Chapter_05_The_Police_Role_and_Police_Discretion.docx

1. Movies and television shows about the police emphasize the police crime-fighting role.   a.  True   b.  False ANSWER:   True 2. The police themselves emphasize their role as crime fighters and play down their job as peacekeepers and social service providers.   a.  True   b.  False ANSWER:   True...

1. Movies and television shows about the police emphasize the police crime-fighting role.   a.  True   b.  False ANSWER:   True 2. The police themselves emphasize their role as crime fighters and play down their job as peacekeepers and social service providers.   a.  True   b.  False ANSWER:   True 3. Elaine Cumming and her colleagues reported that the ordinary work routines of police officers include mostly law enforcement activities and very few other activities.   a.  True   b.  False ANSWER:   False 4. The police role is extremely well defined and contains little ambiguity.   a.  True   b.  False ANSWER:   False 5. The “defense of life” standard allowed police officers to use deadly force against people who were using deadly force against an officer or another person.   a.  True   b.  False ANSWER:   True 6. The primary goal or objective of the police should be to arrest all offenders.   a.  True   b.  False ANSWER:   False 7. Police generally have much less discretion than other officials in the criminal justice system.   a.  True   b.  False ANSWER:   False 8. The police officer is generally the first decision maker in the U.S. criminal justice system and is often the most important.   a.  True   b.  False ANSWER:   True 9. Police are free or have the ability to ignore crimes or to exercise discretion regarding them, even when the crime is serious.   a.  True   b.  False ANSWER:   False 10. An officer’s discretion varies depending on the type of situation he or she encounters.   a.  True   b.  False ANSWER:   True 11. The entire criminal justice system is based on the concept of discretion.   a.  True   b.  False ANSWER:   True 12. Most of what happens in the U.S. criminal justice system happens without the use of discretion by the police.   a.  True   b.  False ANSWER:   False 13. The growing popularity of less-than-lethal weapons (LTLW) by police officers in the United States virtually ensures their increased use in the law enforcement community.   a.  True   b.  False ANSWER:   True 14. Two studies indicate that people who engage in violent crime or who engage the police in violent confrontations are much more likely to be the victims of police shootings.   a.  True   b.  False ANSWER:   True 15. The "broken windows" theory suggests it is appropriate to allow a neighborhood to deteriorate if the neighborhood will not participate in its upkeep.   a.  True   b.  False ANSWER:   False 16. Minority groups allege they are the victims of race-based policing due the NYPD stop-and-frisk policies.   a.  True   b.  False ANSWER:   True 17. In most cases where stops were made, the behavior of the suspect was what concerned the officer.   a.  True   b.  False ANSWER:   True 18. Officers have broad discretion on whether to arrest or not to arrest in domestic violence cases.   a.  True   b.  False ANSWER:   False 19. Gender does not play an important role in the use of force incidents by police officers.   a.  True   b.  False ANSWER:   False 20. In 1985, the fleeing felon rule was declared unconstitutional by the U.S. Supreme Court in the landmark case of ___________.   a.  Mapp v. Ohio   b.  Lawrence v. Texas   c.  Tennessee v. Garner   d.  Terry v. Ohio ANSWER:   c 21. The police make approximately ____________________ million arrests a year for all criminal infractions, excluding traffic violations.   a.  3.3   b.  10.16   c.  12.4   d.  13.12 ANSWER:   c 22. According to the text, the legality and morality of the “fleeing felon” rule have been challenged because of the U.S. legal concept of ____________.   a.  presumption of innocence   b.  fundamental fairness   c.  cruel and unusual punishment   d.  application of equality ANSWER:   a 23. Which of the following is incorrect?   a.  The police make more arrests for minor violations than serious crime.   b.  The police make more arrests for drug offenses than they do for driving while intoxicated (DWI/DUI)   c.  The police make more arrests for aggravated or felony assault than they do for misdemeanor assault.   d.  Violations of liquor laws, drunkenness, disorderly conduct, vagrancy, and loitering are responsible for approximately 1.72 million arrests a year. ANSWER:   c 24. Of the following, the police make more arrests for ____________________ crimes than for the other types.   