Human Biology, Science, and Society Lecture Notes PDF

Chapter 1 Human Biology, Science, and Society Lecture Presentation by Suza...

Chapter 1 Human Biology, Science, and Society Lecture Presentation by Suzanne Long, © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. Monroe Community College  Why do we study Human Biology?  Understand – How the human body works – How Improve health – Relationships between humans and Earth – Ecology – Evolution – Human Impacts on Earth © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.  Define  Science- The study of the natural world  Biology- The study of living organisms and life’s processes – Greek – Bios- life – Logos – words/thoughts (..or study of) © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.  The Characteristics of Life  Living things 1. Made of at least 1 cell 1. Composed of the molecules of life 1. Proteins, Lipids, Carbohydrates, and Nucleic Acids 2. Respire-exchange gases 3. Metabolism 4. Growth 5. Evolve/Respond 6. Reproduce 7. Homeostasis-maintain a stable internal environment © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.  Animation: Signs of Life © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.  Diversity vs. Unit of Life -Cell Type -Prokaryote- Pre/Before the nucleus -Example-Bacteria -No membrane bound organelles -DNA floats freely -Eukaryote Eu=True / Karyo=Nuclues -Has a nucleus and other organelles that are surrounded by a membrane © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.4 Protista Animalia Fungi Plantae Kingdoms (Protozoans, (Animals) (Fungi) (Plants) Eubacteria Archaebacteria algae, and slime molds) (Bacteria) (Primitive bacteria) BACTERIA ARCHAEA EUKARYA DOMAINS Earliest organisms © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.  Living Things Are Grouped According to Characteristics  Three domains – PROKARYOTES 1. Domain Bacteria-true bacteria (E. coli, S. aureus) 2. Domain Archaea-primitive bacteria, extremophiles -EUKARYOTES 3. Domain Eukarya: includes 4 kingdoms – Kingdom Prostista – Kingdom Animalia-heterotrophic/have digestive tract – Kingdom Fungi-heterotrophic/decomposers – Kingdom Plantae-autotrophic/photosynthetic © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.  What are the Defining Features of Humans  Bipedalism: able to stand upright and walk on two legs  Opposable thumbs: able to grasp objects between thumb and tips of fingers  Large brain: relative to body size  Capacity for language: both spoken and written © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.  Fundamental Criteria Used for Classification  Presence or absence of a nucleus – Domain Bacteria and domain Archaea lack a membrane-bound nucleus – Domain Eukarya has a membrane-bound nucleus  Number of cells – Unicellular – Multicellular  Type of metabolism © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.  Domain Eukarya Includes four Kingdoms  Protista: unicellular and simple multicellular, eukaryotic (protozoa, algae, slime molds)  Plantae: multicellular, eukaryotic, photosynthetic  Animalia: multicellular, eukaryotic, heterotrophic  Fungi: eukaryotic, decomposers (molds, yeasts, mushrooms) © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.  Classification of Humans (Homo sapiens)  Classification of humans – Domain: Eukarya – Kingdom: Animalia – Phylum: Chordata – Class: Mammalia – Order: Primates – Family: Hominidae – Genus: Homo – Species: sapiens © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.  Living Things Are Grouped According to Characteristics  Smallest unit of classification system is species – One or more populations of organisms – Similar physical and functional characteristics – Can interbreed and produce fertile offspring  Second smallest unit is genus  All living human beings belong to the same genus and species – Homo sapiens © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.5 Human Chimpanzee © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.  Human Biology Can Be Studied on Any Level of Biological Organization 1. Atom 2. Molecule 3. Cell- Smallest Unit of Life 4. Tissue 5. Organ 6. Organ system 7. Organism 8. Population-Group of same species livening in an area 9. Community- All organisms in an area 10. Ecosystem-All the non-living and living factors in an area 11. Biosphere-The world! © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.6 Organism Population Organ system Atom Molecule Organ Tissue Cell Community Ecosystem Biosphere © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 1.1 © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.  Science Is Both a Body of Knowledge and a Process  Science is the study of the natural world (not morals, philosophies, or beliefs.  Science is two things 1. Knowledge about the natural world 2. The process used to acquire knowledge © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.  Steps in the scientific method 1. Observation - Problem or Question about the natural world 2. Hypothesis - A tentative statement/testable prediction - (Helps to frame it as “If...then”...) 