed to hold a memory module.  Memory modules come in various shapes and sizes and they 1.2.1 MOTHERBOARD contain a series of memory chips that allow a computer to store and access data temporarily in its RAM. FUNCTIONS  Most motherboards have two to four memory slots, while high-end models may have more.  It allows you to expand the memory capacity of your system, enabling it to handle more data and run applications more efficiently.  The most common types of memory slots are: 1. DDR (Double Data Rate): DDR is the original memory slot type, and it is now considered obsolete. DDR memory slots 1. 2.1 Motherboard have a maximum transfer rate of 400MHz. Slot And 2. DDR2: DDR2 is the next generation of memory slots, offering faster data transfer rates than DDR. DDR2 memory slots have a maximum transfer rate of 800MHz. Connectors: 3. DDR3: DDR3 is the third generation of memory slots, providing even faster data transfer rates than DDR2. DDR3 memory slots have a maximum transfer rate of 1600MHz. 4. DDR4: DDR4 is the most recent generation of memory slots, and it offers the fastest data transfer rates available. DDR4 memory slots have a maximum transfer rate of 3200MHz. 1. 2.1 Motherboard Slot And Connectors: SYSTEM MEMORY CONNECTORS  c) Motherboard storage connectors  The most common storage connector these days is still the SATA connector although it is on its way out and being replaced by more modern M.2 and PCIe drives. 1.2.1 MOTHERBOARD  The most common types of storage connectors are: FUNCTIONS 1. IDE/PATA  Integrated Drive Electronics (IDE) interface is the oldest storage connector for hard disk drives.  There are several standards such as Extended IDE (EIDE) and Ultra ATA (UATA).  IDE got renamed to Parallel-ATA (PATA) for unification. 2. SATA 1. 2.1 Motherboard  Serial ATA (SATA) is the most common storage Slot And interface these days, but its days may be coming to an end soon with the next generation form factors and Connectors: connectors.  SATA came as a replacement for PATA and added several improvements such as a reduced cable size and cost, native hot swapping, faster data transfer rates, as well as more efficient transfer through an IO queuing protocol. 1. 2.1 Motherboard Slot And Connectors: MOTHERBOARD STORAGE CONNECTORS  d) Motherboard adapter connectors  An adapter/expansion connector is used to add an 1.2.1 MOTHERBOARD adapter to the motherboard. FUNCTIONS  It has rules that control how many bits can be transferred at a time to the adapter, what signals are sent over the adapter’s gold connectors, and how the adapter is configured.  The most common types of adapter connectors are: 1. PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnect), 1. 2.1 Motherboard 2. AGP (Accelerated Graphics Port) Slot And 3. PCIe (PCI Express). Connectors: Older PCs: ISA (Industry Standard Architecture) EISA (Extended ISA), 1. 2.1 Motherboard Slot And Connectors: MOTHERBOARD ADAPTER CONNECTORS ISA SLOT  1.2.3 Motherboard Form Factors  A form factor is a standardized size that any motherboard can be categorized into.  To be considered a micro ATX motherboard, for example, it must have the same size, same mounting screw locations, and same placement of certain ports as all other micro ATX motherboards (with some 1.2 COMPUTER minor exceptions). MOTHERBOARDS  This allows for widespread compatibility of motherboards and cases from different manufacturers.  In addition, a motherboard of a specific form factor can fit into some larger form factor cases, due to the consistency of mounting screw locations.  Larger motherboards are more powerful and possess more features, but generally demand higher price tags and always require larger cases.  Smaller form factors can produce quiet, compact PCs, but with some sacrifices in terms of performance and compatibility.   The most common types of Motherboard Form Factors are: 1. Standard-ATX 2. Micro ATX 1.2 COMPUTER 3. Mini-ITX MOTHERBOARDS 4. Nano-ITX 5. Pico-ITX MOTHERBOARD FORM FACTORS  Comparison of Motherboard Form Factors: 1.2 COMPUTER MOTHERBOARDS MOTHERBOARD FORM FACTORS  1.2.4 Motherboard Headers And Power Connectors  The internal components, need to access the 1.2 COMPUTER mainboard and plug the cables into their relevant headers or female connectors. MOTHERBOARDS  Some of these are meant to power your devices, while others act as an interface for data transmission.  The most common types of Headers And Power Connectors are: 1. Power Connector:  ATX / P1 (24-pin, Old 20-pin)  ATX 12V / P4 (4-pin or 8-pin) 2. CPU Fan 3. Case/System Fan 4. Front Panel Connectors  System Panel Header  USB Headers 5. Audio Headers 1.2 COMPUTER MOTHERBOARDS MOTHERBOARD HEADERS AND POWER CONNECTORS  1.2.5 Adapter Cards  Adapter cards, also known as expansion cards, are 1.2 COMPUTER hardware components that are designed to extend and enhance the capabilities of a computer or MOTHERBOARDS other electronic device.  