Skeletal System Past Paper PDF

2023-09-26 Chapter 5 1  Provides an internal framework  Protects organs  Anchors skeletal muscles and allows for movement 2 1 2023-09-26 Divided into two categories: AXIAL SKELETON: APPENDICULAR SKELETON: 3 Figure 5.6c 4 2 2023-09-26 Functions: Support Protection Movement Storage...

2023-09-26 Chapter 5 1  Provides an internal framework  Protects organs  Anchors skeletal muscles and allows for movement 2 1 2023-09-26 Divided into two categories: AXIAL SKELETON: APPENDICULAR SKELETON: 3 Figure 5.6c 4 2 2023-09-26 Functions: Support Protection Movement Storage Blood Cell Formation 5 Compact Bone: Dense, looks smooth and homogenous Spongy Bone: small needlelike pieces of bone with lots of open space 6 3 2023-09-26 Long Bones: most bones in the limbs Short bones: bones of the wrist and ankles sesamoid bones 7 Flat Bones: skull, ribs, sternum Irregular Bones: vertebrae, hip bones 8 4 2023-09-26 Classification of Bones on the Basis of Shape Figure 5.1 9 10 5 2023-09-26  Various features according to purpose:  Muscle attachments  Tendon attachments  Ligament attachments  Blood vessel and nerve passages 11  PROJECTIONS OR PROCESSES  Grow out from bone surface  DEPRESSIONS OR CAVITIES  Indentations in the bone Generally, terms starting with: T = projections F = depressions 12 6 2023-09-26 13 14 7 2023-09-26  Diaphysis  Long shaft of bone  Compact bone  Covered by periosteum 15 Epiphyses: ends of long bone Articular Cartilage surrounds exterior surface 16 8 2023-09-26 Epiphyseal Plate: growth plate Epiphyseal Line: 17 In Infants: Shaft cavity is an area for red blood cell production. Find Red Marrow here. 18 9 2023-09-26 In Adults: Shaft cavity acts as a storage area for adipose tissue. Yellow Marrow (medullary) cavity. Red Marrow: found in spongy bone cavities of flat bones and epiphysis of some long bones 19  MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY An elaborate network of canals that keep the bone cells well nourished (despite the hardness) and thus heal well and quickly. Contains passageways to carry nerves, blood vessels, and a route for waste disposal 20 10 2023-09-26  MATRIX:  Non-living substances  OSTEOCYTES:  Mature bone cells  Sitting in cavities (lacunae)  Found within the Matrix 21 22 11 2023-09-26  Osteon  A unit of bone  Central (Haversian) canal  Opening in the center of an osteon  Carries blood vessels and nerves  Haversian System:  A central canal with surrounding matrix rings 23 Microscopic Anatomy of Compact Bone  Lacunae  Cavities containing mature bone cells (osteocytes)  Arranged in concentric rings  Lamellae  Rings around the central canal  Sites of lacunae & Matrix 24 12 2023-09-26 Canaliculi: Tiny canals that radiate from the central canals to form a transportation system connecting bone cells to the nutrient supply. Perforating Canals: Communication route from outside the bone to the interior perpendicular to central canal Carries blood vessels and nerves 25 Microscopic Anatomy of Bone 26 13 2023-09-26 Muscle Tendon Epiphyseal Spongy bone Concentric lamellae Haversian canal Marrow cavity Trabeculae of spongy bone Endosteum Bone marrow Cortical bone Inner circumferential lamella Periosteum Volkmann’s canal Interstitial lamellae Outer circumferential lamella 27  Formed from cartilage and bone  Initially, the skeleton is primarily made of hyaline cartilage.  By young childhood most cartilage is replaced by bone  Cartilage remains in isolated areas 28 14 2023-09-26  HYALINE CARTILAGE  Glassy, transparent  Smooth  Flexible 29 Long Bone Formation & Growth 30 15 2023-09-26 Types of Bone Cells  Osteocytes  Mature bone cells  Osteoblasts  Bone-forming cells  Osteoclasts  Bone-destroying cells  Break down bone matrix for remodeling and release of calcium  Bone remodeling is a process by both osteoblasts and osteoclasts 31  OSSIFICATION:  Process of bone formation  2 major phases  Hyaline cartilage is covered by bone matrix (formation)  Developed bone grows and widens (growth and remodeling)  Growth is controlled by hormones and completed during adolescence. 