3. Experiment or observe (coming up) 4. Results -Tables, graphs, charts, summaries 5. Conclusion - Hypothesis is/is not supported by data © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.7 ve reasoning I nd u ct i ive reasoning I nd uct uc tive r easoning Ind Formulate Modify Modify Direction of Experiment Experiment Observe a hypothesis hypothesis increasing or or and hypothesis as as confidence observe observe generalize necessary necessary in and repeat and repeat hypothesis steps steps 3 and 4 3 and 4 ve u cti ing d D e ason ng r e Make a testable ni prediction a so e re u c tiv D ed ng o ni Make a testable e as prediction v er ct i du De Make a testable prediction © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.  The Scientific Method Is a Process for Testing Ideas  Observe and generalize – Inductive reasoning: make generalizations based on observations about the world – Example – Observation: “Every winter in the past was colder than the preceding summer.” – Generalization: “Winter will always be colder than summer.” © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.  The Scientific Method Is a Process for Testing Ideas  Formulate a hypothesis – A hypothesis is a tentative statement about the natural world © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.  The Scientific Method Is a Process for Testing Ideas  Make a testable prediction – Hypotheses should be tested under many different conditions – Testable predictions – Should be based on the hypothesis – Should employ deductive reasoning – Are often in the form of “if…then” statements – Should be specific in order to be testable © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.  The Scientific Method Is a Process for Testing Ideas  Experiment and observe – Truth or falsehood of prediction is tested by observation and experimentation – Experiment: a carefully planned and executed manipulation of the natural world. – In controlled experiments, all but one variable are accounted for © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.  The Scientific Method Is a Process for Testing Ideas Steps in Experiment Set Up Large sample size Repeatable Variables Independent variable: -Actions of the scientist Dependent variable: -Results of experiment -Response to the Indepentent variable Controlled variables: -Unchanged factors/constants © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.  The Scientific Method Is a Process for Testing Ideas  Modify the hypothesis as necessary and repeat steps three and four – If the prediction is false, the hypothesis must be modified. – If the prediction is true, only one small part of the hypothesis has been tested. Further testing required. – Hypotheses cannot be proven true, only supported or disproved. © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.8 Select a large number of appropriate subjects. Randomly divide the subjects into two groups. Group 1 Group 2 Treat the groups equally in all ways but one. Drug Placebo Take blood pressure measurements. Are blood pressures lower in the experimental group? Compare results. Yes No Hypothesis received Modify hypothesis to support. fit the new findings. © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.  Animation: The Scientific Method © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.  Making Findings Known  Findings can be disseminated in peer-reviewed journals – Experts must approve articles before publication – Results are assumed to be valid only for conditions under which experiment was done – Usually the most accurate scientific information is contained © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.  A Well-Tested Hypothesis can becomes a Theory or part of a Theory  For a hypothesis to become a theory it must – be broad – be extensively tested – be supported over time – explain a broad range of facts – have a high degree of reliability  Theories may be refuted in the future © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.  Sources of Scientific Information Vary in Style and Quality  Peer-reviewed journals  Science magazines and nonfiction books  General interest news magazines, daily newspapers  Internet © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.  Learning to Be a Critical Thinker  Become a skeptic  Learn how to read graphs  Appreciate the value of statistics  Distinguish anecdotes from scientific evidence  Separate facts from conclusions  Understand the differences between correlation and causation © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.  The Role of Science in Society Science improves technology and the human condition. – Better crops, cured diseases, weather predictions Science has limits – Physical explanations of the Natural World. – Can’t provide moral or belief answers. Science helps us to make informed choices © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.  Review! Can you answer these questions?  Why do we study biology?  What are the characteristics or lining things?  What is the difference between a prokaryote and eukaryote? Which are you? What category to plants fall into?  At what levels can biology be studied? Give an example of each?  What are the steps of the scientific method?  Can you explain the difference between independent and dependent variables?  What is a theory? Can it be refuted? If so, why? © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.