PSY381 Classical Conditioning PDF

PSY381-Hande Kaynak,PhD 10/10/2023 Classical Condititoning (CC) Chapter 5 Compensatory-Response Model 2 Conditioning results in a CR that appears to be the opposite of the original UCR. e.g. drug reactions. During conditioning: 1 A heroin addict injects heroin in the presence of certain enviro...

PSY381-Hande Kaynak,PhD 10/10/2023 Classical Condititoning (CC) Chapter 5 Compensatory-Response Model 2 Conditioning results in a CR that appears to be the opposite of the original UCR. e.g. drug reactions. During conditioning: 1 A heroin addict injects heroin in the presence of certain environmental cues After conditioning: 10/10/2023 10/10/2023 Compensatory-Response Model Compensatory-Response Model 3 4 Remember the opponent-process theory of emotion!  Certain stimuli can elicit both a primary response (the a-process) and a compensatory response (the bprocess).  The decrease in blood pressure is itself a US that naturally elicits an increase in blood pressure.  Heroin-related cues, such as being in a certain room, injecting heroin does not simply elicit a response, but instead sets a chain of events! 10/10/2023 become associated not with the heroin but with the primary response to heroin—that is, with the decrease in blood pressure. 10/10/2023 1 PSY381-Hande Kaynak,PhD 10/10/2023 Compensatory-Response Model Compensatory-Response Model 5 6  Based on CRM, a CS that has been repeatedly associated with the primary response (a-process) to a US will eventually come to elicit a compensatory response (b-process).  Shock naturally elicits an increase in heart rate. In this case, shock is a (NS/CS/US)______ and the increase in heart rate is a (CR/UR) ______.  An increase in heart rate naturally elicits a compensatory decrease in heart rate. For this sequence of events, the increase in heart rate is a (NS/CS/US) ____ and the decrease in heart rate is (CR/UR) ____.  A tone that is repeatedly paired with shock will eventually come to elicit a compensatory decrease in heart rate. Tone: increase in HR  decrease in HR NS US UR Tone  decrease in HR CS CR 10/10/2023 10/10/2023 Compensatory-Response Model Compensatory-Response Model 7 8  Diagram the actual events involved in the  Heroin produces a combination of other effects, which conditioning of an increase in blood pressure in response to a hypodermic needle that has been consistently associated with heroin administration: Needle: _________ → _____________ NS UCS UCR the drug user experiences as pleasant feelings of relaxation and euphoria.  Thus, a heroin addict will, after repeated heroin use, Needle → _______________________ CS CR begin to experience unpleasant symptoms of tension and agitation simply by being in the presence of cues associated with heroin use, which are called ‘withdrawal symptoms’. 10/10/2023 10/10/2023 2 PSY381-Hande Kaynak,PhD 10/10/2023 Compensatory-Response Model Compensatory-Response Model 9 10  ‘withdrawal symptoms’. So, this is why people continue to crave the substance long after they have stopped using it.  Think of an individual who always uses heroin in a particular environment, goes into a rehab program, and then returns home to her usual environment????  Withdrawal symptoms are elicited by CSs associated with drug use, then removing those CSs should weaken the withdrawal symptoms.  The aim of any possible treatment should be to extinguish the power of drug-related cues.  e.g. someone attempting to quit smoking may be required to remain in the presence of cigarettes for a long period of time without smoking.  Mechanism behind it in CC terms? Repeated presentations of the CS (the sight of the cigarettes) in the absence of the US (nicotine ingestion) should result in weaker and weaker CRs (cravings for a smoke). 10/10/2023 10/10/2023 Compensatory-Response Model Compensatory-Response Model 11 12  The compensatory-response model also has implications for drug tolerance.  E.g. you go to your favorite bar.  CSs: the various cues in that setting such as; people greeting you as you walk in the front door of the bar; the stool you always sit on.  The presence of these CSs will initiate physiological reactions that compensate for the alcohol you are about to consume. As a result, in the presence of these CSs, you should have greater tolerance for alcohol than you would in their absence. 10/10/2023  drug tolerance (McCusker and Brown, 1990). Participants consumed alcohol in either an “alcohol expected” environment (like a bar during an evening) or an “alcohol unexpected” environment (like an office environment during day). Result: ‘expected’ group performed better than ‘unexpected’ group on various measures of cognitive and motor functioning. Conclusion: the alcohol-related cues in the expected condition elicited compensatory reactions that partially compensated for the effects of the alcohol! 10/10/2023 3 PSY381-Hande Kaynak,PhD 10/10/2023 Compensatory-Response Model Compensatory-Response Model 13 14  This means that your ability to drive safely could be significantly more impaired following a lunchtime martini than after an evening drink at a bar.  Although you consume the drink at a bar, consider what happens when you leave that setting. Since you’re outside the bar, you’re also away from the alcohol-related cues which elicit compensatory responses  So, your compensatory reactions might be reduced significantly. As a result, you may become more intoxicated during the drive home from the bar than you were in the bar.  In keeping with the compensatory-response model, modern treatments for drug addiction often recommend (exposure to/removal of) __________ drug-related cues to allow (conditioning/extinction) ______________ of the cravings to take place.  We tend to have (higher/lower) ___ tolerance for a drug in the presence of cues associated with taking the drug. 10/10/2023 10/10/2023 Compensatory-Response Model Compensatory-Response Model 15 16  The type of alcohol consumed can also have an effect.  People become significantly more intoxicated following consumption of an unusual drink (such as a strange liqueur) rather than a familiar drink (such as beer).  The familiar drink can be seen as a CS for alcohol that elicits compensatory reactions to the alcohol.  Suppose an addict always injects heroin in her bedroom at home, but one time stays overnight at a friend’s house and decides to take an injection there. The addict will likely experience a(n) (increased/decreased) ______ reaction to the drug at her friend’s house.  A person who drinks a glass of wine in a fine restaurant is likely to be (more/less) ______ affected by the alcohol than if she drank the same amount of wine in a courtroom. 10/10/2023 10/10/2023 4 PSY381-Hande Kaynak,PhD 10/10/2023 Compensatory-Response Model 17 Many fatalities seemingly due to drug overdose appear to actually be the result of taking the drug in the presence of cues (associated/not associated) _______ with drug use thereby resulting in a (weaker/stronger) _____________ compensatory response and a (higher/lower) __________ level of drug tolerance. 10/10/2023 5