a.  violent   b.  property   c.  financial   d.  quality-of-life ANSWER:   b 25. Most police contacts involve ___________.   a.  motor vehicle or traffic-related issues   b.  family violence   c.  arrests of offenders   d.  testifying in court ANSWER:   a 26. The police role is ____________.   a.  very ambiguous   b.  very clearly defined   c.  mainly related to violent crime   d.  mainly related to arresting offenders ANSWER:   a 27. Robert Lilly’s research concluded that the majority of police calls are in reference to __________.   a.  burglaries   b.  thefts   c.  information   d.  social services ANSWER:   c 28. Egon Bittner has stated that police work has, from its earliest origins, been a _______.   a.  religious vocation   b.  respected profession   c.  feared occupation   d.  tainted occupation ANSWER:   d 29. Sheehan and Cordner state that the two primary goals and objectives of police departments are ____________.   a.  maintaining order and protecting life and property   b.  preventing crime and arresting offenders   c.  preventing crime and maintaining order   d.  protecting life and property and preventing crime ANSWER:   a 30. According to the text, the police attempt to prevent crime by trying to create a sense of ____________.   a.  safety and security   b.  community involvement   c.  omniscience   d.  omnipresence ANSWER:   d 31. Which of the following is not one of Broderick’s police operational styles?   a.  Enforcers   b.  Dreamers   c.  Realists   d.  Optimists ANSWER:   b 32. Officer Smith believes her role is to maintain order on her beat by arresting criminals. According to Broderick, she would be considered a(n) ____________.   a.  realist   b.  optimist   c.  enforcer   d.  idealist ANSWER:   c 33. Officer Brown believes his role is keeping the peace and preserving the social order, yet he is very careful not to violate the constitutional rights of individuals. According to Broderick, he would be considered a(n) ____________.   a.  realist   b.  optimist   c.  enforcer   d.  idealist ANSWER:   d 34. Officer Green believes that it is impossible to achieve the goals and objectives of the police department and concentrates his efforts on the concept of police loyalty and the mutual support of his fellow officers. According to Broderick, he would be considered a(n) _________.   a.  realist   b.  optimist   c.  enforcer   d.  idealist ANSWER:   a 35. Officer White concentrates her efforts on helping people in trouble, rather than on keeping society safe. According to Broderick, she would be considered a(n) _____________.   a.  realist   b.  optimist   c.  enforcer   d.  idealist ANSWER:   b 36. Which of the following is not one of James Q. Wilson’s operating styles?   a.  Watchman   b.  Legalistic   c.  Service   d.  Aggressive ANSWER:   d 37. The Magic City Police Department maintains order through informal police intervention, including persuasion and threats, or hassling or roughing up disruptive people instead of formal arrests. According to James Q. Wilson, it would be considered to be a ____________________ department.   a.  watchman   b.  legalistic   c.  moralistic   d.  service ANSWER:   a 38. The Humortown Police Department issues many summonses and makes many misdemeanor arrests. According to James Q. Wilson, it would be considered to be a ____________________ department.   a.  watchman   b.  legalistic   c.  moralistic   d.  service ANSWER:   b 39. The Smalltown Police Department uses social service agencies to provide counseling for minor offenders. According to James Q. Wilson, it would be considered to be a ____________________ department.   a.  watchman   b.  legalistic   c.  moralistic   d.  service ANSWER:   d 40. Police officers have ____________________ discretion.   a.  little   b.  tremendous   c.  limited   d.  no ANSWER:   b 41. The first decision maker in the criminal justice system and often the most important is the _________.   a.  judge   b.  defense attorney   c.  police officer   d.  prosecutor ANSWER:   c 42. Which of the following is not one of the reasons police exercise discretion?   a.  If the police enforced all the laws, all the time, they would be in the station house or court much of their time.   b.  Complete enforcement would alienate the public from the police.   c.  Most violations of law are minor and do not require full enforcement.   d.  The police want to show they have a caring attitude toward the community. ANSWER:   d 43. Which of the following is not one of the major factors Herbert Jacob says causes the police to exercise discretion?   a.  