They are inserted into slots on the motherboard or other expansion slots, providing additional features or connectivity options.  Adapter cards increase the functionality of a computer by adding controllers for specific devices or by replacing malfunctioning ports.  Examples of adapter cards: 1. Sound adapter and video adapter 2. USB, parallel, and serial ports 3. Network Interface Card (NIC), wireless NIC, and modem adapter  Graphic Card 1.2 COMPUTER Network Interface Card MOTHERBOARDS Parallel Card Wireless NIC Card ADAPTER CARDS Serial Card Sound Card TAKE BREAK – STAY TUNE  1.3.1 Power Supply Units & Connectors  Power supply is a device use to converts AC (Alternating Current) power from the wall socket into DC (Direct Current).  It must provide enough power for the 1.3 POWER installed components in the case and future SUPPLIES AND additions. COOLING. Power Supply UPS PSU...... Uninterruptible Power Power Supply Supply Unit POWER SUPPLY UNITS & CONNECTORS POWER SUPPLY UNIT (PSU)  PSU in a PC regulates and delivers the power to the components in the case.  Standard power supplies turn the incoming 110V or 220V AC (Alternating Current) into various DC (Direct Current) voltages suitable for powering the computer's components.  Power supplies are quoted as having a certain power output specified in Watts, a standard power supply would typically be able to deliver around 350 Watts. 3. The more components you have in your PC, the greater the power required from the power supply. TYPES OF POWER SUPPLY UNIT & CONNECTOR  ATX AT THERE ARE 3 TYPES OF POWER SUPPLY IN COMMON USE:  AT Power Supply - used in very old PCs.  ATX Power Supply - still used in some PCs.  ATX-2 Power Supply - commonly in use today. ATX-2  1.3.2 Wattage Rating  Power supplies have two basic ratings to be concerned with – wattage and efficiency.  The wattage refers to the maximum amount of power the supply can output when under a 1.3 POWER 100% load. SUPPLIES AND  So a 600W power supply can distribute UP TO COOLING. 600 watts to the PC’s components.  A critical element to the configuration of your PC is ensuring the PSU you choose is robust enough to output the power needed to run the components that you’ve selected, with a bit of headroom to spare.  Consistently maxing out your power supply is not the best recipe for system longevity  PSU’s generally run at optimal efficiency at 70%ish load.  1.3.3 Cooling System  Computer cooling is required to remove the waste heat produced by computer components, to keep components within 1.3 POWER permissible operating temperature limits. SUPPLIES AND  Components that are susceptible to temporary malfunction or permanent COOLING. failure if overheated include integrated circuits such as central processing units (CPUs), chipsets, graphics cards, and hard disk drives.  There are two main options to safely mitigate heat from your CPU: 1. Air cooling and 2. Liquid cooling.  AIR COOLING  Air cooling is a process of lowering air temperature by dissipating heat. 1.3.3 COOLING  It provides increased air flow and reduced temperatures with the use of cooling fins, fans or finned coils that move the heat out of SYSTEM a casing such as a computer case.  Air cooling is a very simple method for dissipating heat but can be extremely effective and easy to install  Type of air cooling: 1. CPU fan 3. Graphic fan 2. Casing fan 4. Power Supply fan  Benefits: 1. Cost – more affordable 2. Installation – are easier to install 3. Maintenance – less maintenance required  Disadvantage: 1. Noise – generally noisier 2. Performance – not as efficient as liquid cooling 3. Visuals – The heat sink is quite bulky  LIQUID COOLING  Liquid cooling or water cooling is one of the best ways to cool 1.3.3 COOLING down a PC due to the high thermal conductivity of water.  A liquid cooling system consists of water blocks, a pump, a SYSTEM radiator, pipes and optionally a reservoir.  The pump pushes the liquid coolant to and from a radiator through the water block, which is attached to the CPU.  The heat is then transferred from the component to the cool liquid which is then continuously pumped throughout the system.  Benefits: 1. Noise – a quieter operation 2. Performance – bring temperatures down faster and efficiently 3. Visuals – very visually impressive and unique  Disadvantage: 1. Cost – a lot more than a standard air-cooling system 2. Installation – laborious to set up for beginner 3. Maintenance – more maintenance than air cooling TAKE BREAK – STAY TUNE  1. 4.1 Mass Storage Devices: a) Solid-State Drives (SSD) b) Hard Disk Drives (HDD) 1.4 STORAGE c) Removable Storage Drives (RSD) DEVICES. d) Optical Drives (OD) e) Redundant Array of Independent Disks (RAID) 1. 