Questions and Answers
What are mandatory minimum sentencing laws designed to enforce?
What does the exhaustion of state remedies refer to in the criminal justice process?
What is one key characteristic of institutional corrections?
Which of the following describes noninstitutional or community corrections?
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How does mandatory minimum sentencing impact the discretion of parole boards?
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What is the purpose of a preliminary hearing in the criminal justice process?
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What happens if probable cause is not found during a preliminary hearing?
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Which plea allows a defendant to accept a conviction without admitting guilt?
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Which of the following is NOT considered a sentencing option in criminal justice?
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What is the role of the grand jury in the criminal justice process?
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Which of the following statements about adjudication is true?
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What is one effect of a nolo contendere plea?
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Which of the following is an option for sentencing a convicted individual?
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What is the primary characteristic that differentiates a felony from a misdemeanor?
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Which type of crime is typically punishable by a fine or a short term of incarceration?
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What is a major source of data used to measure crime in the United States?
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Which of the following best describes correctional clients?
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What does the National Crime Victimization Survey primarily focus on?
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During the judicial process, which term refers to the formal charging of an individual with a crime?
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What is the significance of the crime funnel in understanding the criminal justice process?
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What typically occurs during the pretrial procedure?
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Study Notes
Pretrial Procedure
- Pretrial-release decisions made at initial appearance stage.
- Preliminary hearing assesses probable cause for charges; if none, case is dismissed.
- If probable cause exists, evidence is presented to a grand jury for consideration.
Adjudication Process
- Adjudication is the court's method to reach a final decision in a case.
- Arraignment involves the defendant’s court appearance before trial.
- Nolo contendere (no contest) plea: Defendants do not contest charges; cannot be used in later civil suits as it does not admit guilt.
Sentencing Options
- Death penalty and imprisonment (prison, jail, or other facilities).
- Alternative sentences include probation, community service, fines, and restitution.
Sentencing and Sanctions
- Mandatory minimum sentencing laws enforce minimum prison terms for certain offenses, not subject to reduction by parole boards.
- Exhaustion of state remedies occurs when all direct appeals are lost; a writ of habeas corpus may then be sought for conviction review.
Correctional Subsystem
- Corrections encompass management of individuals pretrial and post-conviction.
- Institutional corrections focus on incarceration and rehabilitation of offenders awaiting trial or those convicted.
- Noninstitutional corrections involve activities like pardon, probation, and parole, focusing on community and administrative efforts rather than institutional care.
Types of Crimes
- Felony: Serious offenses punishable by death or over one year of imprisonment.
- Misdemeanor: Minor violations punishable by up to one year of confinement.
- Infraction: Least serious violations, often carrying fines or short-term incarceration.
Measuring Crime
- Crime data analysis is vital for predicting correctional client needs.
- Key data sources include the FBI’s Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) Program and the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS).
- Correctional clients encompass prison inmates, probationers, parolees, and offenders in sentencing programs.
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Description
Explore the crucial aspects of pretrial procedures in the criminal justice process. This quiz covers initial appearances, pretrial-release decisions, and the significance of preliminary hearings in determining probable cause. Test your knowledge on how these legal steps contribute to the overall judicial system.