32 16 2023-09-26 33  Initially Hyaline cartilage is covered and replaced by bone  Then Bone growth occurs as the child increases in size and weight  Bone remodeling may occur in conjunction with bone growth 34 17 2023-09-26 35  Occurs in length and width  LENGTH:  New cartilage is continuously formed on the external face of the articular cartilage and end facing surface of the epiphyseal plate  Old cartilage is broken down and replaced with bony matrix 36 18 2023-09-26 Long Bone Growth & Remodeling 37  WIDTH:  Osteoblasts found in periosteum add bone tissue to external face of the diaphysis  Osteoclasts concurrently degrade and remove bone from the inner face of the wall (medullary side) 38 19 2023-09-26 39  Bones are dynamic and active even after adolescence!  Remodeling occurs in response to:  Calcium levels in the blood  Pull of gravity and muscles on the skeleton 40 20 2023-09-26  TOO LOW:  Glands stimulate release of hormone to release stored calcium.  TOO HIGH:  Calcium is deposited into the bone matrix as hard calcium salts. 41  Causes remodeling of the bone to account for changes in need.  Increase weight or muscle strength, need stronger bones to match.  Osteoblasts lay down new matrix at the site and become osteocytes (mature bone cells) thickening and thus strengthening the bone  Without this stress bones will deteriorate and weaken 42 21 2023-09-26 1) Hematoma forms  Blood vessels break leading to a pocket of blood  Bones cells without blood supply die 43 2) Fibrocartilage Splint is formed  New capillaries grow and clotting occurs  At same time, connective tissue cells form a mass of repair tissue – “fibrocartilage callus”  Splints the broken area, closing the gap 44 22 2023-09-26 3) Bony Callus is formed   Osteoblasts and osteoclasts continue to the site Replace the fibrocartilage with spongy bone “bony callus” 45 4) Bone Remodelling occurs  The formation of a strong permanent “patch” according to the demands on the area 46 23 2023-09-26 47 48 24 2023-09-26 The Axial Skeleton (green) 49 Frontal bone Orbit Parietal bone Temporal bone Mandible Maxilla Clavicle Sternum Humerus True rib Floating rib False rib Radius Vertebral column Sacrum IIliac crest Symphysis pubis Pubic bone Ulna Coccyx Ischium Carpal bones Metacarpal bones Phalanges 50 25 2023-09-26 Femur Patella Tibia Fibula Talus Metatarsal bones Tarsal bones Phalanges 51 Parietal bone Zygomatic bone Occipital bone Mandible Atlas (C1) Axis (C2) Cervical vertebra Clavicle Acromion Scapula Thoracic vertebra Humerus Floating ribs (Pairs 11 & 12) True rib False rib Lumbar vertebra Ilium Radius Ulna Sacrum Carpal bones Metacarpal bones Coccyx Phalanges Femur Tibia Fibula Talus Calcaneus 52 26 2023-09-26 The Skull 53 Parietal bone Frontal bone Lesser wing of sphenoid bone Nasal bone Temporal bone Zygomatic bone Greater wing of sphenoid bone Maxilla Nasal septum Upper (maxillary) teeth Lower (mandibular) teeth Mental foramen Mandible 54 27 2023-09-26 Sagittal suture Parietal bone Temporal bone Lambdoid suture Occipital bone Mastoid process Mandible 55 56 28 2023-09-26 57 The Vertebral Column 58 29 2023-09-26 Cervical vertebrae (C1-C7) Thoracic vertebrae (T1T12) Lumbar vertebrae (L1-L5) Sacrum Coccyx 59 Atlas (C1) Cervical region Axis (C2) Spinous processes Thoracic region Transverse processes Lumbar region Sacral region Coccygeal region 60 30 2023-09-26 Cervical vertebrae (C1-C7) Anterior tubercle of atlas Anterior arch of atlas Dens of axis Body of axis Superior articular surface of lateral mass of atlas for occipital condyle of skull Transverse process of axis Posterior