4.1 MASS STORAGE DEVICES a) Solid-State Drives (SSD)  A solid-state drive (SSD) is a new generation of storage device used in computers.  SSDs store data permanently inside an integrated circuit, typically using flash memory. The flash memory inside an SSD means data is written, transferred, and erased electronically and silently (don’t have the moving parts)  SSDs also have no moving parts, and upgrading to one is a great way to speed up your computer and make it more resilient.  SSDs are fast and quiet, but they have a high price tag compared to HDDs.  Types of SSDs: 1. PCIe and NVMe – use the PCIe connection 2. mSATA III, SATA III – use the SATA connection 1. 4.1 MASS STORAGE DEVICES b) Hard Disk Drives (HDD)  The hard disk drive (HDD) is a magnetic storage device.  HDD have drive motors designed to spin magnetic platters and move the drive heads.  HDD is a type of data storage device that is used in laptops and desktop computers.  HDD is a “non-volatile” storage drive, which means it can retain the stored data even when no power is supplied to the device.  The speed that the drive reads and writes this data is solely dependent on the drive itself. 1. 4.1 MASS STORAGE DEVICES c) Removable Storage Drives (RSD)  Removable media devices are portable storage devices that can be removed from one place and used in another.  They come in various forms, such as DVDs, CDs, flash drives and hard drives. And as data storage becomes more innovative on digital devices, smartphones and tablets have also been seen as another effective way to store data and other media.  There's a wide range of removable media devices on the market today. Unlike non-removable hard drives, information stored on these devices is often highly transportable, making it ideal for sharing between home computers, work computers, and friends.  Examples of standard RSD: 1. Optical disks: CDs and DVDs 2. USB flash drives: Thumb Drive, Pen Drive 3. Memory cards: SD Card 4. External hard drives: External SSD. External HDD. 5. Smart devices: smartphones or smart tablets. 1. 4.1 MASS STORAGE DEVICES d) Optical Drives (OD)  An optical drive (OD) is a disc drive that uses laser light or electromagnetic waves within or near the visible light spectrum as part of the process of reading or writing data to or from optical discs.  Some drives can only read from certain discs, but recent drives can both read and record, also called burners or writers.  Although laptop manufacturers no longer have optical drives bundled with their products, external drives are still available for purchase separately.  Optical drives for computers come in two main form factors: half-height (also known as desktop drive) and slim type (used in laptop computers and compact desktop computers).  They exist as both internal and external variants.  Types of ODs: 1. Compact discs 2. DVDs 3. Blu-ray discs 1. 4.1 MASS STORAGE DEVICES e) Redundant Array of Independent Disks (RAID)  RAID (Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks or Drives, or Redundant Array of Independent Disks)  It is a data storage virtualization technology that combines multiple physical disk drive components into one or more logical units for the purposes of data redundancy, performance improvement, or both.  RAID provides a way to store data across multiple hard disks for redundancy to achieve high levels of storage reliability from low-cost.  RAID breaks up or copies the data user want to save across multiple hard disks. This approach prevents a system failure due to the crash of a single drive.  Key concepts in RAID 1. Mirroring : The copying of data to more than one disk. 2. Striping : Splitting of data across more than one disk. 3. Error correction/Parity : Redundant data is stored to allow problems to be detected and possibly fixed (known as fault tolerance). REDUNDANT ARRAY OF INDEPENDENT DISKS (RAID) RAID 0 (striped disks)  Distributes data across several disks in a way that gives improved speed and no lost capacity, but all data on all disks will be lost if any one disk fails. REDUNDANT ARRAY OF INDEPENDENT DISKS (RAID) RAID 1 (mirrored settings/disks)  Duplicates data across every disk in the array, providing full redundancy.  Two (or more) disks each store exactly the same data REDUNDANT ARRAY OF INDEPENDENT DISKS (RAID) RAID 5 (striped disks with parity)  Combines three or more disks in a way that protects data against loss of any one disk  The storage capacity of the array is reduced by one disk.  1. 5.1 System Memory: a) System Random Access 1.5 SYSTEM Memory (RAM) and virtual MEMORY memory b) RAM Types and memory modules c) Multi-channel system memory d) Error-Correcting Code (ECC) RAM 1. 