Chapter 2: Text PDF

Chapter 2: Text © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved  Lesson Outcome Importance of text in a multimedia presentation Understanding fonts and typefaces Using text elements in a multimedia presentation Computers and text Font edit...

Chapter 2: Text © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved  Lesson Outcome Importance of text in a multimedia presentation Understanding fonts and typefaces Using text elements in a multimedia presentation Computers and text Font editing and design tools Multimedia and hypertext © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved  Importance of Text in a Multimedia Presentation Words, symbols in any form, are the most common means of communication. Usage: menus, navigation systems, content © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved  Importance of Text in a Multimedia Presentation (continued) The power of meaning – Multimedia developers must use words carefully, accurately. © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved  Importance of Text in a Multimedia Presentation (continued) Factors affecting text legibility: – Size – Background, foreground colors – Style – Leading © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved  Understanding Fonts and Typefaces Typeface family of graphic characters many type sizes, styles Font collection of characters of a single size, style belong to a particular typeface family © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved  Understanding Fonts and Typefaces (continued) study of fonts and typefaces includes following: – Font styles (BOLD, ITALIC, BOLD AND ITALIC) – Font sizes (20, 40, 60…..) – Cases (lowercase, UPPERCASE..) – Serif ( TIMES NEW ROMAN…..)versus sans serif (ARIAL…) © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved  Understanding Fonts and Typefaces (continued) Font styles include: – Boldface – Italic – Underlining © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved  Understanding Fonts and Typefaces (continued) Font sizes – Unit: points – Character metrics: general measurements applied to individual characters – Kerning: space between character pairs – Leading: space between lines © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved  Understanding Fonts and Typefaces (continued) Cases – CAPITALIZED: UPPERCASE small letter: lowercase – Placing an uppercase letter in the middle of a word is referred to as an interCap © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved  Understanding Fonts and Typefaces (continued) Serif Sans serif “tail” at the end of / x a letter stroke Usage body text headlines, bold statements © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved  Using Text Elements in a Multimedia Presentation text elements used in multimedia: – Menus for navigation – Interactive buttons – Fields for reading – HTML documents © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved  Using Text Elements in a Multimedia Presentation (continued) Choosing text fonts – Legibility/ readability – Avoid too many faces – Color © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved  Using Text Elements in a Multimedia Presentation (continued) Choosing text fonts – Use anti-aliased text. – Use drop caps and initial caps for accent. – Minimize centered text. – Use white space. – Use animated text to grab attention. © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved  Using Text Elements in a Multimedia Presentation (continued) Symbols – concentrated text in the form of stand-alone graphic constructs. – convey meaningful messages. © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved  Using Text Elements in a Multimedia Presentation (continued) icons – Emoticons: convey human emotions – symbolic representations of objects and processes © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved  Using Text Elements in a Multimedia Presentation (continued) Menus for navigation – user navigates through content using menu. – simple menu consists text list of topics. © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved  Using Text Elements in a Multimedia Presentation (continued) Interactive buttons – Button: clickable object that executes a command when activated. – Users can create their own buttons from bitmap, graphics. – Design, labeling should be treated as industrial art project. © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved  Using Text Elements in a Multimedia Presentation (continued) Fields for reading – Reading hard copy easier, faster than reading from computer screen – document can be printed in 2 orientations: – Portrait: taller-than-wide – Landscape: wider-than-tall © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved  Using Text Elements in a Multimedia Presentation (continued) HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) documents – marked using tags. E.g: – tag: bold – tag: ordered list – tag: insert image – advanced HTML: DHTML (Dynamic Hypertext Markup Language) – DHTML uses Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved  Computers and Text (continued) The font wars – PostScript – TrueType – OpenType PostScript, TrueType, and OpenType outline fonts allow text to be drawn at any size without jaggies. Anti-aliasing text and graphics creates “smooth” boundaries between colors. © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved  Computers and Text (continued) PostScript – By Adobe – Method: describe image in terms of mathematical constructs – a very popular format for graphic designers – Their files have 2 parts: – printer font: flawless on paper – screen font: have shortcomings – Versions: PS level 1, PS level 2, PS 3 – Pros: smooth, detailed, high quality, scalable, drawn much faster – often used for printing, especially professional-quality printing, such as books, magazines © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved  Computers and Text (continued) TrueType – By Apple & Microsoft – a system of scalable outline fonts, can draw characters at low resolution – combine screen and printer font in single file – Pros: – prints well – easy to read on screen – Scalable; clear and readable in all sizes – can be sent to any printer or other output device that is supported by Windows © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved  Computers and Text (continued) OpenType – By Adobe & Microsoft – international standard – Pros: – incorporates best features of PostScript & TrueType – related to TrueType fonts, but incorporate greater extension of the basic character set – clear and readable in all sizes – can be sent to any printer or other output device supported by Windows – used when you need a large character set for language coverage and fine typography © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved  Computers and Text (continued) Character sets American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) – 7-bit coding system – Assigns a no or value to 128 characters which include: – Uppercase letters – Lowercase letters – Punctuation marks – Arabic numbers – Math symbols – 32 control characters (e.g tab, line feed) – E.g no 65= uppercase letter A © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved  Character sets (continued) ANSI (American National Standards Institute) – The extended character set is commonly filled with ANSI standard characters – Includes foreign characters, special punctuation, business symbols © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved  Character sets (continued) The ISO-Latin-1 – used while programming the text of HTML pages – developed by International Organization for Standardization (ISO) – superset of the ASCII character set – very similar to the ANSI character set used in Windows, though not identical – HTTP, HTML protocols used on WWW are based on ISO Latin-1 – to represent non-ASCII characters on a Web page, you need to use the corresponding ISO Latin-1 code © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved  Character sets (continued) Unicode – 16-bit architecture for multilingual text and character encoding – Include characters from all known languages and alphabets in the world – The shared symbols of each character set are unified into collections of symbols called scripts – HTML allows access to Unicode by numeric ref – E.g 水 = Chinese character for water © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved  Computers and Text (continued) Mapping across platforms – Fonts and characters are not cross-platform compatible. – They must be mapped to the other machine using font substitution. – E.g Mac: Halvetica------Win: Arial © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved  Font Editing and Design Tools FontLab, Ltd. (www.fontlab.com) Creating attractive texts © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved  Font Editing and Design Tools (continued) Fontographer – specialized font editor – Macintosh, Windows compatible – can be used to develop PostScript, TrueType, and OpenType fonts – can also modify existing typefaces © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved  Multimedia and Hypertext Multimedia Hypertext systems Using hypertext systems Searching for words Hypermedia structures Hypertext tools © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved  Multimedia and Hypertext (continued) Multimedia combination of text, graphics, and audio elements into a single presentation Interactive multimedia When user assumes control over presentation Hypermedia when a structure of linked elements provided to user for navigation, interaction © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved  Multimedia and Hypertext (continued) Hypertext systems – organized cross-linking of words, images, and other Web elements – words are keyed or indexed to other words – enables user to navigate through text in non- linear way © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved  Multimedia and Hypertext (continued) Using hypertext systems – Information management and hypertext programs present electronic text, images, and other elements in a database fashion – Software robots visit web pages and index entire web sites. © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved  Multimedia and Hypertext (continued) Using hypertext systems (continued) – Hypertext databases make use of proprietary indexing systems. – Server-based hypertext and database engines are widely available. © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved  You have 12 black socks and 12 white socks mixed up in a drawer. You're up very early and it's too dark to tell them apart. What's the smallest number of socks you need to take out (blindly) to be sure of having a matching pair? © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved  Multimedia and Hypertext (continued) Typical methods for word searching in hypermedia systems: – Categorical: selecting/limiting docs, pages, fields of text within which to search for word(s) – Word relationship: searching words according to proximity/order – E.g party AND beer – Adjacency: searching for words occurring next to one another – E.g black widow – Alternates : applying OR to search 2 or more words – E.g: bacon OR eggs © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved  Multimedia and Hypertext (continued) – Association: applying AND to search 2 or more words – Negation: applying NOT – Truncation: searching for a word with any of its possible suffixes – E.g to find all occurrences for “girl” and “girls” = girl# – Intermediate words: searching for words that occur between what might normally be adjacent words – Frequency: searching for words based on how often they appear © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved  Multimedia and Hypertext (continued) Hypermedia structures – Links – Nodes – Anchors – Navigating hypermedia structures © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved  Multimedia and Hypertext (continued) Nodes – Concepts/ ideas – can contain text, graphics, animation, audio, video, images, programs – Nodes are connected to other nodes by links – Node from which a link originates: reference/link anchors anchor – Node at which a link ends: referent/link end – contents of a node are displayed by activating links. © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved  Multimedia and Hypertext (continued) Links – connect related concepts (nodes) – can be bidirectional: facilitating backward traversals. – can be typed (such as specification link, elaboration link, membership link, opposition link and others) specifying the nature of relationship – can be: – referential (cross-referencing) – hierarchical (parent-child relationships) © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved  Multimedia and Hypertext (continued) Navigating hypermedia structures – simplest way to navigate hypermedia structures: buttons – Location markers: make navigation user- friendly © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved  Multimedia and Hypertext (continued) 2 functions common to most hypermedia text management systems: building (authoring) functions of builder: – Creating links – Identifying nodes – Generating index of words reading © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved  Multimedia and Hypertext (continued) Hypertext systems are used for: – Electronic publishing and reference works – Technical documentation – Educational courseware – Interactive kiosks – Electronic catalogs © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved  Summary Text is one of the most important elements of multimedia standard document format used for web pages: HTML Dynamic HTML uses Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) for greater control over design hypertext system enables user to navigate through text in non-linear way © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved