Endocrine System Chapter 15 PDF

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM - Ch.15 COMPONENTS: 1. Endocrine Glands 2. Hormones 3. Target Tissues ENDOCRINE SYSTEM - Ch.15 COMPONENTS: 1. Endocrine Glands Located throughout body. Not linked embryologically, rather multiple origins. Link is functional. Produce & release hormones int...

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM - Ch.15 COMPONENTS: 1. Endocrine Glands 2. Hormones 3. Target Tissues ENDOCRINE SYSTEM - Ch.15 COMPONENTS: 1. Endocrine Glands Located throughout body. Not linked embryologically, rather multiple origins. Link is functional. Produce & release hormones into circulatory system. vs. Exocrine glands with own ducts, e.g. pancreas, salivary. ENDOCRINE SYSTEM - Ch.15 COMPONENTS: 2. Hormones “Chemical messengers”. Bind to cell receptors on cell walls or enter cells to internal receptors. Small concentrations!! 10-12 molar or parts per trillion. But quantity can be important. Stable molecules. Lost via combination w/ receptors or excreted. Can stimulate or inhibit response. Targeted, small doses, stable. ENDOCRINE SYSTEM - Ch.15 COMPONENTS: 3. Target Tissues Most hormones affect specific organs. Cells with specific receptors. May vary with ontogeny or gender. Same hormone produce different effects in ♂ vs ♀ due to +/- receptors. ENDOCRINE SYSTEM - Ch.15 THYROID: Outgrowth of pharynx. Homologous to endostyle of protochordates. Amphioxus ENDOCRINE SYSTEM - Ch.15 THYROID: Outgrowth of pharynx. Homologous to endostyle of protochordates. Hormones: T3, triiodothyronine T4, tetraiodothyronine (thyroxine) Found in all vertebrates. Iodine-bearing (dietary iodine important). Pituitary (a.k.a. hypophysis, at base of brain) releases hormones to activate thyroid. ENDOCRINE SYSTEM - Ch.15 THYROID: Affects: Metabolism (O2 consumption, basal metabolic rate, heat production in endos.) Growth Under-active - cretinism (stunted growth, retardation) Over-active (hyperthyroidism) - Grave’s disease Molting (Integument - skin, hair, feathers) ~ Reproduction Metamorphism in Amphibians. ENDOCRINE SYSTEM - Ch.15 THYROID: Outgrowth of pharynx. Homologous to endostyle of protochordates. Hormones: T3, triiodothyronine T4, tetraiodothyronine (thyroxine) Found in all vertebrates. Iodine-bearing (dietary iodine important). Pituitary (a.k.a. hypophysis, at base of brain) releases hormones to activate thyroid. Affects: Metabolism (O2 consumption, basal metabolic rate, heat production in endos.) Growth Under-active - cretinism (stunted growth, retardation) Over-active (hyperthyroidism) - Grave’s disease Molting (Integument - skin, hair, feathers) ~ Reproduction THYROID Metamorphism in Amphibians. SUMMARY SLIDE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM - Ch.15 ULTIMOBRANCHIAL BODY & PARATHYROID: Pharyngeal outgrowths. ENDOCRINE SYSTEM - Ch.15 ULTIMOBRANCHIAL BODY & PARATHYROID: Pharyngeal outgrowths. Hormones: Calcitonin (ult.) - lowers [Ca], [P] in blood. Stimulates bone deposition. Parathormone (par.) - raises [Ca], [P]. PTH = parathormone or parathyroid hormone ENDOCRINE SYSTEM - Ch.15 ULTIMOBRANCHIAL BODY & PARATHYROID: Pharyngeal outgrowths. Hormones: Calcitonin (ult.) - lowers [Ca], [P] in blood. Stimulates bone deposition. Parathormone (par.) - raises [Ca], [P]. Targets: Kidney - retain Ca (PTH) Intestine - increase absorption. Bone resorption. (Fish use scales and different process.) Important for: 1. structures (eggshell, bone, antlers). 2. normal bone maintenance. 3. muscle function. PTH = parathormone or parathyroid hormone ENDOCRINE SYSTEM - Ch.15 ADRENAL GLAND: Variably associated with kidneys. Splanchnic mesoderm (cortex) and NCC (medulla)! Form of adrenal glands varies across vertebrates, in part as kidney changes shape.. ENDOCRINE SYSTEM - Ch.15 ADRENAL GLAND: Variably associated with kidneys. Splanchnic mesoderm (cortex) and NCC (medulla)! Hormones: Steroids - “salt, sugar, sex” Wide variety from cortex, corticosteroids. ENDOCRINE SYSTEM - Ch.15 ADRENAL GLAND: Variably associated with kidneys. Splanchnic mesoderm and NCC! Hormones: Steroids - “salt, sugar, sex” Wide variety from cortex, corticosteroids. Aldosterone affects kidneys, water & Na retention. Glucocorticoids carbohydrate metabolism. blood sugar levels between meals. Androgens protein synthesis & muscle growth some converted to ♀versions. ENDOCRINE SYSTEM - Ch.15 ADRENAL GLAND: Steroid Abuse Wide variety of negative impacts: Hasten adulthood Negative impact on kidney, liver, heart. Mood swings, acne. Lowers output of own hormones (testosterone drops), sterility. Secondary ♂ features in ♀’s - deep voice, male build. ENDOCRINE SYSTEM - Ch.15 ADRENAL GLAND: Variably associated with kidneys. Splanchnic mesoderm and NCC! Hormones: Epinephrine (Adrenalin) Norepinephrine (Noradrenalin) From medulla (and NCC). “Fight or Flight” response Prepares body for action, threats, & short term challenges. Augments actions of sympathetic nerves. ❤↑, liver releases sugar, more blood to muscles, sweat, hackles. ENDOCRINE SYSTEM - Ch.15 PANCREAS: Outgrowth of primitive gut (endoderm). Exocrine (digestive enzymes) & endocrine. ENDOCRINE SYSTEM - Ch.15 PANCREAS: Outgrowth of primitive gut (endoderm). Exocrine (digestive enzymes) & endocrine. Hormones: Insulin - lowers [sugar] in blood. Affects liver - stops glycogen to glucose. & facilitates use of glucose by cells. Carbohydrate metabolism. Glucagon - raises [sugar] in blood. Promotes release of glycogen by liver. Diabetes mellitus (type 1): Lack of insulin. Cells get insufficient glucose and metabolize proteins. Tissues waste away. ‘pissing evil’- recognized in ancient Greece, Egypt ENDOCRINE SYSTEM - Ch.15 PINEAL GLAND (EPIPHYSIS): Dorsal evagination of mid brain. Part of “median eye complex”. Light sensitive. Hormone: Melatonin. Light ↓, melatonin released, sleepiness. Regulates seasonal, daily (circadian), and reproductive cycles. SAD = Seasonal Affective Disorder ‘winter blues’ Parietal eye of the tuatara (Sphenodon). ENDOCRINE SYSTEM - Ch.15 GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT: Produce hormones to affect and coordinate digestion. Various feedback loops. ENDOCRINE SYSTEM - Ch.15 rennin KIDNEY: Two hormones: 1. Renin - elevates blood pressure (vasoconstriction). 2. EPO (erythropoietin) - red blood cell production. ENDOCRINE SYSTEM - Ch.15 PITUITARY GLAND (HYPOPHYSIS) Small gland at base of brain (in sella turcica). Two parts: 1. Neurohypophysis (posterior lobe) Outgrowth of brain (infundibulum) and remains connected. 2. Adenohypophysis (anterior lobe) Dorsal outgrowth of mouth Closely associated with hypothalamus. Link between nervous + endocrine systems. Acts on pituitary by nerves + hormones. Produces hormones of neurohypophysis. Neuro.. Adeno.. ENDOCRINE SYSTEM - Ch.15 PITUITARY GLAND (HYPOPHYSIS) Many Hormones: ENDOCRINE SYSTEM - Ch.15 PITUITARY GLAND (HYPOPHYSIS) antidiuretic hormone Many Hormones: = vasopressin oxytocin lutenizing hormone follicle stimulating h. thyroid stimulating h. prolactin growth hormone Note: opposite side adrenocorticotropic h.  antidiuretic hormone = vasopressin oxytocin lutenizing hormone Gonadotropins - LH, FSH follicle stimulating h. thyroid stimulating h. Other functions in prolactin non-mammals. growth hormone adrenocorticotropic h. ENDOCRINE SYSTEM - Ch.15 GONADS: OVARIES Influenced by pituitary hormones (FSH, LH). Promote ova growth and ovulation. Hormones: Estrogen - prepares uterus. Progesterone After ovulation, from corpus luteum. Further prepares uterus. Initiates maternal behavior. Blocks FSH, LH and further ovulation. Both also affect 2o sexual features, sex drive, ducts. ENDOCRINE SYSTEM - Ch.15 GONADS: TESTES Also influenced by pituitary hormones (FSH, LH). Hormone: Testosterone. Promotes sperm production. Directs development down male pathway. Affect 2o sexual features (facial hair, voice, feather color body proportions, antler growth, etc.), sex drive, ducts. ENDOCRINE SYSTEM - Ch.15 GONADS: TESTES Castration - often used on domestic animals, better meat, better work animal. Castrati - castrated male singers of 17th and 18th century. Distinct body form and voice. Handel, Mozart, etc. wrote opera parts specifically for castrati Allessandro Moreschi, last castrati (1858-1922).  Antlered doe (1 in 5,000) Asymmetric Excess testosterone? unclear…to me testosterone needed to shed velvet? ENDOCRINE SYSTEM - Ch.15 COMPONENTS: 2. Hormones “Chemical messengers”. Bind to cell receptors on cell walls or enter cells to internal receptors. Small concentrations!! 10-12 molar or parts per trillion. But quantity can be important. Stable molecules. Lost via combination w/ receptors or excreted. Can stimulate or inhibit response. Targeted, small doses, stable. ENDOCRINE SYSTEM - Ch.15 HORMONE POLLUTANTS: Sex-change chemicals in Potomac Hormones stable, work in small doses, An investigation into the cleanliness of rivers feeding Washington's Potomac River has revealed the presence of sex- precise consequences and complex changing chemicals. Pollutants which contain the chemicals, known as endocrine chemistry. disrupters, were found in several tributaries and in the smallmouth bass fish living within. The US Geological Survey (USGS) study followed the discovery of high numbers of intersex fish in the Potomac basin. Endocrine disrupters can mimic or block hormones in the body. Either naturally occurring or man-made, they can interfere with the endocrine system causing birth defects and reproductive irregularities. The Potomac River is fed by rivers and streams in Maryland, West Virginia and Virginia. Endocrine disruptors: Report exposes scale of contamination as 2017 Parliament vote looms Oranges contain some of the highest levels of endocrine disruptors found in EU fruit. [Kyle McDonald/Flickr] More than one-third of all fruit consumed in the EU is contaminated with residues of endocrine disrupting pesticides, according to a study published on Tuesday (3 October), a day before MEPs vote on the European Commission’s controversial endocrine disruptor criteria. ENDOCRINE SYSTEM - Ch.15 2007 HORMONE POLLUTANTS: Sex-change chemicals in Potomac Hormones stable, work in small doses, An investigation into the cleanliness of rivers feeding Washington's Potomac River has revealed the presence of sex- precise consequences and complex changing chemicals. Pollutants which contain the chemicals, known as endocrine chemistry. disrupters, were found in several tributaries and in the smallmouth bass fish living within. The US Geological Survey (USGS) study followed the discovery of high Endocrine Disruptors, hormone-mimics. numbers of intersex fish in the Potomac basin. Endocrine disrupters can mimic or block hormones in the body. Compounds that bind to cell receptors. Either naturally occurring or man-made, they can interfere with the endocrine system causing birth defects and reproductive irregularities. The Potomac River is fed by rivers and streams in Maryland, West Since acting like hormone, work in small Virginia and Virginia. doses, challenge to identify, predict, monitor. Endocrine disruptors: Report exposes scale of contamination as 2017 2023 Parliament vote looms Oranges contain some of the highest levels of endocrine disruptors found in EU fruit. [Kyle McDonald/Flickr] More than one-third of all fruit consumed in the EU is contaminated with residues of endocrine disrupting pesticides, according to a study published on Tuesday (3 October), a day before MEPs vote on the European Commission’s controversial endocrine disruptor criteria. ENDOCRINE SYSTEM - Ch.15 COMPONENTS: 1. Endocrine Glands 2. Hormones 3. Target Tissues United by function, not embryology. Form second control system of body. Two control systems: 1. Nervous 2. Endocrine