5.1 SYSTEM MEMORY a) Random-Access Memory (RAM)  RAM is temporary storage for data and programs that are being accessed by the CPU.  RAM is volatile memory, which means that the contents are erased when the computer is powered off.  More RAM means more capacity to hold and process large programs and files, as well as enhance system performance.  New RAM may be needed when an application locks up or the computer displays frequent error messages **The speed of memory has a direct impact on how much data a processor can process because faster memory improves the performance of the processor. As processor speed increases, memory speed must also increase.   When selecting new RAM, check the compatibility with the current motherboard.  The speed of the new RAM must be the same or faster than the existing RAM.  Avoid to mixing RAM speeds in the same computer.  If you mix RAM speeds, all of the modules should clock to the lowest speed and also can cause system instability. SELECTING RAM  How Much RAM do I Need? 1. Windows Vista / Windows 7 32-bit: 2 GB to 4 GB 2. Windows Vista / Windows 7 64-bit: 6 GB to 16 GB 3. Windows 8 32-bit: 2GB to 4 GB 4. Windows 8 64-bit: 6 GB to 16 GB 5. Ubuntu, Mint, or other Linux with X-Server, 32-bit: 1 GB to 4 GB 6. Ubuntu, Mint, or other Linux with X-Server, 64-bit: 4 GB to 16 GB 1. 5.1 SYSTEM MEMORY b) RAM Types and memory modules  Main TYPES OF RAM are: 1. Static RAM (SRAM) Data is stored using the state of a six transistor memory cell. Mostly used as a cache memory for the processor (CPU). 2. Dynamic RAM (DRAM ) a type of RAM which allows you to stores each bit of data in a separate capacitor within a specific integrated circuit. a standard computer memory of the many modern desktop computers. This type of RAM is a volatile memory that needs to be refreshed with voltage regularly. Else it loses the information stored on it. 3. Rambus Dynamic RAM (RDRAM) RAM chips works in parallel, which allows you to achieve a data rate of 800 MHz or 1,600 Mbps. It generates much more heat as they operate at such high speeds. 1. 5.1 SYSTEM MEMORY b) RAM Types and memory modules  MEMORY MODULE or RAM stick is a printed circuit board on which memory integrated circuits are mounted.  Memory modules permit easy installation and replacement in electronic systems, especially computers such as personal computers, workstations, and servers.  The first memory modules were proprietary designs that were specific to a model of computer from a specific manufacturer.  Types of memory module include: 1. SIMM, a single in-line memory module (early 1980s to 2000s) 2. DIMM, dual in-line memory module 3. RIMM, Rambus memory modules (subset of DIMMs) 4. SO-DIMM, small outline DIMM, (smaller version DIMM used in laptops) 1. 5.1 SYSTEM MEMORY c) Multi-channel system memory  Multi-channel memory architecture is a technology that increases the data transfer rate between the DRAM memory and the memory controller by adding more channels of communication between them.  Dual-channel architecture requires a dual-channel-capable motherboard and two or more DDR memory modules.  The memory modules are installed into matching banks, each of which belongs to a different channel.  A matched pair of memory modules may usually be placed in the first bank of each channel, and a different-capacity pair of modules in the second bank.  Some motherboards, however, have compatibility issues with certain brands or models of memory when attempting to use them in dual- channel mode. For this reason, it is generally advised to use identical pairs of memory modules, which is why most memory manufacturers now sell "kits" of matched-pair DIMMs. 1. 5.1 SYSTEM MEMORY d) Error-Correcting Code (ECC) RAM  Error correction code (ECC) memory is a type of RAM memory found in workstations and servers.  It’s valued by professionals and businesses with critical data for its ability to automatically detect and correct memory errors, thus fighting data corruption.  It’s also supposed to lead to less crashes of a server / workstation over non-ECC memory, making it really appealing to IT professionals and businesses.  Physically, ECC memory differs from non-ECC memory (like what consumer laptop / desktop RAM uses) in that it has 9 memory chips instead of 8 (memory chips are used to store data that is sent to the CPU when summoned).  ECC RAM’s bonus memory chip is used for error detection and correction among the other eight memory chips.  1. 5.2 CPU 1.5 SYSTEM  The CPU is known as the brain of the computer. It MEMORY is also referred to as the processor.  The CPU executes a program, which is a sequence of stored instructions.  The amount of data that a CPU can process at one time depends on the size of the processor data bus.  Speed of the CPU is measured in cycles per second- Megahertz (5MHz = 5 000 000Hz) or gigahertz (5GHz=5 000 000 000 Hz).  