tubercle of atlas Spinous process of axis 61 Thoracic vertebrae (T1-T12) Lamina Vertebral foramen Transverse costal facet Vertebral Body Spinous process 62 31 2023-09-26 63 Sacral promontory Anterior sacral foramina Sacrococcygeal joint Coccyx 64 32 2023-09-26 The Bony Thorax  Forms a cage to protect major organs 65 Sternoclavicular joint Sternal angle Manubrium Clavicle Costal cartilage True ribs (Pairs 1-7) Costochondral joint Sternocostall joint Body of sternum False ribs (pairs 8-10) Xiphoid process 66 33 2023-09-26 67 The Appendicular Skeleton  Limbs (appendages)  Pectoral girdle  Pelvic girdle 68 34 2023-09-26 The Appendicular Skeleton (gold) Figure 5.6c 69  Clavicle  Only bone that connects the arm to the core  Articulates with the sternum and the scapula (forms shoulder joint)  Commonly fractured bone  Scapula  Triangular, Flat, strong, posterior  Acromion process  Coracoid process  Glenoid cavity 70 35 2023-09-26  Humerus  Long bone in upper arm  Trochlea and capitulum  Radius  Forearm lateral bone  Connected to ulna  Ulna  Forearm medial bone  Coronoid process and olecranon process 71 Acromion Clavicle Spine of scapula Scapula Humerus Radius Ulna Carpal bones Metacarpal bones Phalanges 72 36 2023-09-26 Clavicle Coracoid process Acromion Head of humerus Glenoid cavity Humerus 73 Coracoid process Acromioclavicular joint Acromion Clavicle Head of humerus Spine of scapula Humerus Medial border Glenoid fossa Lateral border 74 37 2023-09-26 Acromion Suprascapular notch Superior border Coracoid process Glenoid Fossa Subscapular fossa Lateral border Medial border 75 Coracoid process Acromion Superior angle Glenoid fossa Superior border of scapula Supraspinous fossa Spine of scapula Medial border of scapula Lateral border of scapula Inferior angle 76 38 2023-09-26 Greater tubercle Head of humerus Anatomical neck Lesser tubercle Surgical neck Coronoid fossa Radial fossa Capitulum Trochlea 77 78 39 2023-09-26 Humerus Head of radius Radius Neck of radius Coronoid process of ulna Trochlea of humerus Olecranon Ulna 79 80 40 2023-09-26 Bones of the Upper Limb  The hand  Carpals – wrist  Metacarpals – palm  Phalanges – fingers Figure 5.22 81 Distal phalanges Middle phalanges Proximal phalanges Metacarpal bones Hamate Capitate Trapezoid Triquetral Trapezium Lunate Scaphoid Ulna Radius 82 41 2023-09-26 Distal phalanges Middle phalanges Distal phalanx of thumb Proximal phalanges Metacarpal bones Hamate Triquetral Trapezoid Trapezium Pisiform Capitate Lunate Scaphoid Ulna Radius 83 The Pelvis 84 42 2023-09-26 85 Sacroiliac joint Iliac crest Ilium Sacrum Coccyx Ischium Pubic symphysis 86 43 2023-09-26 Sacroiliac joint Iliac crest Ilium Coccyx Femur Obturator foramen Pubic symphysis 87 88 44 2023-09-26 Femur Patella Tibia Fibula 89  FEMUR  Largest, strongest and heaviest bone  Greater and Lesser Trochanters  Lateral and Medial Condyles  Patellar surface  PATELLA  Knee cap  Protects the joint 90 45 2023-09-26  TIBIA  Larger, medial bone of lower leg  Medial and lateral condyles  Medial malleolus  FIBULA  Smaller, lateral bone  Joins with tibia proximally and distally  Lateral malleolus 91 Neck of femur Head of femur Diaphysis Patellar surfaces 92 46 2023-09-26 93 Intercondylar eminence Superior articular surface (lateral facet) Superior articular surface (medial facet) Oblique line Tibial tuberosity Lateral surface Interosseous border Anterior border Medial surface Medial border Medial malleolus Inferior articular surface Articular facet of medial malleolus 94 47 2023-09-26 Bones of the Lower Limbs  The foot  Tarsus – ankle  Metatarsals – sole  Phalanges – toes Figure 5.25 95 Fibula Tibia Calcaneus 96 48 2023-09-26 Talus Navicular Cuneiform bones Proximal phalanges Middle phalanges Calcaneus Cuboid Matatarsal bones Distal phalanges 97 JOINTS  Articulations of bones  Functions