Ch.1.pptx

Chapter 1 Corrections: An O...

Chapter 1 Corrections: An Overview Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.  Learning Objectives  Describe the corrections explosion of the past 40 years, including the recent leveling off of correctional populations  Describe how crime is measured in the United States, and list the kinds of crimes that cause people to enter correctional programs and institutions Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 2  Learning Objectives (continued)  List and describe the various components of the criminal justice system, including the major components of the corrections subsystem Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 3  Corrections Explosion  In the United States:  Crime rates have decreased over the years  Number of people under correctional supervision has steadily increased, leveling off only after 2010  Crime: Violation of a criminal law  Prison: State or federal confinement facility that has custodial authority Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 4  Reasons Fueling Corrections Explosion Get-tough-on-crime laws The War on Drugs Parole authorities’ reluctance to release inmates Growth dynamic of the corrections boom Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 5  Exhibit 1.3 - Rate of Imprisonment in the United States, 1850–2015  Serious crime continues to decrease, while the prison population continues to increase. Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 6  Sustainable Justice  Criminal laws and criminal justice institutions, policies, and practices  Achieves justice in the present without compromising the ability of future generations to have the benefits of a just society Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 7  Exhibit 1.4 - Careers in Corrections Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 8  Crime and Corrections Felony Serious criminal offense Punishable by death or by imprisonment for over a year Misdemeanor Relatively minor violation of the criminal law Punishable by confinement for one year or less Infraction Minor violation of a state statute or local ordinance Punishable by a fine or other penalty or by a specified short term of incarceration Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 9  Measuring Crime  Data is analyzed to forecast the numbers and types of correctional clients  Sources of data  FBI’s Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) Program  Bureau of Justice Statistics’ National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS)  Correctional clients: Prison inmates, probationers, parolees, offenders assigned to sentencing programs, and Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 10  Exhibit 1.5 - Crime Funnel Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 11 Corrections and the Criminal Justice System  Criminal justice: Process of achieving justice through the application of the criminal law and through the workings of the criminal justice system  Criminal justice system: Collection of all the agencies that perform criminal justice functions  Basic divisions - Police, courts, and corrections Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 12  Criminal Justice Process  Entering the correctional system  Once a crime is reported, suspect must be identified and arrested for the case to proceed  Prosecution  Information is presented to the prosecutor  No charges filed - Accused is released  Nolle prosequi - Prosecutor drops charges after filing them 13 Copyright © 2017  Case filed - Accused is taken before a judge McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.  Criminal Justice Process (continued)  Pretrial procedure  Pretrial-release decision may be made at the initial appearance  Preliminary hearing - Determines if there is probable cause to believe that the accused committed a crime within the court’s jurisdiction  If no probable cause is found, case is dismissed  If there is probable cause, grand jury hears evidence against the accused and then Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 14  Judicial Procedures  Adjudication : Process by which a court arrives at a final decision in a case  Arraignment: Appearance in court prior to trial in a criminal proceeding  Nolo contendere : Plea of no contest  Used by a defendant who does not wish to contest conviction  Cannot provide the basis for later civil suits as the plea does not admit guilt Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 15  Sentencing Options Death penalty Incarceration in a prison, jail, or other confinement facility Probation Community service and fines Restitution Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 16  Sentencing and Sanctions  Mandatory minimum sentencing laws - Persons convicted of certain offenses must serve a minimum prison term  May not be reduced by a parole board or by goodtime deductions  Exhaustion of state remedies - Losing all the direct appeals available to one  May seek to have the conviction reviewed via a writ of habeas corpus Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 17  Correctional Subsystem Corrections Various aspects of the pretrial and postconviction management of individuals accused or convicted of crimes Institutional corrections Incarceration and rehabilitation of adults and juveniles convicted of offenses against the law Confinement of persons suspected of a crime awaiting trial and adjudication Noninstitutional or community corrections Pardon, probation, and parole activities Correctional administration and miscellaneous activities not directly connectable to institutional care Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 18