The main topic related CPU are: a) CPU architecture and features b) CPU socket types c) CPU types and motherboard compatibility 1. 5.2 CPU a) CPU architecture and features  CPU ARCHITECTURE refers to the design and organization of the internal components of a CPU.  It determines how instructions are executed, data is processed, and calculations are performed.  The CPU architecture can be classified into two main types: 1. RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computing) 2. CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computing) ** RISC CPUs have a smaller instruction set and simpler instructions, allowing for faster execution 1. 5.2 CPU..a) CPU architecture and features  The most important TERMS to understand CPU architecture: 1. Instruction Set: The set of instructions that the CPU can execute. 2. Registers: Small, high-speed memory locations within the CPU used to store data and instructions. 3. Cache: A small, high-speed memory used to temporarily store frequently accessed data and instructions. 4. Clock Speed: The speed of CPU can execute instructions, measured in hertz (Hz). 5. Pipeline: A technique used by CPUs to speed up instruction execution by breaking down instructions into smaller parts. 1. 5.2 CPU …a) CPU architecture and features  The FEATURES of a CPU depend on the specific model and manufacturer. Some common features of modern CPUs include: 1. Multiple cores: allow the CPU to perform multiple tasks simultaneously 2. Hyper-threading: allows each core to work on multiple tasks at once 3. Clock speed: refers to the number of instructions the CPU can execute per second 4. Cache size: refers to the amount of memory the CPU has to store frequently accessed data and instructions 5. Power consumption: refers to the amount of energy the CPU requires to operate 1. 5.2 CPU b) CPU socket types  A CPU socket is a housing for the CPU that connects it to the motherboard via an array of connectors in the form of pins.  Via these pins, the CPU receives the power needed to function, as well as means to communicate with the rest of the system. LGA  On top of that, a CPU socket also contains a securing mechanism that keeps the CPU in place, preventing it from moving and thus potentially damaging itself or the board.  There are two main types of CPU sockets in use today: a) LGA: the pins are found on the socket (comes to Intel CPUs) b) PGA: pins are found on the CPU (uses on most AMD PGA CPUs) **Important: CPU coolers aren’t compatible with every CPU socket around. 1. 5.2 CPU c) CPU types and motherboard compatibility  Different TYPES of CPUs 1. Single-core: execute only one command at a time 2. Dual-core: functions like a dual CPU acting like one 3. Quad-core: design with four cores on a single CPU 4. Hexa-core: six cores and can execute the task more rapidly 5. Octa-core: a dual set of quad-core processors that divides activities between the various types 6. Deca-core: deploy ten independent systems 1. 5.2 CPU c) CPU types and motherboard compatibility  Every CPU has a specific socket requirement that can find out from their specifications.  For instance, the latest Intel 10th and 11th Gen desktop CPUs require the LGA1200 socket, whereas the AMD Ryzen require the AM4 socket.  Common sockets in use: 1. Intel Sockets: uses LGA sockets The current socket for the mainstream DESKTOP CPUs are as follows: LGA 1151 - 7th, 8th and 9th Gen Core, Pentium and Celeron CPUs LGA 1200 for 10th and 11th Gen Core, Pentium, and Celeron CPUs 2. AMD Socket: uses AM4 socket use since the AMD Ryzen 1000 series came out in 2017. Currently supported by 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, and 5000 series desktop CPUs TAKE BREAK – STAY TUNE   Printers are commonly used output devices that produce a hard copy of document stored in electronic form (transform information from computer on to paper). 1.6 PRINTER AND  There are various kinds of printers available today like Impact printers, Ink-jet MULTIFUNCTION printers, Laser printers, Thermal printers etc.  A multi-function device (MFD) is a device that can perform more than one DEVICES. function. Some common examples of MFDs are combined printer, scanner, copier and fax machines.  MFDs can have faster print speeds and additional features such as scan to email or secure print.  MFDs are different from combination products, which are products that have both device and non-device functions.  The individual functions of a multi-function device are independent, and they can be accessed through a single interface. For example, a multifunction printer can print, scan, copy, and fax documents, and these functions can be accessed through a single interface on the printer.  