Chapter 01 Lecture Outline PDF

Chapter 01 Lecture Outline Melanie M. Garcia, LPT.,M.Sc. Davao Doctors College, Inc. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1  2 Copyright...

Chapter 01 Lecture Outline Melanie M. Garcia, LPT.,M.Sc. Davao Doctors College, Inc. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1  2 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.  Anatomy and Physiology anatomy: - body structure - means to dissect physiology: - processes, functions - systemic physiology - cellular physiology 3 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.  Anatomy and Physiology Importance of Anatomy and Physiology understand how the body: - responds to stimuli - environmental changes - environmental cues - diseases - injury - maintains stable, internal conditions despite continually changing environment 4 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.  Anatomy and Physiology Types of Anatomy systemic: studies body systems regional: studies body regions (medical schools) surface: studies external features, e.g., bone projections anatomical imaging: using technologies (x-rays, ultrasound, MRI) 4 5 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. Structural and Functional Organization Six levels from chemical to organism: 1. chemical: smallest level - atoms, chemical bonds, molecules 2. cellular: - cells: basic units of life - compartments and organelles e.g., mitochondria, nucleus, ribosomes, cytoplasm 6 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.  Structural and functional Organization 3. tissues: - group of cells with similar structure and function plus extracellular substances they release - four broad types: epithelial connective muscular nervous 4. organs: - two or more tissue types acting together to perform function(s) - e.g., stomach, heart, liver, ovary, bladder, kidney 7 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.  Structural and functional Organization 5. organ system: - group of organs contributing to some function - e.g., digestive system, reproductive system 6. organism: - all organ systems working together - includes associated microorganisms such as intestinal bacteria 8 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.  Structural and functional Organization Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.  Structural and functional Organization Major Organs of the Body Figure 1.2 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.  Organ Systems of the Body Figure 1.3 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. Organ Systems of the Body Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. Characteristics of Life Collectively, all living species show: organization: - functional interrelationships between parts metabolism: - sum of all chemical and physical changes sustaining an organism - ability to acquire and use energy in support of these changes responsiveness: - ability to sense and respond to environmental changes - includes both internal and external environments 13 3 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.  Characteristics of Life growth: - can increase in size - size of cells, groups of cells, extracellular materials development: omit - changes in form and size - changes in cell structure and function from generalized to specialized - differentiation reproduction: - formation of new cells or new organisms - generation of new individuals - tissue repair 14 3 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. Homeostasis homeostasis - maintenance of constant internal environment variables: measures of body properties that may change in value Examples of variables: body temperature blood glucose levels heart rate blood cell counts blood pressure respiratory rate set point: normal, or average value of a variable 15 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.  Homeostasis normal range: normal extent of increase or decrease around a set point example: over time, body temperature fluctuates around a set point of about 98.6o 16 1 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.  Homeostasis set points for some variables can be temporarily adjusted depending on body activities, as needed: examples common cause of change body temperature fever heart rate, blood pressure respiratory rate exercise 17 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.  Homeostasis negative feedback - mechanism that maintains homeostasis - negative feedback response: detection: of deviation away from set point and... correction: reversal of deviation toward set point and normal range 18 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.  Homeostasis Components of Negative Feedback 1 receptor: detects changes in variable 2 control center: - receives receptor signal - establishes set point - sends signal to effector 3 effector: - directly causes change in variable Figure 1.5 3 19 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.  Homeostasis Figure 1.5 20 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. 2 Figure 1.6 21 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.  Homeostasis positive feedback - system response causes progressive deviation away from set point, outside of normal range - not directly used for homeostasis - some positive feedback under normal conditions example: childbirth - generally associated with injury, disease - negative feedback mechanisms unable to maintain homeostasis 22 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.  Homeostasis Positive feedback – abnormal example: blood pressure loss Replace with Figure 1.7 ninth edition With figure legend Figure 1.7 1 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. Terminology and the Body Plan superior anatomical position: - person standing erect with face and palms forward - all relational descriptions based on the anatomical position, regardless of body orientation supine: person lying face up prone: inferior person lying face down inferior superior 24 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.  Terminology and the Body Plan Directional Terms superior: above inferior: below anterior: front (also: ventral) posterior: back (also: dorsal) Note: In four-legged animals, the terms ventral (belly) and dorsal (back) correspond to anterior and posterior in humans medial: close to midline lateral: away from midline 25 5 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.  Terminology and the Body Plan Directional Terms proximal: close to point of attachment distal: far from point of attachment superficial: structure close to the surface Deep deep: structure toward the interior of the body Superficial 4 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. 26  Terminology and the Body Plan Directional Terms proximal: close to point of attachment distal: far from point of attachment superficial: structure close to the surface deep: structure toward the interior of the body 2 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. 27  Terminology and the Body Plan Figure 1.8 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. Directional Terms  Terminology and the Body Plan Directional Terms Table 1.1 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.  Terminology and the Body Plan Body Planes sagittal: vertical plane, between anterior and posterior surfaces midsagittal: sagittal plane along the midline, divides body into equal left and right halves transverse: horizontal plane frontal: vertical plane, between lateral surfaces Figure 30 1.11 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.  Terminology and the Body Plan Body Planes Figure Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1.11  Terminology and the Body Plan Planes of Section Through an Organ Figure 1.12 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.  Terminology and the Body Plan Body Regions upper limbs: upper arm, forearm, wrist, hand lower limbs: thigh, lower leg, ankle, foot central region: head, neck, trunk Figure 1.9 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. 33 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Figure 1.9 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.  Terminology and the Body Plan Figure 1.9 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.  Terminology and the Body Plan Subdivisions of the Abdomen Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. Figure 1.10  Terminology and the Body Plan Body Cavities thoracic cavity: - space within chest wall and diaphragm - contains heart, lungs, thymus gland, esophagus, trachea mediastinum: - space between lungs - contains heart, thymus gland, esophagus, trachea 37 2 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.  Terminology and the Body Plan Body Cavities abdominal cavity: - space between diaphragm and pelvis - contains stomach, intestines, liver, spleen, pancreas, kidneys pelvic cavity: - space within pelvis - contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, part of large intestine 38 2 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.  Terminology and the Body Plan Body Cavities Figure 1.13 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.  Terminology and the Body Plan Serous Membranes - line trunk cavities, cover organs - structure: visceral serous membrane covers organs parietal serous membrane cavity between the above, fluid-filled Figure 1.14 40 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.  Terminology and the Body Plan Serous Membranes Three sets of serous membranes and cavities: pericardium pericardial cavity around heart pleura pleural cavity around lungs peritoneum peritoneal cavity around abdominopelvic cavity and its organs 41 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.  Terminology and the Body Plan Serous Membranes pericardium - visceral pericardium covers heart - parietal pericardium thick, fibrous - pericardial cavity reduces friction 3(b) Figure 1.15a Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.  Terminology and the Body Plan Serous Membranes pleura - visceral pleura covers lungs - parietal pleura lines inner wall of thorax - pleural cavity - reduces friction - adheres lungs to thoracic wall Figure 1.15b 3 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.  Terminology and the Body Plan Serous Membranes peritoneum - visceral peritoneum - covers, anchors organs - double layers called mesenteries - parietal peritoneum lines inner wall of abdominopelvic cavity - peritoneal cavity reduces friction 4 Figure 1.15 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.