of joints  Hold bones together  Allow for mobility  Classification of joints  Functionally-amount of movement  Structurally – type of connective tissue 98 49 2023-09-26 Functional Classification of Joints  Synarthroses – immovable joints  Amphiarthroses – slightly moveable joints  Diarthroses – freely moveable joints 99 Structural Classification of Joints  Fibrous joints  Generally immovable  Cartilaginous joints  Immovable or slightly moveable  Synovial joints  Freely moveable 100 50 2023-09-26 101  Found in the limb joints  Allows for the most mobility  All Have:  Articular Cartilage  Fibrous Articular Capsule  Joint Cavity  Reinforcing ligaments 102 51 2023-09-26 Structures Associated with the Synovial Joint  Bursae – flattened fibrous sacs  Lined with synovial membranes  Filled with synovial fluid  Not actually part of the joint  Tendon Sheath  Elongated bursa that wraps around a tendon 103 The Synovial Joint Figure 5.28 104 52 2023-09-26  PLANE JOINT  Flat articular surfaces  Gliding, no rotation  Intercarpal joints 105  HINGE JOINT  Cylindrical part of one bone sits in “trough” of other  Movement in one plane only  Elbow, ankle 106 53 2023-09-26  PIVOT JOINT  Round end of bone fits into sleeve or ring  Radioulnar joint 107  CONDYLOID JOINT  Oval shaped articulating ends  Allow side-to-side and back-and-forth movement  Metacarpophalangeal joints 108 54 2023-09-26  SADDLE JOINTS  Each surface has both concave and convex areas  Two axis movement  Thumb joints 109  BALL AND SOCKET JOINTS  Spherical head fits into a round socket  Multiaxial  Shoulder and Hip 110 55 2023-09-26  At birth, the skull bones are incomplete  Bones are joined by fibrous membranes – fontanelles  Fontanelles are completely replaced with bone within two years after birth 111 112 56 2023-09-26 BONE LABELING LIST  Axial Skeleton:  Cranium  Frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, maxilla, mandible, sphenoid, zygomatic, nasal bone, nasal septum, Ethmoid, Hyoid,  Styloid process, Mastoid Process, External Auditory meatus, Malleus, incus, stapes  Sutures: coronal, sagittal, lambdoid  Hard and soft palates  Foramen Magnum 113  Axial Skeleton  Vertebral column:  cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, coccyx  Atlas: articular surfaces for occipital condyle  Axis: Body, Dens, Spinous Process  All other: Body, Spinous process, Transverse processes, Vertebral Foramen 114 57 2023-09-26  Axial Skeleton:  Sternum  (manubrium, body, xiphoid, Sternal Angle, Jugular Notch, Xiphisternal joint)  Ribs  (True, False, floating), Intercostal spaces, Costal cartilage, costochondral joint, sternocostal joint  T1 – T12 attachment to ? 115 BONE LABELING LIST  Appendicular Skeleton:  Upper Limbs:  Clavicle: acromioclavicular joint, sternoclavicular joint  Scapula: Acromion, Coracoid process, Glenoid fossa, Spine and borders  Humerus: Head, neck, shaft/diaphysis, Trochlea, Capitulum  Radius: Head, neck, styloid process, radioulnar joints  Ulna: Head, neck, Olecrannon process, Coronoid process, styloid process 116 58 2023-09-26  Appendicular Skeleton:  Upper Limbs:  Carpals: 8 wrist bones  Metacarpals: # 1 – 5, carpometacarpal joints, metacarpophalangeal joints  Phalanges: Digits 1-5, proximal, medial, distal 117  Pelvic Girdle:  Coxal Bone: Ilium, pubic bone, ischium  Acetabulum, Symphysis Pubis, sacroiliac joint, Ischial tuberosity, iliac crest  Lower Limb  Femur: head, neck, diaphysis, patellar surfaces  patella 118 59 2023-09-26  Lower Limb:  Tibia: Intercondylar eminence, medial and lateral condyle, medial malleolus, inferior articular surface  Fibula: Head, proximal and distal tibiofibular joint, lateral malleolus 119  Lower Limb/Foot:  Tarsus: Talus, calcaneus, cuboid, cuneiform bones, navicular  Metatarsals: 1- 5  Phalanges: proximal, middle and distal, metatarsophalangeal joints 120 60