The device’s software and hardware work together to enable the device to perform multiple functions. The software controls the device’s functions, while the hardware provides the necessary resources to perform the functions.  The hardware includes the device’s processor, memory, and storage, while the software includes the device’s drivers, firmware, and operating system.  1.6.1 Printer Unboxing And Setup Location  To UNBOXING a printer for the first time, follow 1.6 PRINTER AND the steps below: MULTIFUNCTION 1. Remove the printer from the box. 2. Remove all tape and packing materials from the DEVICES. outside of the printer. 3. Lower the output tray, and then remove the tape from the cartridge access door. 4. Opening the cartridge access door 5. With the cartridge door open, remove all tape and cardboard from inside the printer. 6. Removing tape and cardboard from the inside the printer 7. Close the ink cartridge access door. 8. Remove all hardware and materials from the box. 9. Recycle the box and packaging materials...1.6.1 Printer Unboxing And Setup Location 1.6 PRINTER AND  SETUP LOCATION: Computer system can recognize many types of printers automatically once they are connected. MULTIFUNCTION  If your printer connects by a wire, plug it into your device. It'll DEVICES. connect automatically: your PC will download the right drivers, and you can use it right away.  To connect a wireless printer, follow these steps: 1. Select Start > Settings > Bluetooth & devices > Printers & scanners. 2. Next to Add a printer or scanner, select Add device. 3. Wait for it to find nearby printers, then locate the one you want to use, and select Add device.  To choose a default printer: 1. Select Start > Settings. 2. Go to Bluetooth & devices > Printers & scanners > select a printer. 3. Then select Set as default...1.6.1 Printer Unboxing And Setup Location  SETUP LOCATION: Computer system can recognize 1.6 PRINTER AND many types of printers automatically once they are connected. MULTIFUNCTION  If your printer connects by a wire, plug it into your device. It'll connect automatically: your PC will download the right DEVICES. drivers, and you can use it right away.  To connect a wireless printer, follow these steps: 1. Select Start > Settings > Bluetooth & devices > Printers & scanners. 2. Next to Add a printer or scanner, select Add device. 3. Wait for it to find nearby printers, then locate the one you want to use, and select Add device.  To choose a default printer: 1. Select Start > Settings. 2. Go to Bluetooth & devices > Printers & scanners > select a printer. 3. Then select Set as default.  1.6.2 Print Device Connectivity  Connecting your computer to a printer has become easier than ever as we progress into the age of 1.6 PRINTER AND innovative technology. MULTIFUNCTION  In our digital age, printing comes in two forms - wired and wireless. DEVICES.  Connect a printer via Wired USB Cable: Step 1: Open Start Menu → Devices Step 2: Click Add Printer or Scanner Step 3: When the name of printer pops up, click it and complete the installation instruction  Connect a printer via Wireless Network: Step 1: Connect the printer to WiFi Step 2: Find the allowed SSID Step 3: Select the SSID and enter network password Step 4: The printer is ready for printing activities  1.6.3 Printer Drivers And Page Description Languages  PRINTER DRIVERS are software programs that enable 1.6 PRINTER AND your computer to communicate with your printer and control its functions. MULTIFUNCTION  If you have a printer that is not working properly, it may DEVICES. be due to outdated or missing drivers.  To download and install the appropriate drivers for your printer, you can follow these steps: 1. Make sure your printer is on and connected to your PC. 2. Open Start > Settings > Devices > Printers & scanners. 3. Select the name of the printer, and then choose Remove device. 4. To reinstall the printer, select Add a printer or scanner and then select the name of the printer you want to add. 5. If Windows doesn’t automatically find a new driver after the printer is added, look for one on the device manufacturer’s website and follow their installation instructions.  …1.6.3 Printer Drivers And Page Description Languages  PRINTER DRIVERS AND PAGE DESCRIPTION 1.6 PRINTER AND LANGUAGES (PDLs) are used to communicate MULTIFUNCTION between the computer and the printer. DEVICES.  PDLs files are typically generated by a print driver, or directly by the application itself.  The two most widely used PDLs: 1. PCL (Printer Command Language), developed by HP 2. PostScript, developed by Adobe Systems.  Most PDLs aren't full programming languages.  The two major languages are Adobe's PostScript and HP's PCL, which are device independent and built into most printers.  