Department policies   b.  Characteristics of the crime   c.  Relationship between alleged criminal and victim or between police and criminal or victim   d.  Geographic area of the crime ANSWER:   d 44. Which of the following is not one of the factors that may influence police discretion as indicated by research findings?   a.  Time of day   b.  The offense   c.  Subject’s attitude   d.  Subject’s race ANSWER:   a 45. The ____________________ standard allows police officers to use deadly force against people who are using deadly force against an officer or another person, as well as in certain violent felony situations.   a.  castle exception   b.  defense of property   c.  defense of life   d.  defense of community ANSWER:   c 46. Which of the following is part of the federal government’s imminent danger standard for use of deadly force?   a.  Firing warning shots   b.  Shooting at moving vehicles   c.  Prisoner attempting escape who was being held in a high-security prison   d.  Nonfatally shooting a suspect in the leg ANSWER:   c 47. Choke holds, carotid holds, and neck restraints became a source of controversy after _____.   a.  several lawsuits   b.  some deaths   c.  further study   d.  changes in law enforcement policies ANSWER:   b 48. In the 1970s, the American Law Institute proposed a(n) ____________________, which included new policies on the use of deadly force.   a.  administrative rule   b.  National Bill of Police Rights   c.  legislative bill   d.  Model Penal Code ANSWER:   d 49. Most police patrol time is spent ___________.   a.  as uncommitted time   b.  as committed time   c.  responding to calls for service   d.  responding to dispatch ANSWER:   a 50. Studies of police discretion have shown that the most significant factor in the decision to arrest is the ___________.   a.  location of the offense   b.  officer–offender relationship   c.  seriousness of the offense committed   d.  offender’s past criminal history ANSWER:   c 51. Statistics clearly indicate that police officers ___________.   a.  overuse force   b.  do not overuse force   c.  overuse threats   d.  display their weapons too often ANSWER:   b 52. Based on 2015 statistics, approximately ____________________ people were killed justifiably by police in a four-year period.   a.  290   b.  439   c.  1,322   d.  8,227 ANSWER:   b 53. In the landmark case Tennessee v. Garner, the U.S. Supreme Court declared the ____________________ rule unconstitutional.   a.  fleeing felon   b.  consent search   c.  detention   d.  stop and frisk ANSWER:   a 54. According to the text, one way of controlling discretion, particularly improper application of discretion, is the establishment of _____________.   a.  strong policies   b.  employee early warning systems   c.  citizen review boards   d.  active reporting systems ANSWER:   b 55. Carl B. Klockars, in Idea of Police, broadly defines the basic function of the police as dealing with all those problems that may require the use of __________. ANSWER:   coercive force 56. The police try to create a sense that they are always there. This is called __________. ANSWER:   omnipresence 57. The availability of a choice of options or actions one can take in a situation is called __________. ANSWER:   discretion 58. Arresting offenders and assisting prosecutors in bringing charges against defendants is one of the primary methods used by police to maintain order and protect __________and __________. ANSWER:   life, property 60. The federal government has redefined its deadly force policy used by federal agents and has adopted the __________ standard. ANSWER:   imminent danger 61. Ninety-six percent of local police departments have turned to the use of __________ in an attempt to reduce the use of deadly force. ANSWER:   chemical sprays/less-than-lethal weapons 62. The U.S. system of criminal justice is interested in the __________, in addition to the letter of the law. ANSWER:   spirit of the law 63. During the 1970s, many police departments developed an alternative to the fleeing felon doctrine; it was called the __________. ANSWER:   defense of life standard 64. Most police departments now train their officers in the use of force using the __________. ANSWER:   use-of-force continuum 65. Wilson and Kelling's ___________________ theory suggests if an area of the community is allowed to deteriorate without some remedy, crime will increase. ANSWER:   broken windows 66. After making a traffic stop, the most influential characteristics leading to a suspect’s arrest were whether the suspect was_____________________. ANSWER:   under the influence of alcohol or drugs