Adobe's PDF format is also widely used for printing as well as publishing on the Web.  1. 6.6 Print Device: 1.6 PRINTER AND a) Laser printer imaging MULTIFUNCTION process and maintenance DEVICES. b) Inkjet printer imaging process and maintenance c) Thermal printer maintenance d) Impact printer maintenance e) 3-D printer maintenance  a) LASER PRINTER IMAGING PROCESS AND MAINTENANCE The IMAGING PROCESS of a laser printer involves 6 steps: 1.6.6 PRINT DEVICE.  processing, charging, exposing, developing, transferring, and fusing. 1. Processing: The process begins with the processing of the image data, which is then sent to the printer’s laser scanner. 2. Charging and Exposing: The laser scanner then charges the photoconductor drum with static electricity, which is then exposed to the laser beam. 3. Developing: The laser beam discharges the static electricity on the drum, creating an electrostatic image of the printed page. 4. Transferring, and Fusing: The toner particles are then attracted to the charged areas of the drum, which is then transferred to the paper and fused onto it using heat and pressure.  To maintain the printer’s performance, it is recommended to perform regular maintenance tasks such as toner replacement, maintenance kit application, and calibration.  The maintenance kit includes components such as ozone filters, static eliminator teeth, and cleaning the fuser unit.  It is also important to inspect the printer’s components regularly to ensure that they are functioning properly.  b) Inkjet printer imaging process and maintenance 1.6.6 PRINT DEVICE.  The IMAGING PROCESS of a inkjet printer: 1. A feeding mechanism draws paper in and the paper passes by the print head where ink is sprayed onto it. 2. As rollers pull paper in from the feeder, the belt moves the carriage back and forth along the paper as the ink is sprayed in a pattern on the page, forming the characters and images.  Inkjet printers use ink cartridges that spray ink onto a page through tiny holes called nozzles and are located in the print head.  The print head and ink cartridges are located on the carriage, which is attached to a belt and motor.  Inkjet printers use plain paper to make economical prints. Special- purpose paper may be used to create high-quality prints of photographs.  Print quality of an inkjet printer is measured in dots per inch (dpi). A higher dpi rating provides greater image detail.  …b) Inkjet printer imaging process and maintenance 1.6.6 PRINT DEVICE.  MAINTENANCE interfaces vary with different manufacturers but all contain the same three critical tools: 1. Nozzle Check, 2. Print Head Alignment and 3. Head Cleaning.  The Nozzle Check and Print Head Alignment tools are used to check that ink is being laid down evenly and in the correct position  The Head Cleaning function lets you clear blocked nozzles in the print head if clogging has been identified in the Nozzle Check.  c) THERMAL PRINTER MAINTENANCE 1.6.6 PRINT DEVICE.  A thermal printer is a printer that makes use of heat in order to produce the image on paper.  It does not make use of ink or toner unlike many other printing forms but largely depends on thermal papers for producing the images, so it’s a great way to keep you save cost on AWB printing.  Thermal printers require a special kind of paper, called thermal paper.  This paper is sensitive to heat, and the printing is produced by thermal heat applied on the paper by the print head.  How to MAINTAIN the thermal printer: 1. Cleaning the Exterior: Use soft, lint-free cloths and a gentle brush to remove dust from the exterior. 2. Interior Cleaning: Utilize canned compressed air or a small anti-static vacuum cleaner to dislodge dust and particles. 3. Printhead Maintenance: Clean it carefully using appropriate methods such as isopropyl alcohol, cleaning cards, or specialized cleaning pens. 4. Cleaning Platen Rollers: Use isopropyl alcohol or cleaning pens for regular upkeep and deep clean heavily soiled rollers.  d) Impact printer maintenance  An impact printer is a type of printer that works by direct 1.6.6 PRINT DEVICE. contact of an ink ribbon with paper using print heads that strike an inked ribbon, causing characters to be imprinted on the paper.  A metal or plastic head strikes the ink ribbon, whereby the ribbon is pressed against the paper and the desired character (letter, digit, dot, line) impression is printed on the sheet.  Impact printers may be loud, but they do a great job with multi-page forms.  Types of impact printers: Dot Matrix and Daisy-wheel  Some simple maintenance steps can keep your impact printer in peak operating condition are: 1. Replacing a ribbon, 2. Dot-matrix print head replacement 3. Replacing the continuously-fed printer paper.  e) 3-D PRINTER MAINTENANCE 1.6.6 PRINT DEVICE.  3D printer is a printer that can process of making three dimensional objects from a digital file.  The creation of a 3D printed object is achieved using additive processes. In an additive process an object is created by laying down successive layers of material until the object is created. Each of these layers can be seen as a thinly sliced cross-section of the object.  3D printing enables you to produce complex shapes using less material than traditional manufacturing methods.  MAINTENANCE consideration for a long life of your 3D printer: 1. The right environment for printer: An office environment is preferred so that dust, dirt and other environmental factors cannot affect the printer. 2. Cleaning the printer: Clean a clogged nozzle and the printer bed thoroughly after each print 3. Maintenance schedule: When the printer reaches 2500 hours, a maintenance key will appear on the screen  1. 6.7 Troubleshoot Print 1.6 PRINTER AND MULTIFUNCTION Device Issues: DEVICES. a) Printer connectivity issues b) Print feed issues c) Finishing issues d) Print job issues  a) Printer connectivity issues 1. 6.7  There are 6 solutions to try for solving printer connection problems: TROUBLESHOOT 1. Ensure there is a connection PRINT DEVICE If your printer is connected to the network by a cable, ISSUES then double-check the cable is fully plugged in. If your printer is connected to the network such as Bluetooth, follow connection steps from printer manual. 2. Is an update available? Check with the printer manufacturer or on their website to see if any updates are available 3. Try the troubleshooting tool From start menu, type in ‘Printers’ and select the Printers & scanners system settings then run the troubleshooter....a) Printer connectivity issues 4. Run a printer power cycle 1. 6.7 Turn off your printer and unplug it., Wait 30 seconds, TROUBLESHOOT plug your printer back in, and then turn the printer PRINT DEVICE back on. ISSUES 5. Restart the print spooler service From start menu, type ‘services’, and then select Services in the list of results. Find the Print Spooler service, right-click it, and select Rest 6. Remove then re-add your printer Head over to your settings then go to your device manager. Under the Printers & Scanners tab. Select the printer you are not able to connect to. From there you can remove it. To re-add, select Add a Printer or Scanner.  b) Print Feed Issues 1. 6.7  Sometimes, the printer doesn't pick up or feed paper, or get an Out of Paper error message when paper is loaded. TROUBLESHOOT  There are 5 solutions to try for solving printer feed issues : PRINT DEVICE 1. Perform a reset ISSUES Sometimes, restarting the product can clear a paper feed issue. 2. Check the condition of the paper, and then reload it Might result from dusty, torn, wrinkled, wet, or folded paper in the tray. The quality of the paper can also make a difference. 3. Clean the paper pick rollers Dust or paper residue on the rollers inside the product can cause paper feed issues. 4. Clean the rollers from the printer control panel Before start the clean ink smear process, you need to clean the rollers from the printer control panel. 5. Adjust the paper settings in the print driver The product might not pick up paper if the paper size and type in the paper tray do not match the size and type settings in the print driver.  c) Finishing issues  The print quality for different products can vary based on 1. 6.7 various factors such as printer settings, printer driver, and the type of paper or printing method used. TROUBLESHOOT  Various factors, including low-quality paper or ink, PRINT DEVICE improper printer settings, hardware malfunctions, or inadequate printing devices, can cause these issues. ISSUES  Examples of print quality issues include: 1. Blurry or fuzzy text or images 2. Uneven or streaky printing 3. Color distortion or incorrect color representation 4. Smudges or spots on the page 5. Bleeding or ghosting of the image or text 6. Low-resolution or pixelated images 7. Print quality variations caused by using different paper types or qualities 8. Wet ink smearing or running due to cheap paper or high humidity  d) Print job issues 1. 6.7  Print job is a file or set of files that has been TROUBLESHOOT submitted to be printed with a printer. PRINT DEVICE  Jobs are typically identified by a unique number, and ISSUES are assigned to a particular destination, usually a printer. Jobs can also have options associated with them such as media size, number of copies and priority.  Various scenarios of printing-related issues. 1. Print jobs are stuck in the queue. 2. No print output. 3. Slow printing or unexpected output. 4. Print Spooler crash. 5. Enable auditing of failures on specific printers THANK YOU [email protected] 019-9393205